
Class 
Book_ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



AN ILJ_USTRATED HISTORY 

OF THE 

STATE OF INDIANA: 

BEING A FULL AOT) AUTHENTIC 

Civil and Political History of the State from its 
First Exploration down to 1875. 



INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF THE 



WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF THE 

Cities, Towns and Villages, 

EMBRACING 

Interesting Narratives of Pioneer Life., 

TOGETHER WITH 



I 



^1 



Of the Prominent Men of the Past and Present, 

AND A HISTORY OF 

EACH COUNTY SEPARATELY. 



BY DeWITT C GOODRICH, 



Prof. CHARLES R. TUTTLE, 

Attt/trr 0/ the ^\Dorder Wars of Two Centuries" ^'Illustrated History of the Stttie 
of Michigan,^^ etc., etc. 



SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION. 



INDIANAPOLIS: 
^g .1 EICHARD S. PEALE & CO., Publishers. 



as 1: 



1875. 



\ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by 

Richard S. Peale & Co., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 







PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. 



The Publishers, in presenting this work to the people of 
Indiana, do so in the belief that nothing has been left undone, 
calculated to produce a complete, popular, and satisfactory 
History of the State, that means and experience could accom- 
plish. The work of collecting and arranging the material 
has occupied a long time, and it may now be stated — as it 
will be supported by the following pages — that no State in 
the Union can boast a more complete history in every impor- 
tant detail, than the State of Indiana. For a full description 
of the contents of this volume, see the regular introductory. 

This History of Indiana has been gotten up at a heavy 
expense, in the full belief that the intelligent people of this 
State will not give their support to a cheap, incomplete, unre- 
liable work, and that they prefer to pay a fair j^rice for a 
satisfactory History, to a small price for a superficial one. 
Acting from these impressions, over five thousand dollars 
have been expended for engravings alone. These consist of 
portraits of the men of Indiana of the past and the present, 
who have honorably distinguished themselves in the several 
professions and industrial pursuits, and also of representations 
of the more important scenes and incidents in the histoiy of 
the State. 

In calling attention to the illustrations in this work, the 
publishers take pleasure in challenging the critic to point to 
one instance wherein the character or tone of a standard work 
has been compromised by the production of a single fact or 

(5) 



6 PUBLISHERS PKEFACE. 

feature. No money consideration has promjDted a single action 
in this regard. The steady aim has been to produce a work 
tliat will stand the severest criticism of the press and public; 
and while, as a contribution to American literature, it may 
not reach the highest standard, yet, as a plain, interesting, 
straightforward, impartial, reliable, and complete History, it 
cannot fail to meet with a popular reception in every quarter 
of the State, and also wherever it may find its way abroad. 

The reader's attention is directed to the fact that this work 
has not been compiled merely from the files in the State 
Library. These sources of information have been thoroughly 
overhauled, and made to contribute many valuable features, 
but this has constituted the smallest part of the labor con- 
nected with the work. The compilers have visited every city, 
town, and village in the State, and by interviewing all of the 
oldest settlers now living, and availing themselves of every 
scrap of local history preserved by the " Old Settlers' Socie- 
ties," or otherwise, they have been enabled to produce a 
complete history of the settlement and progress of every 
locality. In short, this volume presents every page in the 
history of Indiana, from its earliest exploration by the French, 
down to the present day, including an interesting history and 
description of all the cities, towns and villages, their location, 
wealth, progress, advantages, and probable future, including, 
also, complete and accurate descriptions of the soil, produc- 
tions, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, laws, educational 
facilities, and mineral resources. 

The work has been condensed as much as its importance 
would permit, and depending upon a liberal support from all 
citizens of the State, we have placed the price so low that 
every reader within the State may easily pi'ocure a copy. It 
is sold only by subscription. 

Deckmbek, 1874. 



TO 

TilE PIONEERS OF INDIANA, 
ME?v AND- WOMEN, 

WHO 

BY GREAT IJifDUSTRY AND A CONSTAh ' 

INTEGRITY IN THE LABORS OF THEIR SEVERAL- OALmNGiS 

HAVE LAID WELL THE FOUKDATION PRmCIPLES 

OF A GREAT AND PROSPEROUS 

STATE, 

TEIS VOLUME 

-^ aKSPECTFUl/LT DEDICATED. 



INTEODUCTORY. 



npHE positive need of a reliable history of Indiana lias been 
-^ reco_^nized for more than ten years, by nearly all the 
people of the State. It is equally true that the harvest of ma- 
terials for sach a work was fully ripe. The early explorations 
of the French in the country of the Mi amis; thfJ^J^ors of the 
zealous missionaries among the natives; the adventures of the 
fur-traders; the early wars with the Indians; the scenes and 
events around the old French forts and settlements ; the strug- 
gles between the French and the English; the subjugation of 
the latter by Americans; the heroic proceedings of General 
George Rogers Clarke and his brave Yirginians; the thrilling 
incidents and interesting reminiscences of pioneer life; the 
growth and prosperity of the settlements; the glorious part 
acted in the War for the Union; and, lastly, the unparalleled 
advancement in all the great industries and professions of civ- 
ilization; — all these combine to render the narrative replete 
with interest and instruction. 

How far we have succeeded in our attempt to collect and 
arrange these materials in the form of a history of the State, 
may now be seen; and, we shall regret, indeed, if, after so 
much labor, our work has been in vain. Our aims and objects 
have been shaped, as near as possible, by the demands or wants 
of the people. Hence it has not been an important part of 
our plan, as it has, of course, been beyond our ability, to present 

(9) 




10 HISIORY OF INDIANA. 

a work of any great literary merit. But such a work at this 
time is uncalled for, and it would seem that the present volume 
is needed to prepare the way for its demand in the future. 
Although delicient in many things, it will scarcely fail of this 
desired end. 

The early history of the Wabash Yalley would, of itself, if 
properly written, make a volume much larger than the present 
one, and, perhaps, if viewed in the light of narrative excel- 
lence, more interesting. At the beginning of the eighteenth 
century communication was opened up between Louisiana and 
Canada, by the way of the IVIaumee, Wabash, Ohio, and Mis- 
sissippi, Indeed this route had been traveled by a few, among 
whom was Robert de La Salle, some twenty years before, or as 
early as 1680. But with the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
tury a general communication was established. With this 
came the necessity of forts or fortifications, to protect the route 
against hostile Indians, and, also, to further possess the country 
adjacent to it against the encroachments of the English colo- 
nies, which, until this period, and for several years after, were 
content with a narrow strip of land on the Atlantic sea-board. 
Such became the policy of the French Colonial Government 
sometime between 1690 and 1700, a decade during which the 
possibilities of establishing a permanent branch of the French 
Empire in the New World were bright and promising. 

In 1700, the French decided to establish this chain of forti- 
fications without delay, and in one year after, Fort Pontchar- 
train (Detroit) was established on the Detroit river. During 
the four years following, rude forts, or stockades, were erected 
at the head of the Maumee, where the city of Fort Wayne 
now stands, on Wea Prairie, near the Wabash, in what is now 
Tippecanoe county, and at a point further down the Wabash, 
where Fort Knox was afterwards established, and where the 



li 



INTKODUCTOEY. 11 

flourishing city of Yincennes now stands. The first was called 
Post Miami, in respect to the Indian Confederacy of that name, 
which had its ancient capital near the site; the second was 
called Ouantenon ; the third, Post Yincennes, in honor of its 
founder. I am well aware that certain phases of these state- 
ments will be contradicted by persons who have made conside- 
rable research, particularly those points touching the exact 
date of the establishment of these posts; but it is necessary 
that such contradictions be accompanied by satisfactory proof. 
A prominent gentleman of this State, who has justly earned a 
wide reputation for historical information, stated, in a conver- 
sation with the writer, only a few weeks ago, that the first 
military occupation of Yincennes took place in 1T16. Grant- 
ing this, we give Post Miami ( Fort Wayne ) an antiquity 
exceeding Yincennes by eleven years, for it is certain that a 
military post was established at the former point in 1705. 

But in the absence of the records themselves, the date of the 
first French military settlements in Indiana, can best be .deter- 
mined by observing the colonial policy under which they were 
made, as also, the year in which that policy was executed. In 
many portions of the Northwest, the first French settlements 
were merely the ofi'-shoots of personal ambition, or missionary 
zeal, as was that at Green Bay, Wisconsin, or that near the 
mouth of the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan; the former afibrds 
us an illustration of personal aggrandizement — presented in 
the daring and privations of M. Longlade ; the latter a grand 
demonstration of the burning zeal of Fathers Dablon, Allouez 
and others, early Jesuit missionaries of iN^ew France. With 
regard to these and like settlements, there is ground for dispute 
as to the date of their origin. But the first settlements in 
Indiana were not made by chance explorers, or roving fur-tra- 
ders, or pious Jesuits ; they were made under a fixed policy of 



12 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the French Government — a policy framed by the sagacious 
La Motte Cadillac, the founder of Detroit. Near the close of 
the seventeenth century, this bold pioneer and statesman of 
New France returned to his native country, on a mission of 
greater importance to French interests than was, at that time, 
realized by his countrymen. Filled with patriotic zeal, he laid 
before the Colonial Minister, Count Pontchartrain, the first 
map of tlie Wabash Valley ever made, executed by his own 
hands. He pointed out the new route that had been discov- 
ered by La Salle and his associates, through the fertile vales of 
Indiana, and urged upon the establishment of a chain of 
fortifications upon it, for the protection of travel. And we 
fancy Cadillac reasoned in this wise: He pointed out upon his 
rude map the vast extent and richness of the country adjacent 
to the route on either side, and indicated the Indian strong- 
holds, suggesting their value as allies in case of future conflicts 
with rival colonies. Whatever his arguments were, they were 
convincing, as the Colonial Minister at once entered upon Ca- 
dillac's plans. " Pontchartrain," says a French writer, '• was 
delighted with his plan, and at once commissioned him to 
execute it." 

Cadillac returned to Canada and establislied Detroit, as we 
have said already, in ITOl. It was under this general policy 
that the first military settlements were made in Indiana. The 
missionaries undoubtedly visited Vincennes, as did they also 
the site of Post Miami, long before military posts were erected 
in those places, but no permanent missions were stationed 
until after their occupancy by military power. This took place 
according to the French Colonial records, in 1705, and as near 
as can be ascertained there is not more than six months' differ- 
ence in the date of the first establishment of Posts Miami, 
Ouantenon, and Yincennes. Certain it is, that they were aU 



/i 



INTEODUCTORT. 13 

existing in the spring of 1706. That these posts were often 
deserted, and left without military garrisons, is undoubtedly 
true, but we will venture the assertion that the French Colo- 
nial archives will show that small garrisons were located at the 
three points indicated previous to 1706. 

The history of these posts from their first establishment 
until ihey were discontinued, furnishes a narrative replete 
with thrilling incident. It carries the reader through all the 
interesting scenes of French and Indian intercourse, which 
presents many romantic, unique phases. In some of these 
phases, we see Frenchmen degraded instead of savages ele- 
vated; we see thousands of reckless men, throwing off all civil- 
ized restraint, and plunging deliberately into barbarism ; with 
the rifle and the scalping knife, they go forth to wreak ven- 
geance upon the whites, side by side with red men, as if their 
destinies have become indissolubly united with those of their 
new allies; we see a type of amalgamation for which the 
history of the world furnishes no parallel — Frenchmen 
descending to the level of Indians in social economy, and in 
many instances, dragging the natives down to a pitch of degra- 
dation from which a half savage sense of propriety often 
recoiled with just pride. 

And again, the history of these posts carries the reader through 
curious accounts of the fur-trade, of the manners and customs 
of the courriers des bois, or wood rangers — a set of half breeds, 
with a language and characteristics peculiar to themselves. In / 
the light canoe they would float carelessly down the streams, 
basking idly in the summer's sun, or gaily singing some French 
or Indian song. At night they slept upon the river's bank, 
thoughtless of bed or protection. Eeturning with loads of furs 
after a long journey, or from the chase, they were greeted by 
their tawny wives and hybrid offspring with social enthusiasm. 



\v' 



14 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 



and, ill their low, uncultivated sphere, seemed to enjoy life 
without many of its cares and burdens. The fur-trade had 
many distinguishing features. Whiskey was one of the chief 
articles of merchandise, and in the use of this the savage per- 
petrated his greatest abuse. Oft have the forests around Fort 
Wayne or Vincennes echoed witli the hideoas yells of the 
jpoio tootc, when barrel after barrel of poisonous liquors was 
permitted to be distributed among deluded savages. Verily, 
the fur-trader will have an account to give at the day of reck- 
oning, in which Indian wrongs will be vindicated. 

And, again, the history of these posts carries us through the 
pious devoutment of Catholic missionaries, through accounts 
of Christian zeal, persecution, privations for the Gospel's sake. 
We see missionary priests mingling with the savages, teaching 
them, supping with them, pointing them to the cross. In 
wigwams or rude log-huts, these priests gathered anxious, curi- 
ous pupils and labored to instruct them in a civilization and 
Christianity that they could never, never comprehend or appre- 
ciate. But the Indians assented and applauded in their silent 
devotion, and the missionaries labored on, in a hopeless cause, 
until a war of extermination ended their labors. 

And, again, the history of these posts is filled with thrilling 
narratives of war, narratives that carry the reader through 
Sandoskit's ( Nicholas ) conspiracy, Pontiac's conspiracy. Te- 
cumseh's war, and the long desultory war that, for years, kept 
alive a feeling of alarm in the pioneer homes on the borders. 
We see the mighty war-clouds gathering, as the voice of the 
mighty Pontiac resounds through the forests of the lake regions, 
and, as they burst in thunderous voUej^s of musketry, we 
behold the massacres that characterized the fall of the " fated 
nine," Who shall paint the darkness and gloom that settled 
over the western outposts in 1763-4, when the giant of the 



INTKODUCTORT . 1 5 

Ottawas swayed, at his imperial command, all the Indian forces 
of the Northwest? Who shall tell us of the foul conspiracies 
plotted in forest councils where this proud Ottawa presided? 
What pen shall ever describe the horrors in the execution of 
these conspiracies? The mind turns away from the scene at 
Michilimackinac, awed with its extremes of barbarity ; the hear,t 
sickens with a contemplation of Yanango; while the fall of 
Holmes, on a supposed errand of mercy, at Post Miami, and 
the capture of Jenkins at Ouantenon, present shameful inci- 
dents of French cowardice and Indian treachery. But no 
sooner did the storm of Pontiac's vengeance subside, than 
another great Indian statesman rose to defend his race. Tecum- 
seh gathered the scattered forces, and led the last great struggle 
of the red men, until swallowed up in death and defeat. 

As we have said, these things — the important events in the 
history of the Wabash Yalley — -would make a volume, one 
quite easy of construction, but full of deep interest. But with 
the aim of presenting modern Indiana, its early history has 
been exceedingly abridged, so that, to a great extent, this field 
may still be regarded as open to the investment of labor and 
research. 

In the second place, our account of the civil administration 
of the State and territorial government is necessarily very 
concise. This would, also, if properly digested, make a volume 
much larger than the present one; but, we presume it would 
not be as interesting to the general reader, as valuable to those 
in search of specific information concerning the civil service 
of the State. (_This digest of documents introduces us to the 
organization of the Territorial Government at Vincennes in 
1800, under our own General Harrison; follows the dry routine 
in the administration of the territory — a narrative interspersed 
here and there with pleasing incidents; presents the interesting 



16 HISTORY OF INDIAN) A. 

Constitutional Convention of 1816, which sat at Corydon, and 
framed the Constitution that so ably preserved the liberties of 
the people for thirty -five years; it presents also the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1850, from which we received the present 
inestimable Constitution — the foundation of the grand free 
public school system of the State. It presents the burdens 
and blessings, the triumphs and defeats of the Old Internal 
Improvement system — a system so deeply rooted in the legis- 
lation of the State that it still presents itself at every change 
in the political composition of the legislature; it carries us 
through a system of land grants, and commissions thereunto 
belonging, which the State Government is still trying in vain 
to fathom; it presents a network of private legislation and an 
ocean of local laws, the enumeration of which, though not 
easy, would be a pleasant task, in comparison with the attempt 
to discover their origin and real design s?^ But, as already 
hinted, our occupancy of this field is so limited as to present 
the widest scope for zeal and energy. Indeed, the materials 
are ripe, and the demand large, for a Documentary History of 
Indiana. 

In the third place, our county histories present the " might 
have been," more than they sustain the plan under which they 
are presented; and, if persons into whose hands this volume 
may be placed, jealous of the interests of their own counties, 
condemn the work because of the inequality apparent in the 
county sketches, we shall scarcely be surprised. Yet, after all, 
we may honestly rest our case, as to that point, with this 
explanation. It was not the original purpose to write a history 
of each county. This must be plain to even a careless thinker, 
as such a plan would require a scope of at least ten volumes. 
We regi'et, however, the want of space for more of tliese local 
records. Truly, the history of the pioneers of Indiana is full 



INTRODUCTORY. 17 

of interest and instruction. It presents a narrative full of 
dramatic situations and romantic scenes, in which, more than a 
thousand actors render the same part. 

The pioneer history of Indiana presents much that is worthy 
of admiration. In the hardy, honest pioneer we have a grand 
illustration of true manhood. He left the scenes of civiliza- 
tion as if moved by an over-ruling divinity, and with axe and 
gun, wended his lonely way along the bending rivers, deep into 
forests, inhabited only by wild beasts and straggling natives. 
Prospecting on vale and hill, he moves forward, guided only 
by the familiar hlaze of the surveyor's axe, through o]3enings, 
across fertile bottoms, and through rolling woodlands, until 
the eye falls on the spot of his choice. Here the cabin home 
is to be erected. Hard by runs a rippling stream, througli a 
fertile ravine, ever telling ISTatiire's mystic story in the voice 
of tireless waters. Upon this the mill is to be established. 
Ever and anon, on either side stretches a vast forest of oak, 
walnut, and other valuable timber, and beneath is a rich, pro- 
ductive soil, awaiting only the touch of the husbandman to 
break forth into a golden harvest. 

The history of the pioneers of Indiana carries us from this 
scene through many incidents. We have the building of the 
cabin; the moving of the family from civilization to that iso- 
lated cabin home; the toils and hardships of the mother, 
rearing a family, where there is naught but her own hands to 
administer in circumstances where the most delicate and tender 
sympathy is required ; the long, weary years of toil and danger 
through which the father passes, unmoved in his persistent 
energy. At his bidding, the forests gradually fade away, and 
fertile fields spread out in harvest luxury; and, in short, the 
various scenes in that grand transformation from the wilderness 
to the metropolis, from barbarism to cnviJization, from chaos 
2 



18 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

to achievement. Altliough we liave presented much of this 
narrative, more than enough to constitute a rare and useful 
vohirae remains yet unwritten. 

From these hints concerning- tlic manner in which the tliree 
great phases of tlie State's liistory are treated in tlie following 
chapters, it will be seen that, while we do not claim to have 
elaborated on either, as much of all is presented as will con- 
form to our original plan— that of producing a work touching 
upon all these subjects, and at the same time condensing all 
within the compass of a single volume. 

CHARLES R. TUTTLE. 

Indianapolis, Ind., March, 1875. 



INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Brown, Prof. E. T 239 

Brown, Austin H. 195 

Buckles, Joseph S. 355 

Biddle, Judge Horace P ..183 

Brownfield, John 369 

Bates, Harvey 305 

Bass, J. H. 140 

Bass, S. S 143 

Brackenridge, Robert 71 

Bird, Hon. O 84 

Carpenter, Willard 337 

Comstock, James .315 

Cason, T. J 339 

Comingor, Prof. J. A 339 

Cumback, Hon. Will .353 

Cox, Prof. E. T. .-187 

Colfax, Hon. Schuyler 90 

Ca«npbell, John L .175 

Clarke, Gen. George Rogers 

Frontispiece. 

Danaldson, David S 163 

Evans, S. Cary 137 

Evans, A. S 533 

Edson, Judge Wm. P 179 

English, Maj. Elisha G ._291 

English, Hon. Wm. H 385 

Edgerton, Joseph K 106 

Edgerton, A. P ...130 

Fletcher, Prof. W. B _ 339 

Field, Dr. Nathaniel ..347 

Fitch, Hon. G. K 515 

Fowler, Moses ...152 

Gooding, Hon. David S ..581 

Hunter, Hon. M, C ..579 



Houghton, Walter R 277 

Hoagland, Pliney 200 

-Hackleman, Hon. Elijah .. 14G 

Hoss, Prof. Geo.W 333 

Hobbs, Prof. B. C .363 

Hanna, Samuel _130 

Hanna, Mrs. Eliza .121 

Hough, John.. 75 

Hendricks, Hon. Thomas A 113 

Harrison, Gen. William H 

Frontispiece. 

Kirkw^ood, Daniel ... 277 

Kerr, Hon. M. C ..339 

LaSalle, Charles B 643 

Long, Thomas B 204 

Lane, Hon. Henry S 579 

Lingle, W. S ..631 

Louder, Charles 367 

Lockwood, John M ..223 

Lewis, Andrew . .- 231 

Martindale, E. B ..651 

Moody, M. M 315 

McDonald, Hon. Joseph E. 579 

Mears, G. W ......239 

Mitchell, Hon. William 191 

Morton, Hon. O. P... ..102 

Nutt, Rev. Dr. Cyrus ..211 

Nuttman, J. D. 78 

Orth, Hon. G. S 579 

Owen, Richard 277 

. Olds, N. G 335 

Pratt, Hon. D. D ...339 

Purdue, Hon. John 137 

Peed, H. A. 257 

(19) 



20 



INDEX TO ILHSTRATIONS. 



Patterson, Judge C. Y 215 

Pierce, Martin L 184 

Posey, Gov. Thomas. Frontispiece. 

Ryan, T 439 

Roche, John 117 

Robbing, G. W 299 

Ross, W. T 156 

Rose, Chauncy 169 

Randall, Hon. F. P 96 

Shanks, Hon. J. P. C..... 339 

Studebaker, Clem 475 

Studebaker, John M '..485 

Studebaker, Peter E .495 

Studebaker, Jacob F 505 

Scott, John T. 345 

Suttenfield, Mrs. Laura 93 

Stockton, Lawrence B 149 



Sutherland, John 315 

St.Clair, Gen. Arthur. Frontispiece. 

Tyner, Hon. James N 579 

Thompson, Col. James S. 277 

Tuttle, Dr. Joseph F ..172 

Trentman, B ...110 

Vandgundy, Adam 215 

Wolfe, Hon. S. K 339 

Wright, C. E ..239 

Wylie, Dr. T. A 277 

Wilson, Col. W. C 207 

Wood, George W 249 

Williams, Jesse L 87 

Wayne, Gen. Anthony. Frontispiece 

Yeoman, D. H 315 

Zollinger, Charles 81 



MISCELIjANEOUS. 

Residence of Samuel Hanna 124 

Residence of F. P. Randall 99 

Residence of Judge H. P. Biddle 219 

Birth place of Judge H. P. Biddle ..218 

Studebaker Brothers' Wagon Works, South Bend 615 

Studebaker Brothers' Carriage Works, South Bend 435 

Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort Wayne 621 

Scene of the Battle of Tippecanoe 165 

Council Scene between General Harrison and Tecumseh 159 

Public School Building, Sullivan 453 

Ford School Building, La Fayette 385 

Opera House, La Fayette 383 

Purdue University Buildings 387, 889, 391, 392 



INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES. 



Andrus, LL.D., Reuben - 667 

Biddle, Judge H. P 634 

Baker, Hon. Conrad - 624 

Beard, John. 645 

Brackenridge, Robert 646 

Brownfield, John 666 

Bates, Harvey 667 

Buckles, Joseph S 671 

Bird, Hon. O. 683 

Brown, Austin H 683 

Brown, Prof. R. T 684 

Bass, J. H -- 684 

Bass, Col. S. S 684 

Campbell, LL.D., John L. 639 

Cumback, Hon. Will 642 

Carpenter, Willard 677 

■Cox, Prof. E. T 684 

Comingor, Prof. A. J 684 

Cason, Hon. T. J 684 

Colfax, Hon. Schuyler 684 

Dunn, Williamson 646 

Dowling, Thomas 648 

Danaldson, David S 649 

Elscon, Isaac C 646 

English, Hon. "Wm. H 650 

English, Major Elisha G. 656 

Eddy, Col. Norman 659 

Edgerton, J. K 663 

Edgerton, A. P 683 

Earp, A.M., Jno. E 665 

Evans, Amos S. 673 

Evans, S. Cary 684 

Cdson, Wm. P. 676 

.I'itch, Hon. G. N 683 

ii'owler, Moses 641 

f31) 



Field, Dr. Nathaniel 668 

Fletcher, Prof. W. B. 684 

Gooding, Hon. David S. 680 

Hobbs, LL.D., Barnabas C 628 

Hack] eman, Hon. Elijah 660 

Hoss, LL.D., George W 660 

Hendricks, Hon. Thomas A. .. 661 

Houghton, Walter R. 664 

Hollo way. Col. W. R 674 

Hoagland, Pliney 680 

Hanna, Samuel 684 

Hanna, Mrs. Eliza 684 

Hough, John 684 

Hunter, Hon. M. C 684 

Knoblock, John p 668 

Kirkwood, LL.D., Daniel 630 

Kerr, Hon. M. C '. 663 

Lane, Hon. Henry S 645 

Lingle, W. S 655 

Long, Judge Thomas B. 672 

Lowder, Charles 672 

Lewis, Dr. Andrew 676 

Lockwood, John M 677 

Lasselle. Charles B 678 

Morion, Hon. O. P. 661 

Martindale, E. B 664 

Mitchell, Hon. Wm 676 

Moody, M.M 684 

McDonald, Hon. J. E 684 

Mears, Prof G. W (j'fii 

Nutt, Dr. Cyrus 035 

Nuttman, J. D 625 

Nicholson, Wm. W 646 

Niblack, Hon. W. E 654 

Orth, Hon. G. 8 663 



22 



HISTORY 0¥ INDIANA. 



Olds, N. G -- 684 

Owen, Prof. Richard 685 

Purdue, Hon. J olm 677 

Peed, Henry A. 666 

Pratt, Hon. D. D 685 

Patterson, Judge C. Y 685 

Pierce, >[artin L 685 

Hoss, W. T 659 

Randall, Hon. F. P 659 

Rogers, A.M., Lewis T 665 

RolDbins, G. W .- 665 

Ryan, Townsend 670 

Ro.se, Chauncy 683 

Roche, John 685 

Shanks, Hon. J. P. C 632 

Smith, Zenas 649 

Stockton, L. B. 664 

Studebaker, Clem 681 

Studebaker, John M 681 

Studebaker, Peter E 682 

Studebaker, Jacob F 683 



Suttenlield, Mrs. Laura 684 

Scott, John T 685 

Southerland, John 685 

Tuttle, Dr. Joseph F 640 

Thompson, Rev. James 645 

Thompson, Richard W 648 

Trentman, B 684 

Tyner, Hon. James N 685 

Thompson, Col. James S. 685 

Vigo, Col. Francis 647 

Van Gundy, Adam 658 

Whitlock, Major A 644 

Wallace, Gen. Lewis. 652 

Wood, George W 658 

Wilson, Col. W. C 658 

Wylie, Dr. T. A 657 

Williams, Jesse L 683 

Wolfe, Hon. S. K. 685 

Wright, Prof. C. E 685 

Yeoman, D. H. 685 

Zollinger, Charles A 663 



CONTENTS. 



PART FIRST. 



CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. 



CHAPTER I. 

MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 

Native Tenants of Indiana. -The Discovery of the Territory.. Tlie 
Route from Louisiana to New France by tlie Ohio, Wabash and 
Maumee..A Chain of Fortifications through Indiana.. The Mission- 
aries. .Customs of the Indians, Missionaries, and Fur Traders. . 
Central Points of the Fur Trade. .The English and the French. . 
Defeat of the latter.. The British in Indiana.. Inhabitants of Post 
Vincennes 61 

CHAPTER II. 

GENERAL CLARKE'S CELEBRATED EXPEDITION. 

Clarke's Preparations for the Western Campaign ..Description of his 
Forces.. His March to the Illinois.. Capture of Kaskaskia.. Pecu- 
liar ities of Clarke 69 

CHAPTER III. 
CLARKE'S EXPEDITION — CONTINUED. 

Operations at Kaskaskia.. His Celebrated Liberty Speech.. Clarke 
Prepares for the Conquest of Vincennes. -Services of Father Giboult 
--Change of Allegiance at Vincennes.. Captain Helm appointed to 
the Command at Vincennes.. His Speech to the " Grand Door "..The 
British Cause on the wane in Indiana. .The British Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor re-takes Vincennes. .Bravery of Captain Helm 74 

(23) 



24 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

CHAPTER lY. 

CLARKE'S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 

Preparations tor the March.. Perilous Situation of Clarke. .A Bold 
Enterprise Boldly Executed.. The March.. Possibilities of Human 
Endurance.. Indescribable Hardships.. Marching in Water. .Ap- 
proaching Vincennes. -Approaching Starvation.. Fortunate Relief 
from the latter.. Clarke's Letter to the Inhabitants of Vincennes.. 
Cunning Manoeuvre of Colonel Clarke. _The Contest.. Indians Vol- 
unteering to Aid Clarke.. Clarke Declines their Assistance.. Clarke 
Orders Hamilton to Surrender. .Refusal. .The Firing Continued.. 
The Final Capitulation 80 

CHAPTER V. 

CLARKE'S MOVEMENTS AT VINCENNES. 

Organization of a Military Government. .Clarke Punishes the Hostile 
Delawares.. They plead for and find Mercy through the endorsement 
of the Piankeshaws-.The Expedition against Detroit abandoned.. 
Organization of a Civil Government at Vincennes in 1779.. Early 
Land Grants. .Virginia Cedes her Northwestern Territory to Con- 
gress 103 

CHAPTER YI. 

EARLY SETTLEMENT AND LAND GRANTS. 
The Ordinance of 1787.. The Northwestern Territory.. General Harmar 
..Vincennes in 1790.. Adoption of Laws by the General Court at 
Vincennes.. Testimonials to Mr. Sargent 109 

CHAPTER YII. 

HARMAU, SCOTT AND WILKINSON'S EXPEDITIONS.' 

The Expedition against the Wabash Indians. .General Harmar's 
Forces.. Hardin's Defeat.. The Alarm in the Frontiers.. Scott's Ex- 
pedition.. The AVea Indians Punished.. Wilkinson's Expedition on 
the Wabash 115 

CHAPTER YIII. 

ST. CLAIR'S AND WAYNE'S EXPEDITIONS. 

St. Clair Marches from Fort Washington.. St. Clair's Memorable 
Defeat.. Indian Cruelty. .St. Clair's Resignation.. He is succeeded 
by General Anthony Wayne. .Major Hamtramck at Vincennes.. 
Indians Insisting on the Ohio as the Boundary.. General Scott joins 
Wayne's Forces with Kentucky Volunteers.. The March.. The Battle 
and the Victory.. The Losses.. Destruction of Indian Dwellings, 
Cornfields, etc. -.Erection of Fort Wayne.. The Army Dispersed.. 
Civil Matters , Igl 



CONTENTS. 25 

CHAPTEE IX. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TERRITORY. 

Vinceuues-.Fort Knox.. Condition of Indiana Settlements in 1800... 
Civil Matters ■ -.. 129 

CHAPTEE X. 

GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 

The Second Grade of Government.. Revision of the Territorial Statutes 
..Land Offices.. Indian Complaints.. The Proi3het..His Speeches.. 
Settlement of the Prophet's town.. Tecumseh.. Harrison's Speech to 
the Indians. The Prophet Visits Vincennes.. Extinguishing Indian 
Titles. .Movements of Aaron Burr 133 

CHAPTEE XL 

STATISTICS— LAND TITLES— INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
Population.. The Early Land Title Controversy. .Report of the Com- 
missioners. -Organization of the Territory of Illinois 143 

CHAPTEE XII. 

HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN. 
Movements of Tecumseh and the Prophet.. General Harrison Laboi'- 
ing for Peace -.Tecumseh and Harrison in Council. -Tecumseh 
Denounces Harrison to his Face. .Happy Termination of the Diffi- 
culty. .Tecumseh Repents of his Deed.. But is Persistent in his 
Purpose .- 144 

CHAPTEE XIII. 

HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN— CONTINUED. 

The Territorial Legislature of 1810-. Extinguishment of Native Titles 
Recommended by Governor Harrison.. The Question of a Permanent 
Capital- -The Influences of Tecumseh and the Prophet -.Harrison's 
Speech of Warning.. Tecumseh Goes South 148 

CHAPTEE Xiy. 

HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN — CONTINUED. 
War Inevitable. -Military Measures.. The Indians Ordered to Disperse 
-.Erection of Fort Harrison --Harrison's Army on the March--The 
Battle of Tippecanoe -.Bravery in War.. The Forces.. Compliments 
to the Heroes. -Taylor's Heroic Defense of Fort Harrison 15!) 

CHAPTEE XT. 

CIVIL MATTERS. 
The Affairs of the Indiana Territorj-.-The General Assembly at Vin 



\ 



26 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

cennes in 1813. .Acting Governor Gibson. .The Capital Removed to , 
Corydon. .Thomas Posey Appointed Governor of the Territory.. The 
Legislature at Corydon in 1813. -The Session Laws 168 

CHAPTER XVI. 

KEVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EVENTS. 

The Ordinance of 1787.. Early Forms of Government.. Judicial Cir- 
cuits. .Banks and Banking Laws 174 

CHAPTER XYII. ' 

ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 

Close of the Territorial Existence.. The First Constitutional Conven- 
tion.. Delegates.. The First State Election. .The First State Legisla- 
ture. . Governor Jennings 178 

CHAPTER XYIII, 

2S GOVERNOR JENNING'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Taxation.. Internal Improvements ..Extra Session of the Legislature 
..Financial Difficulties. -Embarrassment of the General Credit of 
the State.-The Panic of 1821 185 

CHAPTER XIX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. 

His Message to the Legislature.. Internal Improvements.. Education 
. .The Seminary at Bloomington 190 

CHAPTER XX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 
Condition of State Atfairs in 1826.. Population.. Trade and Commerce 
..Asylums.. General Prosperity. .The Southern States in an Unpleas- 
ant Attitude 193 

CHAPTER XXI. 

■J ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY— CONTINUED. 

Continued Increase of Immigration.. Success in Agriculture.. Internal 

Improvements.. Infirm Colored People from the South pouring into 

Indiana.. Remaining Indian Tribes.. Election of a President of the 

United States. .The Civil Code - - 199 







A 



CHAPTER XXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 
Shortness of Crops in 1832. .Tlie Black Hawk War. .Internal Improve- 
ments.. The Indianapolis Donation.. Indian Titles. -Commencement 



CONTENTS. 27 

of the Wabash and Erie Canal- -The Governor Recommends a sys- 
tem of Public Improvements- -The Michigan Boundary Question- - 
The State Bank Organized- -The "New Capital " of 1835- -Progress 
of the Internal Improvements - 303 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WALLACE. ^ 

The Public Improvement Trouble. .The Governor Speaks Discour- 
agingly in his Message- -A Crisis Inevitable. -Removal of the Potta- 
watomies beyond the Mississippi 213 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BIGGER. U- 

Prostration of the Internal Improvements- .Review of the Public 
Works in 1840.. Individual Indebtedness. -Dark Days. -Inability to 
Pay Interest of the Public Debt- -List of the Works Undertaken, 
and their Condition in 1841 - -The State Debt 214 

CHAPTER XXY. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WHITCOMB. ^ 

Light Breaking over Indiana. -The War with Mexico- -Redemption of 
the Public Credit.. Administration of Governor Wright.. Death of 
President Taylor. -Progress of the Public Improvements- -Governor 
Wright Endorses the Missouri Compromise- -The Constitutional 
Convention of 1850 -.Administration of Governor Willard.. History 
of the State Bank. .Death of Governor Willard. -Death of David 
Dale Owen- -Acting Governor Hammond -.Administration of Lieu- 
tenant Governor Morton. .His Patriotic Message to the Extra 
Session of the Legislature 981 

CHAPTER XXYI. 
RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 

Intelligence of the Fall of Sumter.. Proclamation of the President.. 
Proclamation of Governor Morton.. Contributions of Men and 
Means.. Providing Munitions of War ..Patriotism and Promptness 
of Indiana in the War. .The Laurels Won 338" 

CHAPTER XXYII. 

MORTON AND BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

The General Assembly of Indiana in 1867.. A Stormy Session.. Con- 
gressional Districts.. The Soldiers' Home.. The State Normal School 
..The Agricultural College.. Statistics ^ 238 



28 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

OHAPTER XXYIII. 

GOVERNOR BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

The Political Contest. .Election. .State Debt. .War Claims. .The House 
of Refuge.. Lynch Law. .Seymour Vigilance Committee 243 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

GOVERNOR BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

The Fifteenth Amendment Lock in 1869.. The Storm of Partisanism.. 
Election of D. D. Pratt to the United States Senate. .Wholesale 
Resisrnations.. Breaking Up of the Session. .New Elections Ordered 
-.Extra Session of the Legislature.. The Purdue University Estab- 
lished. .Another Lock in the Legislature ..Development of Mineral 
Resources.. Agricultural Products 247 

OHAPTEE XXX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER — CONTINUED. 

Another Lock over the Fifteenth Amendment. .Wholesale Resignation 
of Republicans to Prevent its Repeal.. A Member of the Legislature 
Convicted of Bribery in obtaining his Election.. The Wabash and 
Erie Canal Controversy.. Woman Sulirage Movement.. Decision of 
the Supreme Court in favor of Taxing the People to Support Rail- 
roads.. The Election of October, 1872.. The Special Session of the 
Legislature in November, 1872.. Re-election of Senator Morton 251 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

AD3IINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. 

Governor's Message.. Common Pleas Courts Abolished.. Amendment 
of the Divorce Laws.. The Liquor Law.. The Temperance Conven- 
tion of 1873.. Congress of Agriculture 256 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

The School Law of 1852. .The Township System.. Opposition to the 
Law.. Deficiency in the Number and Qualification of Teachers.. 
The School Fund.. Township Libraries.. School Statistics of 1860.. 259 

(^HAPTER XXXIII. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

Present Condition.. Origin of Free Schools.. Present Common Scliool 
Fund. -School Fund comi)ared with that of other States.. School 
Houses.. County Superintendents. -Educational Statistics.. Statistics 
of Libraries. -Religious-. Statistics of Churches -.. 268 



CONTENTS. 29 

CHAPTEE XXXIY. 

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

Insane Hospital ..Deaf and Dumb Asylum.. Blind Asylum.. Other 
Charities. -Statistics of the Objects of Charity.. Statistics of Popu- 
lation, Pauperism and Crime -. 381 

CHAPTEK XXXY. 

WEALTH AND PROGBESS. 

Population. -Population by Towns.. Wealth, Taxation and Public 
Indebtedness of Indiana. .Statistics 387 

CHAPTEK XXXVI. 
AGRICULTUBAL. 

Agriculture.. General Remarks, Statistics of Productions, Soil, Farms, 
etc., etc. - 297 

CHAPTEK XXXYII. 

MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCE. 
Manufacturing Statistics. .Trade and Commerce 303 

CHAPTER XXXYIII. 

THE MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA. 

Mineral Wealth. .Coal, Iron, Stone, etc. .-Statistics.- Analysis of 
Coals .• - 307 

CHAPTEK XXXIX. 

LAWS AND COURTS OF INDIANA. 

Actions- -ArrestS-.Attachments-- Claims- -Deeds, Mortgages, etc _. 
Women's Rights. .Depositions- -Executions 814 

CHAPTEK XL. 

OFFICIAL REGISTER OF INDIANA. 

Governors --Lieutenant Governors.. Secretaries of State.. Auditors of 
State.. Treasurers of State.. Attorneys General .. Supreme Court 
Judges.. U. S. Senators.. 327 



PART SECOND. 



COUNTY HISTOEIES. 



CHAPTER XLI. 
Introductory 333 

CHAPTER XLII. 

ALLEN COUNTY — EARLY HISTORY. 

Kekionga.-The Ancient Miami Capital. .Post Miami. .Nicliolas' Con- 
spiracy.. Dubuisson's Fort..Fate of Post Miami. .Fate of Holmes 
.-Erection of the Fort in 1794.-Tecumseh's Siege of Fort Wayne.. 
Bravery of Oliver.. Intemperance of Captain Rhea. .General Harri- 
son Marches to the Relief of the Besieged Garrison.. Incidents of 
the Siege.. The Relief.. Destruction of Indian Villages. -Improve- 
ment of the Grounds around the Fort 335 

CHAPTER XLIII. 

FORT WAYNE — EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

Indians and Whites. .Tlic "Old Fort House "..The Company's 
Garden. .The Garrison Burial Ground.. Modes of Travel. .The Fir>; 
Mills. -The Fur Trade. .Major Whistler's rort..Richardville.. 
Rebuilding the Fort. .The " Big Elm " Post Office.. Pay Season at 
Fort Wayne. .The Land Office. .The Old Town Plat. .The Land 
Sale 349 

CHAPTER XLIV. 

ALLEN COUNTY — EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

Organization of the Count}'.. Location of the County Seat..Countj- 
Officers.. Pioneer Days of Fort Wayne.. Taxation.. First Circuit 
Court. .Scenes in the Court. .Trial of Big Leg. .Courting 358 

(30) 



CONTENTS. 31 

CHAPTEK XLY. 

ALLEN COUNTY — FORT WAYNE — MODERN HISTORY. 

Area.. Population.- Wealth. -Population of the Towns.. Rural Dis- 
tricts.. Public Schools of Allen County and of Fort Wayne.. Cath- 
olic Schools.. Religious.. Railroads.. Public Improvements 364 

CHAPTER XLVI. 

HUNTINGTON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface of the County.. First Settlement.. The Helveys. -Flint Springs 
Hotel -. Organization of the County. .First School Teacher.. Hunt- 
ington.. The Lime Interest.. Agricultural Wealth.. Public Improve- 
ments .370 

CHAPTEE XLYII. 

CASS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.." The Mouth of Eel ".-Early Settlers-- 
Increase of the Settlement. -Organization of the County- -First 
County Oflacers--The Board of Commissioners ..The Circuit Court 
. . Growth of the Town and County. . Logansport - 374 

CHAPTER XLYIIL 
TIPPECANOE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Ouantenon-.The Fate of the Post on theWea Prairie. -Jenkins' Letter 
to Major Glad wyn.. First Settlers.. Crawfordsville the Centre of 
Civilization on the Wabash.. William Digby. -Rival Towns on the 
Wabash --Educational.. Sketch of the Early Schools. .Purdue Uni- 
versity - 881 

CHAPTER XLIX. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY— EARLY HISTORY. 
Organization of the County.. Scenes and Incidents at Crawfordsville 
-.John Beard. -Surf ace and Soil..Crawfordsville--Tlie Streets and 
Public Improvements. . Wabash College 393 

CHAPTER L. 

VIGO COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

Fort Harrison.. Canadian Land Grants. .Early Settlers.. The Town of 
Terre Haute Laid Out-. Sale of Lots.. Organization of the County 
..First County Officers. .The First Circuit Court.. Early Court 
Houses- -The Present City of Terre Haute- -Educational 398 

CHAPTER LI. 
KNOX COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Vincennes-.Its Establishment.. Early Fur Traders.. Knox the Mother 



32 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 

of Indiana Counties. -New Vincennes-.Its Buildings and Public 
Improvements.. Churches- -Tlie New Court House.. Country Tribu- 
tary to Vincennes 405 

CHAPTEE LIL 

VANDERBURGH COUNTY — EVANSVILLE. 
Early Settlement of Evansville..The Town Plat.. Early Sale of Lots 
..Early Settlers. -Growth of the City. .Effects of the Internal Im- 
provement System.. Wabash and Erie Canal.. Advantages of the 
Civil War to Evansville.. Population.. Public Schools 413 

CHAPTER LIII. 

PARKE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. Early Settlers.. Soil and Productions.. 
Coal Mines.. Rockville.. Educational 420 

CHAPTER LIV. 

JOHNSON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface.. Soil and Productions. .Schools.. Franklin College.. Progress 
of the County 423 

CHAPTER LV. 

WABASH COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

Surface, Soil and Productions.. Early Settlers.. Indian Mill. .The 
Town of Wabash.. Past and Present.. The First Courts 427 

CHAPTER LYI. 

ELKHART COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. Early Settlement.. Goshen, its History 
and Present Importance.. Elkhart, Past and Present.. Soil and Pro- 
ductions 431 

CHAPTER LVII. 

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

Surface, Soil and Productions. -The Kankakee Marshes.. Organization 
of the County.. The County Seat.. Its First and Second Location.. 
The City of South Bend.. Its Greatness.. Notre Dame University. . 
St. Mary's Academy.. Public Schools.. Manufacturing 434 

CHAPTER LYIII. 

MADISON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlement.. Surface, Soil and Productions.. Organization of 
the County.. Indian Massacre.. Trial of Hudson.. Trial of Sawyer 
Trial of Bridge.. The Execution ..Anderson 441 



CONTEN'JS. 33 

CHAPTEK LIX. 

COUNTY HISTOR[ES. 
Sullivan, Clay, Owen, Greene, Lawrence and Jackson Counties.. His- 
torical and Descriptive — 451 

CHAPTER LX. 

WELLS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Joseph Knox, the First Settler ..Early Settlers.. Their Trials, Priva- 
tions, etc. -.Organization of the County.. Bluffton 463 

CHAPTER LXI. 

MONROE COUNTY - INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 

Soil and Productions.. Bloomington.. Indiana State University. .His- 
tory of the Institution.. The School of Mental, Moral and Political 
Philosophy.. The School of Natural Philosophy. The School of 
Natural Science.. The School of Mathematics.. The School of Greek 
Language and Literature. .The School of Civil Engineering.. The 
School of Latin Language and Literature. .English Literature and 
Elocution.. School of Modern Languages.. The Preparatory School 
..Geological.. Law School 467 

CHAPTER LXII. 

HENRY COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlements.. Asahel Woodward.. Organization of the County.. 
Soil and Productions.. New Castle.. Knightstown 481 

CHAPTER LXIIL 

CARROLL COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlers ..Organization of the County.. List of Earlj^ Settlers. - 
Present Condition 484 

CHAPTER LXIY. 

SWITZERLAND COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
First Settlements.. Colony of Swiss. .Hardships of the Early Settlers 
-.Organization of the County.. Vevay 488 

CHAPTER LXV. 

OHIO COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface, Soil and. Productions.. Incidents in Pioneer Life. .Rising Sun 490 

CHAPTER LXV^I. 

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the County.. Surface, Soil and Productions -.Colum- 
bus.. Courts and Court Houses. .Early Railroads.. Present Condition 493 



34 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

CHAPTER LXVII. 

FLOYD COUNTY - HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Surface, Soil and Productions.. New Albany, its Earl}^ History, Pro- 
gress, and Present Condition.. Scenery.. River Navigation.. Manu- 
facturing Interests.. Depauw College. _St. Mary's Female Academy 
.. Schools --Morse Academy - 499 

CHAPTER LXVIII. 

CLARKE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

The Illinois Land Grant.. Clarke and his Brave Virginian Rewarded 
--Surface, Soil, etc... Jefferson ville, its Importance. -Manufacturing 
Interests.. Quartermaster's Depot.. Its Interests. .Schools, etc 507 

CHAPTER LXIX. 

SHELBY COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

Soil and Productions. .Organization of the County 512 

CI inton Count}- 514 

Boone County 516 

CHAPTER LXX. 

HENDRICKS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

Soil and Productions.. Early Settlements ..Progress 518 

Morgan County 519 

Scott County 521 

CHAPTER LXXr. 

WAYNE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlements. .The Friends.. Names of the Early Settlers.. Etc.. .525 

CHAPTER LXXIL 

\VAYNE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Organization of the Countj'^- .Fight over the County Seat. .Present 
Con dition.-Grovi'th.. Schools.. Earlham College .530 

CHAPTER LXXIII. 

JAY COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
Early Settlers. -Privations and Hardships.. Organization of the County 
..First Courts. -Progress of the County 534 

CHAPTER LXXIV. 

PUTNAM COUNTY — ASBURY UNIVERSITY. 

Soil and Productions. .Greencastle.. Railroad Facilities. .The Asbury 
University.. Its Aims and Objects. .Its History. .The Lavp Depart- 



CONTENTS. 35 

ment-.The Course of Study.. The Endowment. .Various Adminis- 

tratioms -- -iSS 

CHAPTER LXXY. 

COUNTY HISTORIES. 

Adams County .. 549 

Blackford County 550 

Benton County _ . 551 

Brown County 552 

Crawford County 552 I 

Daviess County - 553 

Dearborn County 554 

Decatur County -. 554 

DeKalb County 555 

Delaware County 555 

Dubois County 556 

Fayette County 557 

Fountain County 557 

Franklin County. 558 

Fulton County - 558 

Gibson County 559 

Orant County -. 560 

Hamilton County - 560 

Hancock County 561 

Harrison County ..- 561 

Jasper County - 562 

Jefferson County - 562 

Jennings County 563 

Kosciusko County 563 

La Grange Countj' ..- 564 

Lake County .- 565 

La Porte County - 565 

Marion County _ 566 

Marshall County _ 567 

Martin County _ -168 

Noble County 568 

Orange County 569 

Perry County 569 

Porter County 570 

Posey County 570 

Pulaski County 571 

Randolph County 571 

Ripley County 573 

Rush County . 572 

Spencer County 573 

Steuben County 1 573 

Tipton County 574 



36 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Union County 574 

Vermillion County 574 

Warren County 574 

Warrick County 575 

Washington County 575 

White County 57« 

Whitley County - 577 

Howard ( 'ounty 577 

Stark County - 577 

Miami County _ _ - 578 

Newton County 582 

Pike County 588 

CHAPTEE LXXYI. 

PRESENT AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF INDIANAPOLIS. 
Indianapolis, the Future Great Citj' ot the West.. Its Present Import- 
ance and Future Growth ... 584 

CHAPTER J.XXYII. 

PROGRESS OF THE GRANGE IN INDIANA. 
Extent of the Organization in the State. Its History- -State Grange 
Officers. -Aims and Objects of the Order--Good Results 605 

CHAPTER LXXVIII. 

THE GREAT WAGON AND CARRIAGE WORKS OF THE STU- 
DEBAKER BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, AT 
SOUTH BEND, ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, INDIANA. 

Early Beginning.. History of the Firm.. Description of Buildings.. 
Fire of 1872 ..Rebuilt.. Fire of 1874.. Description of New Building 
..Statistics of Products .' 618 

THE BASS FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS OF FORT WAYNE, IND. 

Description of Works. -Personnel of the Firm. -Works in Chicago 
and St. Lou is.. Products _ (318 

(11 AFTER LXXIX. 

THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 

Press of Indiana - 686 

Newspaper Directory of Indiana - 687 



INDEX 



TO 



HISTORIES OF COUNTIES 



Adams - 549 

Allen 335 

Bartholomew 493 

Benton 551 

Blackford -. 550 

Boone -. 516 

Brown — 552 

Carroll ..-- 484 

Cass 374 

Clarke 507 

Clay - -^454 

Clinton ./- 514 

Crawford :.-- 552 

Daviess - 553 

Dearborn 554 

Decatur - - 554 

De Kalb 555 

Delaware - 555 

Dubois 556 

Elkhart.... 431 

Fayette . . 557 

Floyd 499 

Fountain 557 

Franklin- 558 

Fulton 558. 

Gibson.... 559 

Grant...: 560 

Greene 457 

Hamilton 560 

Hancock 561 

Harrison 561 

Hendricks 518 

Henry 481 

Howard 557 

Huntington 870 

Jackson 461 

Jasper 562 

Jay 534 

Jefferson 562 

Jennings 563 

Johnson 423 

Knox 405 

Kosciusko 563 

La Grange 564 

Lake 565 

La Porte 565 



Lawrence - . - 1 458 

Madison 441 

Marion ■. .. 566 

Marshall : . . . 567 

Martin 568 

Miami 578 

Monroe 467 

Montgomery 393 

Morgan 519 

Newton. - 582' 

Noble 568 

Orange 569 

Ohio . 490 

Owen 456 

Parke 420 

Perry 569 

Pike 583 

Porter 570 

Posey 570 

Pulaski 571 

Putnam 588 

Randolph 571 

Ripley 572 

Rush 572 

Scott 521 

Shelby -512 

Spencer. 573 

Starke 577 

St. Joseph 484 

Steuben 573 

Sullivan 451 

Switzerland 488 

Tippecanoe 381 

Tipton 574 

Union 574 

Vanderburgh 412 

Yermillion 574 

Vigo 898 

Wabash 427 

Warren 574 

Warrick 575 

Washington — 575 

Wayne 525 

Wells 463 

White 576 

Whitley 577 



(37) 



INDEX TO APPENDIX. 



Tlie Eighteen Presidents of the United States and their Original Cabi- 
nets 55 

Signers of the Declaration of .Independence, July 4, 1776 57 

Army Statistics 58 

Organization of the Army 58 

Pay of the Army per year _ 58 

Cost of the four U. S. Wars 58 

War Statistics of the U. S 59 

Sixteen American Wars 59 

Troops Furnished by the States for the War of the Rebellion 59 

Number of Killed, Wounded and Died during the War of the Rebellion 59 

Salaries of the Principal Government Officials 60 

Post Office Directory of Indiana 699 

Geographical Position of County Seats of Indiana, from Indianapolis, 

Chicago and Cincinnati 706 

Population by Counties for 1860 and 1870, and Per Cent. Gain 708 

Per Cent. Increase in Population of the States, from 1860 to 1870, and 

their Area in Square Miles Compared 709 

Population of Principal Cities in the U. S., and Per Cent. Gain 710 

Statistics of Population 710 

Growth of Railroads in U. S. 711 

Railroads of Indiana 711 

Admission, Area, and Increase in Population of States, from 1790 to 

1870 712 

Statistics of Manufactures of U. S 713 

State Governments 715 

Salaries of State Governors 715 

Time of Holding State Elections 715 

Assembling of State Legislatures 715 

Apportionment of Congressmen 715 

Constitution of the State of Indiana 716 

(38) 



PIONEER LIFE IN INDIANA. 



The settlement of a new country is one of the most interest-- 
ing phases of national history; and this fact applies with pecu- 
liar force to this country and to this State. At the beginning 
of the eighteenth century, Indiana was a wilderness, broken 
only by the lakes and rivers, and small prairies, and curious 
tumuli, that now form the distinguishing physical and anti- 
quarian features of a great and prosperous civilized agricul- 
tural State. Here and there, along the banks of the rivers, 
and by the side of the placid lakes, were clustered the rude 
huts and wigwams of the uncultured natives. These scenes 
of savage life were now and then interspersed with the rude 
huts of the French fur-traders, and perhaps now and then a 
small block -house, intended for the storage and defence of pelt- 
ries; but even these better features presented few traces of 
civilization, and afforded only a rude hospitality to the wan- 
dering English or American trader who ventured into the 
Territory. 

The Indian tribes still cherished unpleasant recollections of 
the Old French "War; and, having just emerged from a bitter 
participation in the Revolutionary struggle, they were greatly 
confused with tlie conflicting currents of civilized policy. 
Why the *•' Eed-coats," after reducing Canada, and conquering 
the French, should, in so short a period, precipitate a bloody 

(39) 



40 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



war among themselves, was a question that the savage mind 
conld solve only by attributing base treachery to the English 
character. The red men of the North-west had been urged to 
join the British against the French in 1T50; but, for the most 
part, they refused, preferring to stand by the arms of their old 
" French father," of whose treatment they had little oi* no 
cause for complaint. However, when Major Rogers marched 
the British forces into the lake-region, when all Canada was 
ceded to the enemy, the Indian half regretted his choice in the 




THE PIONEER PROSPECTING. 



conflict, and murmured because he was not on the side of the 
victorious party. At this juncture, had the English policy 
been properly guarded, the lasting friendshi]) of the natives 
would have been easily attained. But insolence was the dis- 
tinguishing feature of the treatment which the English 
extended to the Indians in the North-west; and Indian hatred 
and savage revenge were its legitimate products. When the 
Rovolutionary war burst upon the infant colonies, the natives 
were unable to discover the difference l)etween one Enijlishmaii 



HONEER ' LIFE. 



41 



aud another, or to determine clearly the causes that led to their 
separation; and regarding them all as a treacherous, insolent 
23eo'ple, they became a ready tool in the hands of designing 
Frenchmen, who sought to revenge themselves upon the Eng- 
lish for the losses of 1760, for which the bitter struggle between 
the British colonies and the mother-country afforded them an 
opportunity. At the close of this war, as at the close of the 
struggle of 1760, they found themselves, for the most part, on 
the side of the lost cause. There was a difference, however; 




THE JOURNEY FROM CIVILIZATION TO THE FOREST HOME. 

and that difference was in their favor. Canada still remained 
true to the British flag; and beneatli that flag the Il^Torth- 
western Indians not only found protection, but sympathy, — 
material sympathy. As a reward for their services on the 
battle-field, they were given rum, tobacco, blankets and powder, 
but not as a reward for their deeds only. These gifts were 
intended to keep alive a revenge against the Americans. The 
few remaining Frenchmen, for whom the natives of 1776 held 
a profound respect, aided largely in perpetuating this feeling 



42 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of revenge. Hence in 1812, when the final contest caine, many 
of the tribes of the lake-region stood ready to lift the hatchet 
in behalf of the enemy of oiir Independence. At the close'of 
this war, the red men were in a similar position to that occu- 
pied by them at the termination of all civilized wars in which 
they engaged, — on the side of the defeated party, supporting a 
lost cause. The feeling of disappointment consequent upon 
this unfortunate situation was aroused to enmity and hatred at 
the prospect of losing their best hunting grounds; for, ever 
since the American colonist crossed the Ohio, his rude cabin 
was marching north and west, toward the rich agricultural 
regions of the Great Lakes. Such were the feelings of the 
natives of Indiana in 1800, when the American colonist was 
attracted hither by the rich soil, giant forests of good timber, 
excellent climate, and beautiful scenery of the Territory; and 
SHch the causes that led to this enmity and suspicion. 

Thus it was when the American pioneer, with his wife and 
family, entered the unbroken forests of Indiana. The Indian 
beheld his approach with feelings of mingled fear and revenge. 
The sound of his axe fell ominously upon the savage ear; and 
all his actions were signals of the rapidly -approaching ruin of 
the Indian race. In the midst of these forebodings, the elo- 
quent speeches of the great Pontiac, the true champion of 
Iu(!'an rights, and the chief of native warriors, came up in his 
menu try fi-oin the clashing struggle of 1763 in all their gran- 
deur: "The red men will be driven into ruin and death, and 
the Englishman's corn will wave in triumph over his decaying 
bones." 

But the memory of these speeches now serve a futile warn- 
ing. The red man's hands are tied. His cause is lost; his 
inheritance has become the possession of a relentless enemy; 
he has fallen blighted by civilization; and he remains only to 
bid adieu to the home of his fathers, and, pci-cliance, to work 



PIONEEK LIFE. 



43 



a secret vengeance upon a few of his conquerors. His career 
is almost, yet not wholly, ended. The unprotected pioneer 
must feel the sharp, keen death-pain of the scalping-knife. 
The anxious mother and innocent children must fall, in their 
rude cabin-home, beneath the merciless tomahawk. A few 
trembling souls must be carried into a barbarous captivity. 
In short, the red man must characterize his departure from a 
miserable existence by a wretched revenge. 

But in the face of all the dangers, and sometimes in sight 




BUILDINa THE CABIN-HOM 

of these horrible deaths, or thrice horrible tortures, the pioneer 
of Indiana pressed forward. "With his faithful gun as a pro- 
tector, and his axe as an implement of industry, he went forth 
to do battle with the forest. 

And now let us glance at the pioneers of Indiana in the 
different phases of their experience, and in the beauty and 
simplicity of their character. The journey from civilization to 
the forest-home was not among the least of their difficulties. 
The route lay, for the most part, through a i-ough country. 



44 



IIISTOKY OF 1NDIA>'A 



Swamps and marshes were crossed with great exertion and 
fatigue; rivers were forded with difficidty and danger; forests 
were penetrated with risk of captivity by hostile Indians; 
nights were passed in open prairies, w'ith the sod for a conch 
and the heavens for a shelter; long, weary days and weeks of 
tiresome travel were endnred. Perchance the mother and child 
were seated in a rough farm-wagon, while the father walked 
by the side of his faithful team, urging them over the uneven 
ground. But they were not always blessed with this means of 




THE PIONEER AND HIS HOME. 



transj)ortation. And, in the best cases, the journey westward 
was a tedious, tiresome, dangerous one. Often the children 
sickened by the way, and anxious parents worried over them 
in a rude camp, until relieved either by returning health or by 
death. If the latter, a father would be compelled to dig the 
grave for the body of his own child in a lonelv forest. Who 
shall desei'ibe the l)urial-scene when parents are the only 
mourners? This is a subject only for contemplation. After a 



PIONEER LIFE. 4:5 

few sad days, the bereaved ones take up the journey, leaving 
only a little fresh mound to mark the sacred spot. 

But these incidents were not frequent. Grenerally the pio- 
neers were blessed with good health, and enabled to overcome 
the privations of forest-travel. At night they slept in their 
wagon, or upon the grass ; while the mules, hobbled to pre- 
vent escape, grazed the prairie around them. But the toils 
and dangers of the pioneer were not ended with the termina- 
tion of his journey. Perchance the cabin is yet existing only 
in the surrounding trees. But he never falters. The forest 
bows beneath his axe; and, as log after log is placed one upon the 
other, his situation becomes more cheerful. Already the anx- 
ious mother has pointed out the corner for the rude chimney,, 
and designated her choice in the location of the door and win- 
dow. The cabin grows day by day; and at length it is fin- 
ished, and the family enter their home. It is not a model 
home; but it is the beginning of a great prosperity, and as 
such is worthy of preservation in history, on account of its 
obscurity and its severe economy. But it was a home, not- 
withstanding; and I venture the observation, that with all its 
lack of comforts, with all its pinching poverty, with all its isola- 
tion and danger, it was often a happy home; and perhaps its 
growth, in this respect, is not among the greatest of its accom- 
plishments; yet, after all,, it has become happier, as well as 
wealthier. 

Hext to building the cabin-home came the work of prepar- 
ing the soil for agricultural purposes. This was a work of no 
ordinary magnitude. For miles in every direction, the eye of 
the pioneer met only a dense forest, broken here and there by 
rivers and creeks and small lakes. Dams must be constructed, 
and mills erected on these streams ; and the forest • must be 
cleared away to make room for the cornfield. For the accom- 
plishment of these ends, the pioneer prepares his axe, and day 



46 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



after day he toils on. Tree after tree bows its lofty top. Log 
after log is rolled into the stream. Through many a long, 
dreary winter has the early settler pursued these elementary 
branches of industry. Oft has he eaten a cold dinner in a 
stormy winter's day, with only a log to serve the double pur- 
pose of a chair and table; but, endowed with a spirit of enter- 
prise that knows no faltering, lie toiled steadily on. 

Spring comes, and he goes forth to prepare the patch ot 
ground for the planter. The team is ready. The father takes 




I'lONEEli PLOUGHING. 



his post at the plow; and the daughter takes possession of the 
reins. This is a grand scene, — one full of grace and beauty. 
This pioneer girl thinks but little of fine dress; knows less ot 
the fashions; has possibly heard of the opera, but does not 
understand its meaning; has been told of the piano, but has 
never seen one; wears a dress "buttoned up behind;" has on 
leather boots, and " drives plow " for her father. But her sit- 
nation has changed. To-day she sits in the parlor of hei 
grandson, whose wife keeps house through the proxy of one or 



PIONEER LIFE. 



47 



two servants, and whose daughters are Hinging their nimble, 
dehcate lingers over the white keys of a charming Chickering 
piano, filling the home with a melody that has but few charms 
for the plain old grandmother. Her mind runs back to the 
cornfield, to the cabin-home, to the wash-tub by the running 
brook, to the spinning-wheel, to toil and danger; and well 
may she exclaim, " Oh, wondrous progress ! my life is but a 
dream." Tanily our pioneer mothers were hard-working, 
honest- thinking women. Our highest praise is but a poor 
tribute to their worth. 




PIONEEK HABVESTINa. 



The character of the pioneers of Indiana is properly within 
our range. They lived in a region of exuberant fertility, 
where nature had scattered her blessings with a liberal hand. 
Their liberties, the vastness of their inheritance, — its giant 
forests, its broad prairies, its numerous rivers, — the many 
improvements constantly going forward, and the bright pros- 
pect for a glorious future in everything that renders life pleas- 
ant, combined to deeply impress their character, to give them 



48 



HISTOIJY OF INDIANA. 



a spirit ot* enterprise, an indejjendence of feeling, and a joyoiis- 
ness of Lope. They were a thorongli combination and mix- 
ture of all nations,, characters, languages, conditions, and opin- 
ions. Tliere was scarcely a nation in Europe, or a State in the 
lluion, that was not represented among the early settlers. 
The much greater proportion of the emigrants from Europe 
were of the humbler classes, who came here from hunger, 
])Overty and oppression. They found themselves here the "joy 
of ship- wrecked mariners, cast on the untenanted woods, and 




WASJIING DAY. 



instantly became cheered with tlie hope of being able to build 
up a family and a fortune from new elements." The Puritan 
and the Planter, the German, the Briton, the Frenchman, the 
Irishman, the Swede, the Dane, and the Hollander, — each 
with his 2)eculiar prejudices and local attachments, and all the 
complicated and interwoven tissue of sentiments, feelings, and 
thoughts that country, kindred, and home have, — settled down 
beside and with each other. All now form one society. ^ Men 
must cleave to their kind, and must be dejjendent upon each 



PIONEER LIFE. 



49 



other. Pride and jealousy give way to the natural yearnings 
of the human heart for society. They begin to rub off mutual 
prejudices; one takes a step, and then the other; they meet 
half-way, and embrace: and the society thus newly organized 
and constituted is more liberal, enlarged, unprejudiced, and, of 
course, more affectionate, than a society of people of like birth 
and character, who bring all their early prejudices as a com- 
mon stock, to be transmitted as an inheritance to posterity." 
The rough, sturdy, and simple habits of the early pioneer of 




PLAiSITING COEN. 

Indiana, living in .that plenty which depends only upon God 
and nature, have laid broad the foundation of independent 
thought and feeling. 

The wedding was an attractive feature of pioneer life. For 
a long time after the first settlement of the Territory, the. 
people married young. There was no distinction of rank, and 
very little of fortune. On these accounts, the first impression 
of love generally resulted in marriage. The family establish- 
ment cost but little labor — nothing more. A description of 
4 



50 



HISTORY OF INDIANA, 



a wedding in the olden time will serve to show the progress 
made in society, as well as preserv-e an important phase of 
history. The marriage was always celebrated at the house of 
the bride; and she was generally left to choose the officiating 
clergyman. A wedding, however, engaged the attention of 
the whole neighborhood. It was anticipated by both old and 
young with eager expectation. In the morning of the wed- 
ding day the groom and his intimate friends assembled at the 
house of his father, and, after duo preparation, departed, en 




(iOIKG TO MILL. 



masse, for the " mansion " of his bride. The journey was 
sometimes made on horseback, sometimes on foot, and some- 
times in farm wagons or carts. It was always a merry jour- 
ney, and, to insure merriment, the bottle was taken along. 
On reaching the house of the jjride, the marriage ceremony 
took place; and then dinner or supper was served. After the 
meal, the dancing commenced, and generally lasted till the 
following morning. The figures of the dances were three and 
four handed reels, or square sets and jigs. The commence- 



PIONEER LIFE. 



61 



ment was always a square four, which was followed by what 
the pioneers called "jigging; " that is, two of the four would 
single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couj^le. 
The jigs were often accompanied with what was called " cut- 
ting out; " that is, when either of the parties became tired of 
the dance, on intimation, the place was supplied by some one 
of the company, without any interruption of the dance. In 
this way the reel was often continued until the musician was 
exhausted. 




THE INDUSTKIOUfe PIOA^EEK MOlUEll. 



About nine or ten o'clock in the evening, a deputation of 
young ladies stole off the bride, and put her to bed. In 
doing this, they had to ascend a ladder from the kitchen to the 
upper floor, which was composed of loose boards. Here, in 
this pioneer bridal chainber, the young, simple-hearted girl 
was put to bed by her enthusiastic friends. This done, a 
deputation of young men escorted the groom to the same 
apartment, and placed him snugly by the side of his bride. 
The dance still continued; and if seats were scarce, which was 



52 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



genei'ally the case, " every young man, M'lien not engaged in 
tlie (lance, was obliged to offer liis lap as a seat for one of the 
girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted." During the 
night's festivities, spirits were freely used, but seldom to great 
excess. The infair was held on tlie following evening, M^lien 
the same order of exercises was ol):-erved. 

The "bee" was another distinguishing and interesting fea- 
ture of pioneer life. The first setrlers were alone, and had to 
build their cabins as best they could ; but, when the peoj^le 




THE PIONEEE SCHOOL HOUSE. 



were sufficiently numerous, the cabin was nearly always raised 
by a "bee," or "frolic." The latter is a very old but signifi- 
cant term. We will now suppose that a young couple has 
been married. Tliey are about to settle down on their own 
account. A spot is selected on a piece of land for their habi- 
tation. A day is appointed for the commencement of the 
building of their cabin. The fatigue party, consisting of the 
choppers, fells the trees, and cuts them in proper lengths. 
This done, a maji with a team hauls tliem to the place, and 



PIONEER LIFE, 



53 



arranges them properly assorted. Another party selects the 
proper materials for the roof; and still another jjrepares the 
puncheons for the floor. The materials all on the ground, the 
raising takes place. The first thing to be done is the election 
of four corner men, whose business it is to notch and place 
the logs. The rest of the company do the lifting. The cabin 
being finished, it was generally " warmed " by a good " break- 
down," or dance. With the use of liquor, these ".warmings " 
were always full of spirit and hilarity. 




pionp:er woodsmen at dinni-jk. 



Going to mill was quite an undertaking with the pioneer. 
It was, perhaps, two or three days' journey to the mill, more 
or less, in proportion to the situation and growth of the neigh- 
borhood. Sometimes a pair of oxen, attached to a two-wheeled 
cart, carried the farmer and his grain on this journey; but 
frequently he went on horseback, with the bag of grain across 
the horse's back, before him. This was a tedious way of 
transporting grain to the mill; but his return was anxiously 
waited for by mother and children, all suffering, it may be, 



54 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

from the scarcity of flour. Tliere are some recollections of 
"s^oing to mill " that bring with them vivid pictures of weary, 
watchful nights, when the father did not return as promised 
Mud expected, being delayed either by the number of " grists " 
before him, or the impassable condition of the roads, or 
" traces." Those were the dismal, desolate phases of pioneer 
life, when the darkness closed in upon the anxious mother and 
crying children; when the winds beat upon the rude cabin, 
bringing to their ears unwelcome sounds, laden with the dying 
howls of starving wolves; when hunger pressed heavily upon 
helpless women and children. 

The years passed on, and the pioneers continued their toils, 
submitted patiently to their hardships, until the light of civil- 
ization and prosperity dawned upon them in open cornfields, 
waving in harvest luxury, or in neat, comfortable dwellings, 
that were raised by the side of the cabin homes. But this 
da^\^l is rapidly approaching the high noon of prosperity. In 
place of the ever- winding '' trace," the iron rail may now be 
seen, and for the old-fashioned two-wheeled cart we have the 
powerful locomotive. The scene has been completely changed. 
The forests have disappeared, or are rapidly disappearing, and 
being supplanted by cultivated fields. On every hand we may 
behold evidences of this great transformation. Let us thank 
God and praise the pioneers of Indiana for what has been 
accomplished, and, having the promises already fulfilled in our 
eyes, continue in the industry and perseverance for which we 
have had so glorious an example. 



GENERAL STATICTICS. 55 

THE EIGHTEEN PEESIDENTS OF THE UlN^ITED 
STATES AND THEIK ORIGINAL CABINETS. 

George Washington, Va., born February 22, 1732, inaugurated 1789, 
aged 57, served 8 years, died December 14, 1799, aged 67 ; Thomas Jeffer- 
son, Va., Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, N. Y., Secretary of tlie 
Treasury ; Henry Knox, Mass., Secretary of War ; Samuel Osgood, Mass., 
Postmaster General. 

John Adams, Mass., born October 30, 1735, inaugurated 1797, aged 62, 
served 4 years, died July 4, 1826, aged 91 ; Timothy Pickering, Mass., Sec- 
retary of State ; Oliver Woolcot, Ct., Secretary of Treasury ; Jas. McHenry> 
Md., Secretary of War; George Cabat, Mass., Secretary of Navy; Joseph 
Habersham, Ga., Postmaster General. 

Thomas Jefferson, Ya., born April 2, 1743, inaugurated 1801, aged 58, 
served 8 years, died July 4, 1826, aged 83; Jas. Madison, Va., Secretary of 
State; Samuel Dexter, Mass., Secretary of Treasury; Henry Dearborn, 
Mass., Secretary of War ; Benjamin Stoddard, Mass., Secretary of ISTavy; 
Joseph Habersham, Ga., Postmaster General. 

James Madison, Va., born March 16, 1751, inaugurated 1809, aged 58, 
served 8 years, died June 28, 1836, aged 85 ; Robert Smith, Md., Secretary 
of State; Albert Gallatin, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; Wm. Eustis, Mass., 
Secretary of War ; Paul Hamilton, S. C, Secretary of Navy ; Gideon Gran- 
ger, Ct, Postmaster General. 

James Monroe, Va., born April 2, 1759, inavigurated 1817, aged 59, served 
8 years, died July 4, 1831, aged 73 ; John Q. Adams, Mass., Secretary of 
State ; Wm. H. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of Treasury ; John C. Calhoun, S. 
C, Secretary of War, iienj. W. Crowninshield, Mass., Secretary of Navy; 
Return J. Meigs, Ohio, Postmaster General. 

John Q. Adams, Mass., born July 11, 1767, inaugurated 1825, aged 58, 
served 4 years, died February 23, 1848, aged 81 years ; Henry Clay, Ky., 
Secretary of State ; Richard Rush, Pa.. Secretary of Treasmy; Jas. Bar- 
bour, Va., Secretary of War ; Samuel L. Southard, N. J., Secretarj^ of Navy ; 
John McClean, Ohio, Postmaster General. 

Andrew Jackson, S. C, born March 15, 1767, inaugurated 1829, aged 62, 
served 8 years, died June 8, 1845, aged 78 years; Martin VanBuren, N. T., 
Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Ingham, Pa., Secretary of Treasury ; John 
H. Eaton, Tenn., Secretary of War; John Branch, N. C, Secretary of 
Navy ; Wm. T. Barny, Ky., Postmaster General. 

Martin VanBuren, N. Y., born December 5, 1782, inaugurated 1837, aged 
55, served 4 years, died December 27, 1862, aged 80 years ; John Forsyth, 
Ga., Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, N. H., Secretary of Treasury ; 
Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, Secretary of War ; Mahlon Dickerson, N. J., Secre- 
tary of Navy; Amos Kendall, Ky., Postmaster General. 

William Henry Harrison, Va., born February 9, 1773, inaugurated 1841, 
aged 68, served 1 month, died April 4, 1841, aged 68 years ; Daniel Webster, 
Mass., Secretary of State; Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury; 



56 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

John Bell, Tenn., Secretary of War; Geo. E. Badger, N. ('., Secretary of 
Navy; Francis Granger, N. Y., Postmaster General. 

John Tyler, Va., born March 20, 1790, inaugurated 1841, aged 51, served 
4 years, died January 17, 1862, aged 72 years; Daniel Webster, Mass., Sec- 
retary of State; Walter Foward, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; John 0. Spea- 
cer, N. Y., Secretary of War; Abel P. Upser, Va., Secretary of Na^y; 
Chas. A. WicklifFe, Ky., Postmaster General. 

James K. Polk, N. C, born November 2, 1795, inaugurated 1845, aged 50, 
served 4 years, died June 15, 1849, aged 54; James Buchanan, Pa., Secre- 
tary of State; Robert J. Walker, Miss., Secretary of Treasury; Wm. J. 
Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Mass., Secretary of 
Navj-; Cave Johnson, Tenn., Postmaster General. 

Zachary Taylor, Va., born Novemlier 24, 1790, inaugurated 1849, aged 
65, served 1 year, died July 9, 1850, aged 66 years: John M. Clayton, Del., 
Secretary of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; George 
W. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of War; Wm. B. Preston, Va., Secretary of 
Navj^; Jacob Collumer, Vt., Postmaster General. 

Millard Filmore, N. Y., born May 7, 1800, inaugurated 1850, aged 50, 
served 3 years, died March 8, 1874, aged 74 years; Daniel Webster, Mass., 
Secretary of State; Thos. Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury: Chas. M. 
Conrad, La., Secretary of War ; Wm. A. Graham, N. C, Secretary of Navy ; 
Nathan K. Hall, N. Y., Postmaster General. 

Franklin Pierce, N. H., born November 28, 1804, inaugurated 1853, aged 
49, served 4 years, die'd October 8, 1868, aged 65 years ; Wm. L. Marcy, 
N. Y., Secretary of State; Jas. Guthrie, Ky., Secretar}' of Treasury- ; Jef- 
ferson Davis, Miss., Secretary of War; Jas. C. Dobbin, N. C., Secretary of 
NaA^; Jas. Campbell, Pa., Postmaster General. 

.James Buchanan, Pa., born April 23, 1791, inaugurated 1857, aged 66, 
served 4 years, died June 1, 1868, aged 77 years; Lewis Cass, Mich., Secre- 
tary of State; Howell Cobb, Ga., Secretary of Treasury; John B.Floyd, 
Va., Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey, Ct., Secretary of Navy ; Aaron V. 
Brown, Tenn., Postmaster General. 

Abraham Lincoln Ky., born February 12, 1809, inaugurated 1861, aged 
53, served 4 years, died April 15, 1865, aged 56 years ; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., 
Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury; Simon 
Cameron, Pa., Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretarj" of Navy ; 
Montgomery Blair, Mo., Postmaster General. 

Andrew Johnson, N. C., born December 29, 1808, inaugurated 1865, aged 
57, served 4 years; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State; Hugh Mc- 
Cullough, Secretary of Treasury ; Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Secretary of War ; 
Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy; Wm. Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster 
General. 

Ulyssus S. Grant, Ohio, born April 27, 1822, inaugurated 1869, aged 47; 
Hamilton Fish, N. Y., Secretary of State; George S. Boutwell, Mass., Sec- 
retary of Treasury; John A. Rawlins, HI., Secretary of War; Adolph E. 
Borie, Pa., Secretary of Navy; John A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster 
General. 



GENERAL .STATISTICS. 57 

SIGNEKS OF THE DECLAKATION OF INDEPEND- 
ENCE, JULY 4, 17T6. 

PLACE AND DATE OF BIRTH AND PROFESSION. 

John Hancock Brain tree, Mass 1737 .Merchant. 

Samuel Adams Boston, Mass ..1622 Merchant. 

John Adams Quincy, Mass 1735 Lawyer. 

Thomas Jefferson Shadwell, Va 1743 Lawyer. 

Benjamin Franklin Boston, Mass. .1755 Printer. 

Robert Morris .England 1734 Merchant. 

Lewis Morris . Harlem, N. Y 1726 Farmer. 

Stephen Hopkins Sciluate, Mass .1707 Farmer. 

Roger Sherman Newton, Mass ...1721 Shoemaker. 

Charles Carroll Annapolis, Md. 1737 Lawyer. 

Josiah Bartlett Amesbury, Mass 1729 ..Physician. 

William Whipple Kittery, Maine 1730 - Sailor. 

Robert T. Paine Boston, Mass 1731 ..Lawyer. 

Philip Livingston Albany, N. Y 1716 Merchant. 

Francis Hopkinson Philadelphia, Pa 1737 Lawyer. 

Richard Stockton ..Princeton, N. J ..1730 Lawyer. 

John Witherspoon .Jester, Scotland 1722 Minister. 

Thomas Stone Pointon, Md _ 1744 Lawyer. 

Thomas Nelson, Jr ..York,Va ..1738 Soldier. 

William Hooper Boston, Mass.. 1742 Lawyer. 

Abraham Clark Elizabethtown, N. J.-_1726 Lawyer. 

Benjamin Rush Bybeny, Pa. 1735 Phj'sician. 

John Hart Hopewell, N. J 1708 Farmer. 

Mathew Tliornton Ireland 1741 Physician. 

Oeorge Clymer .Philadelphia, Pa 1739 Merchant. 

Elbridge Gerry Marbleheadj Mass 1744. Merchant. 

James Smith .Ireland 1715 Lawyer. 

John Morton Ridley, Pa 1724 Surveyor. 

George Ross. New Castle, Del. 1730 Lawyer. 

Samuel Huntington Connecticut .1732 .Lawyer. 

Button Gwinnett England 1732 Merchant. 

Lyman Hall Connecticut. . . 1730 Physician. 

George Walton Virginia .1740 ...Lawyer. 

George Wythe. ...Elizabeth City, Va.-..1726 Lawyer. 

Benjamin Harrison Berkley, Va. 1740 Farmer. 

Edward Rutledge Charleston, S. C 1749. . -Lawyer. 

Francis L. Lee ..Stratford, Va ..1734 ..Farmer. 

Arthur Middleton .Banks of Ashley, S. C.-1743... Lawyer. 

Joseph Hewes ...Kingston, N.J. 1730 Lawyer. 

George Taylor. Ireland _ _ 1716 Physician. 

Thomas McKean Chester Co., Pa 1734 Lawyer. 

James Wilson Scotland 1742 Lawyer. 

Carter Baxter .Newington, Va 1736 Farmer. 



58 HISTORY OF LNDIANA. 

John Penn Virginia -.-1741 Lawyer. 

Thomas Lynch .-St. Georges, S. C 1749- Lawyer. 

Thomas Hey ward --St. Lukes, S. C -.-1749 Lawyer. 

Richard H.Lee..-.. Stratford, Va. 1732 Soldier. 

Ca?sar Rodney. Dover, Del 1730- Lawyer. 

William Pasca _ . Maryland 1740 Lawyer. 

George Read. Maryland 1734 Lawyer. 

Samuel Chase -Maryland 1741 Lawyer. 

Oliver Wolcott "Windsor, Conn 173f) Phj^sician. 

William Elleiy -Newport, R. I - 1727 Lawyer. 

William Williams Lebanon, Conn 1731 Politician. 

Francis Lewis -..Llandatt', Wales 1713 -Merchant. 

William Floyd -Long Island, N. Y 1734 Farmer. 

AKMY STATISTICS. 

General Officers of the Army. — General, William T. Sherman, in 
command; Lieutenant-General, Philip H.Sheridan; Major-Generals, Win- 
field S. Hancock, J M. Schofield and Irwin McDowell ; Brigadier-Gener- 
als, Philip S. G. Cook, John Pope, Oliver O. Howard, Alfred H. Terry, E. 
O. C. Ord, Christopher C. Auger. 

Organization of the Army. — Generals, 1 ; Lieutenant-Generals, 1 ; 
Major-Generals, 3; Brigadier-Generals, 6; Adjutant, Quartermaster, Com- 
missary and Surgeon Generals, with their subordinates' Engineers, 300; 
Cavalry, 10,000; Artillery, 3.635; Infantry, 15,000; Indian scouts, 1,000; 
Quartermaster's department, 2,500. Total number of enlisted men and 
attaches for which rations can be used, under act of Congress, Julj- 15, 
1870, 35,284. 

Pay of the Army, per Year. — General, $10,602; Lieutenant-General, 
$8,072; Major-Generals, $5,672; Brigadier-Generals, $3,918; Colonels of 
Engineers, Ordinance and Cavalry, $2,724; Lieutenant-Colonels, $2,436; 
Majors, $2,148; Captains, $1,650; Lieutenants, $1,449.96; Colonels of 
Infantry, $2,544; Lieutenant-Colonels, $2,156; Majors, $2,028; Captains, 
$1,530; First-Lieutenants, $1,410; Second-Lieutenants, $1,350; Chief Signal 
officer, $2,724; Chaplains, $1,416. 

There are fifteen military geographical divisions and departments, and 
twenty-five armories and arsenals in the United States. 

COST OF THE FOUK UNITED STATES WARS. 

Revolutionary war, seven years - $ 135,163,703 

War of 1812, two and a half years 107,159,003 

Mexican war, two j^ears - 66,000,000 

War of the Rebellion, four years over 3,000,000,000 

Aggregate - $3,308,353,706 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 59 

WAK STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Since the organization of the Federal Government eleven attempts have 
been made against its authority. 1st, Conspiracy of a few federal armj' 
officers, in 1782, to combine the original thirteen states into one, and place 
Washington in supreme command. 2d, Shay's insurrection in Massachu- 
setts, in 1787. 3d, Whisky insurrection of Pennsylvania, in 1794. 4th, By the 
Hartford convention, in 1814. 5th, In 1820, on the question of the admis- 
sion of Missouri into the Union. 6th, Collision betw^een the Legislature 
of Georgia and the Government in regard to the lands given to the Creek 
Indians. 7th, In 1830, with the Cherokees in Georgia. 8th, Was the 
infamous nullifying ordinance of South Carolina in 1832. 9th, In 1842, 
between the suffrage association of Rhode Island and the State authori- 
ties. 10th, On the part of the Mormons in Utah, in 1856, who resisted the 
authorities of the Government; and the 11th was the late war of the 
Rebellion. 

In the Revolutionary war the original thirteen States furnished troops 
for the army as follows: Deleware, 2,886; Georgia, 2,679; Rhode Island, 
5,908; South Carolina, 6,417: North Carolina, 7,263; New Jersey, 10,726 ; 
New Hamshire, 12,497 ; Maryland, 13,912; New York, 17,781 ; Pennsylva- 
nia, 25,678; Virginia, 26,728 ; Connecticut, 31,939; Massachusetts, 67,907. 
Total, 231,791. 

SIXTEEN AMERICAN WAES. 

Dutch 1673 Tecumseh... 1811 

King Philip's 1675 War of 1812 

King William's 1689 Algerine Pirates 1815 

Queen Anna's 1744 First Seminole 1817 

French and Indian 1753 Second Seminole 1845 

American Revolution. 1775 Black Hawk 1832 

Indian 1790 Mexican 1846 

Barbary 1803 Sewfeera Rebellion 1861 

TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATES FOR THE UNITED 
STATES DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 

There was enlisted for the three months service 191,985 men ; six months, 
19,076 men; nine months, 87,558 men ; one year service, 394,959 men; two 
years, 43,113; three years, 1,950,792 men, and for the four years service 
1,040 men. Total, 2,688,523 men. But as many of these re-enlisted, it is 
safe to say that there were 1,500,000 men enlisted and served in the war for 
the Union from 1861 to 1865. Of this number 56,000 were killed in battle, 
35,000 died of wounds, and 184,000 died in hospitals of diseases. 



60 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

SALAKIES OF THE PRINCIPAL GOYERKMENT 

OFFICIALS. 

The following indicates the increase in the salaries of government otfi- 
cials made by vote of congress March third, 1873, and popularly denomi- 
nated the " Salary Grab Bill." 

Former. Increa-'c. 

President -- -- - ..$35,000 $50,000 

Vice.President, Speaker of House, and eight Justices, each 8,000 10,000 

Chief Justice - 8,500 10,500 

Seven Members of the Cabinet. . .• each 8,000 10,000 

317 Congressmen and 74 Senators each 5,000 7,500 

First and Second Ass't Sec'y of State and of Treasury, each 3,500 6,000 

Supervising Architect. 4,000 5,000 

Commissioners of Customs, Indian affairs, Pensions, Land 

office and Agriculture... 3,000 4,000 

Solicitor of the Treasury 3,000 4,000 

First and Second Postmaster Generals and Superintendent 

Foreign Mails each 3,000 4,000 

First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Auditors, each 3,000 4,000 

The increase in the salaries of the representatives and senators, except 
the speaker of the house and the congressional employes, was dated back 
two years, and made to begin March fourth, 1871. The whole amount of 
the increase is about $1,500,000 a year. 

('ongress passed an act, approved January twentieth, 1874, rei)ealing the 
" Salary Grab Bill," except as relates to the president and the justices of 
the supreme court; Provided that mileage shall not be alloMed for the first 
session of the forty-third congress, that all moneys appropriated as com- 
pensation to the members of the forty-second congress in excess of the 
mileage and allowances fixed by law at the commencement of said con- 
gress, and which shall not have been drawn by the members respectively 
or which having been drawn have been returned in any form to the United 
States, are hereby covered into the treasury of the United States, and are 
declared to be the moneys of the United States absolutely, the same as if 
they hatl never been approjiriated as aforesaid. 



Note.— For the want of room in the Appendix, and having extra room immediately 
before Chapter I, we liave placed a few pages of the Appendix in the fore part of this 
work. 



PART FIRST. 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

CHAPTEK I. 

MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 

IN 1670, and for many years previous, the fertile region 
of country now included within the .boundaries of the 
State of Indiana, was inhabited by the Miami Confederacy of 
Indians. This league consisted of several Algonquin tribes, 
notably the Twightwees, Weas, Piankeshaws, and Shockeys, 
and was formed at an early period — probably in the early 
part of the Seventeenth century — for the purpose of repelling 
the invasions of the Iroquois, or Five T\^ations, at whose hands 
they had suffered many severe defeats. By the frequent and 
unsuccessful wars in which they were compelled to engage, in 
self defense, their numbers had become greatly reduced, until, 
at the date mentioned, they could not muster more than fifteen 
hundred or two thousand warriors. They dwelt in small vil- 
lages on the banks of the various rivers in Indiana, and 
extended their dominion as far east as the Sciot o, north to the 
great lakes, and west to the country of the Illinois. Their 
principal settlements were scattered along the headwaters of 
the Great Miami, the banks of the Maumee, the St. Joseph, 
of Lake Michigan, the Wabash and its tributaries. Although 
once important among the nations of the Lake region, they 
had become greatly demoralized by repeated defeats in war, 
and when first visited by the French, their villages presented 
a very untidy appearance. They were living in constant terror 
of the Five JSTations, practicing only sufficient industry to 
prevent starvation, and indulging all their viscious passions 
to a vulgar extreme. 

Almost immediately following the discovery and explora- 
tion of the Mississippi, by La Salle, in 1682, and a few years 

(61) 



62 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

later by James Marquette, the government of France began 
to encourage the policy of connecting its possessions in North 
America by a chain of f< m tifications, and trading posts, and 
missionary stations, txrending from New Orleans on the 
southwest," to Quebec on the northeast. This undertaking was 
inaugura^ti' 1 by Lamotte Cadillac, who established Fort Pont- 
chartraiu, on the Detroit river, in 1701. At thi' period the 
zealous Jesuit missionaries, the adventurous French fur 
traders, with their coarse blue and red cloths, line scarlet, 
guns, powder, balls, knives, ribbons, beads, veruiillion, tobacco 
and rum ; and the careless rangers, or coureurs des hois, whose 
chief vocation was conducting the can<"S of the traders alono 
the lakes and rivers, made their appearance among the Indians 
of Indiana. The pious Jesuits held up the cross of Christ 
and unfolded the mysteries of the Catholic religion in broken 
Indian, to these astonish^-d savages, while the speculating 
traders offered them fire water and other articles ol' merchan- 
dise in exchange for their peltries, and the rai"j,ers, shaking 
loose every tie of blood and kindred, iden titled themselves 
with the savages, and sank into utter barbarism. 

The Jesuit missionaries were always cordially received by 
the Miami tribe> . These Indians would listen patiently to 
the strange theory of the Savior and salvation, manifest a 
willing belief in all they heard. ;ind then, as if to entertain 
their visitors in return, they would tell them the story of their 
own simple faith in the Manatous, and stalk off with a gi'oan 
of dissatisfaction because the missionaries would not accept 
their theorj' with equal courtesy. Missionary stations were 
established at an early day in all of the principal villages, and 
the work of instructing and converting the savages was begun 
in earnest. The ordei- of religious exercises established at the 
missions established among the Miamis was nearly the same 
as that among other Indians. Early in the morning the mis- 
sionaries would assemble the Indians at the church, or the hut 
used for that purpose, and, after prayers, the savages were 
taught concerning the Catholic religion. These exercises were 
always followed by singing, at the conclusion of win'ch the 
conirre<ration was dismissed, the Christians onlv remaining to 



MIAMI VaLL?\GES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 63 

take part at mass. This service was generally followed by 
prayers. During tlie forenoon the priests were generally 
engaged in visiting the sick, and consoling those who were 
laboring under any affliction. After noon another service was 
held in the church, at which all the Indians were permitted to 
appear in their tinerj^, and where each, without regard to rank 
or age,' answered the questions put by the missionary. This 
exercise was concluded by sjnging hymns, the words of which 
had been set to airs familiar to the savage ear. In the even- 
ing all assembled again at the church for instruction, to hear 
prayers, and to sing their favorite hymns. The Miamis were 
always highly pleased with the latter exercise. 

Aside from the character of the religious services which 
constituted a chief attraction in the Miami villages of Indiana 
while the early French missionaries were among them, the 
traveler's attention would first be engaged with the peculiari- 
ties of the fur trade,^ which, during the first quarter of the 
Seventeenth century, was monopolized by the French. This 
trade was carried on by means of the carriers, or rangers, who 
were engaged to conduct canoes on the lakes and rivers, and 
to carry burdens of merchandise f rom Detr oit to the principal 
Miami villages, where the traders exchanged their wares for 
valuable furs, which they transported to the nearest trading 
post aifording them the 'most available market. This traffic 
was not, however, confined to those whose wealth enabled them 
to engage vessels, canoes, and carriers, for there were hundreds 
scattered through the various Indian villages of Indiana, at 
almost any time during the first half of the Eighteenth cen- 
tury, who carried their packs of merchandise and furs by 
means of leather straps suspended from their shoulders, or 
with the straps resting against their foreheads. 
—Rum and brandy were freely introduced by these traders, 
and always found a ready sale among the Miami Indians. A 
Frenchman, writing of the evils which resulted from the intro- 
duction of spirituous liquors among these savages, remarked: 
"The distribution of it is made in the usual way; that is to 
say, a certain number of persons have delivered to each of 
them a quantity sufficient to get drunk with, so that the whole 



64 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 

have been drunk over eight days. They begin to drink in the 
villages as soon as the sun is down, and every niglit the fieMs 
echo with the most hideous howling." 

In those early days the Miami villages of the Maumee, 
those of the Weas about Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and those 
of the Painkeshaws around Yincennes, were the central points 
of the fur trade in Indiana. Trading posts were established 
at these places and at Fort Wayne, in 1719, although for 
twenty years previous the French traders and missionaries had 
frequently visited them.. A permanent mission, or church 
was < -rablished at the Painkeshaw village, near Yincennes, in 
174lt. by Father Meurin, and in the following year a small fort 
was erected there by order of the French government. It was 
in that year that a small fort was erected near the mouth of 
the Wabash river. These posts soon drew a large number of 
French traders around them, and in 1756 they had become 
quite important settlements, with a mixed population of 
French and Indian. 

At this date" the English became powerful competitors for 
the trade with the Indians in Indiana, and the surrounding 
country, and at the close of the Old French War, in 1750-60, 
when Canada and its dependencies fell into the hands of the 
British, this monopoly passed over to the English. IS^otwith- 
standing this change in the government of the country, the 
French who had settled around the principal trading posts in 
Indiana, with a few exceptions, swore allegience to the British 
government, and were permitted to occupy their lands in peace 
and enjoy the slight improvements which they had wrought. 
In the course of the year 1762, while the Indians in the 
Northwest seemed to be quite reconciled to the change of gov- 
ernment, and the English traders were beginning to carry on 
a successful traffic with the tribes that d-welt between the lakes 
and the Ohio, Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, and the head 
of a loose confederacy of the Wyandotts, Pottawattomies', 
Chippewas, and Ottawas — tribes of the Algonquin Indians 
residing in Michigan and Western Canada — was secretly pre- 
paring his forces for a desperate war on the English This 
great scheme was ably projected, and, to* a great degree, sue- 



MIAMI VILLAGES AJSTD FKENCH SETTLEMENTS. 65 

cessfully carried out. With a view to increasing the strength 
and numbers of his confederacy, Pontiac circulated among the 
different tribes the false report that the English had I'ormed 
the design of driving the Indians from the country. Bj this 
crafty policy he brought to his assistance, in the spring of 
1763, nearly the whole strength of the Ottawas, Ohippewas, 
Pottawattomies, Sacs, Foxes, Menominees, Miamis, and other 
Indiana tribes, the Shawanos, Wyandotts, and factions of 
many other tribes, and was indeed ready to strike the 
contemplated blow. 

The attack was made on all the British forts qr trading 
posts of the Northwest in the month of May, 1763, and the 
infuriated Indians, without much opposition, took possession 
of the posts of Michilimackinac, Green Bay, St. Joseph, Ouiate- 
non, Miami, Sandusky, Presque Isle, Leeboeuf, and Yenango. 
These places, with the exception of Michilimackinac, were but 
slightly fortified, being merely trading posts with only a light 
garrison. A number of English traders, who were residing 
at the posts, were butchered, while not a Frenchman was 
injured. Some of the English escaped, others were taken 
pi'isoners, and Avere either burned, butchered, or afterwards 
released. Some of the incidents connected with this furious 
onset are full of horror. The massacre at Fort Michilimacki- 
nac was without a parallel, seventy Englishmen being merci- 
lessly slaughtered in less than half an hour. 

This war or outbreak was the result of French misrepre- 
sentation. The French were jealous of the English, and, 
smarting under tlieir own defeats, goaded the Indians to des- 
peration by designing falsehoods and promises which they 
never intended to fulfill. 

The siege of Detroit was conducted by Pontiac himself ; but 
this post, as also Fort Pitt, withstood the storm of Indian 
vengeance until the forces of Colonel Bradstreet on the one 
hand, and Colonel Bouquette on the other, brought relief to 
the tired garrisons. The British army penetrated the Indian 
country, and forced the savages to a treat}' of peace, and on 
the fifth of December, 1764, a cessation of hostilities was 
proclaimed. 

5 



66 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

From this date until 1774, the Indians who occupied the 
country northwest of the Ohio river remained at peace with 
the Eii;rlish, although in the meantime many English colonists, 
contnuy to the proclamation of the king, the provisions of the 
treaty, and the earnest remonstrances of the Indians, continued 
to make settlements on Indian lands. 

Kear the close of the year 1764, General Gage, Commander- 
in-Chief of the British forces in North America, being con- 
vinced of the peaceful intent of the Indian tribes of Indiana 
and Illinois, issued a proclamation to the French inhabitants 
then residing in the territory, extending to them the same 
rights and privileges enjoyed by the French under the treaty 
of Paris, in Canada, and on the ninth of July, 1765, M. de St. 
Ange, who was at that time the French commandant at Fort 
Charters, in Illinois, evacuated that post and retired with his 
little garrison to St. Louis. A detachment of English troops 
then took possession of the evacuated post, and Captain Ster- 
ling, the British commandant, established his headquarters 
there, Nearly all of the French inhabitants of the villages 
of Illinois took the oath of allegiance to the government of 
Great Britain, and continued in the peaceful enjoyment of 
their ancient possessions, a few ©nly removing to the western 
bank of the Mississippi, where the authority of France was 
still in force, although the country had passed into the hands 
of the Spaniards. 

"When The British extended dominion over the territory of 
Indiana by placing garrisons at the various trading posts in 
1764-5. the total number of French families within its limits 
did ix't probably exceed eighty or ninety at Yincennes, about 
fourteen at Fort Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and nine or ten 
at tlio confluence of the St, Joseph and St. Mary's rivers, near 
the Twightwee village. At Detroit and in the vicinity of 
that post, there were about one thousand French residents, 
men, women and children. The remainder of the French 
population in the Northwest resided princi]);illy at Kaskaskia, 
Cahokia, Prairie du Kocher, and in tli'' vicinity of these 
villages ; and the whole French population, northwest of the 
Ohio, at that time did not exceed three thousand souls. 



MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 67 

The colonial policy of Great Britain, which was adopted 
immediately after the treaty of Paris, was not calculated to 
facilitate the settlement of the fertile country west of the 
Alleghany mountains. The king's proclamation, issued almost 
immediately after the signing of the treaty, prohibited his 
subjects from " making any purchases or settlements what- 
ever, or taking possession of any of the lands beyond the 
source of any of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ocean 
from the west or northwest." In pursuance of this policy 
the government rejected the urgent offers of various wealthy 
and enterprising individuals to establish English colonies in 
the West. However we hear of nothing that disturbed the 
peaceful pursuits of the French settlements in Indiana, until 
a proclamation of General Gage, in 1772, declared that — 
" Whereas, many persons, contrary to the positive orders of 
the king upon the subject, have undertaken to make settle- 
ments beyond the boundaries fixed by the treaties made with 
the Indian nations, which boundaries ought to serve as a bar- 
rier between the whites and said nations, and a great number 
®f persons liave established themselves, particularly on the 
river Ouabache, where they lead a wandering life, without 
government, and without laws, interrupting the free course 
of trade, destroying the game, and causing infinite disturbance 
in the country, which occasions considerable injury to the 
affairs of the king as well as to those of the Indians, His 
Majesty has been pleased to order, and by these presents, 
orders are given in the name of the king, to all those who 
have established themselves on lands upon the Ouabache, 
whether at St. Yincent [Vincennes] or elsewhere, to quit those 
countries instantly and without delay, and to retire at their 
choice into some one of the colonies of His Majesty, where 
they will be received and treated as the other subjects of His 
Majesty." 

The principal inhabitants of Post Yincennes replied to this 
ofiicial document on the fourteenth of September of the same 
year, stating that their jjossessions were held by '' sacred 
titles," that the French settlement of that place was of 
^' seventy years standing," and that their " land had been 



68 IIISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

granted bv order and under tlie protection of bis most Chris- 
tian Majesty." To this General Gage made answer, demand- 
ing the proof of their assertions, which he descried " to he 
transported to the feet of His Majesty," and leaving them 
meanwhile in the quiet possession of their dwellings and 
lands. 



OHAPTEE II. 

claek's oelebkated expedition. 

FEOM 1673 to 17T8 there is but little to record in the 
history of Indiana. The Western settlements were for 
the most part neglected by the English colonists, owing to the 
difficulties between them and the British Government, and 
the few French settlers, aside from their efforts to instigate 
another Indian war against the English colonies, then strug- 
gling for independence, did but little worthy of notice. In 
this endeavor they succeeded so far as to give the settlers on 
the borders of Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York con- 
siderable trouble and uneasiness. Indian depredations were 
common occurrences, and at intervals a merciless slaughter 
pervaded the frontier settlements. Dunmore's expedition did 
much to discourage the Indians from a continuance of these 
outrages, but not until the celebrated expedition of Colonel 
George Rogers Clark penetrated the Western country was the 
French and Indian power in Indiana completely broken. 

It was in 1775 that Colonel Clark's attention was first 
directed to the French settlements in Indiana and Illinois, 
and in the following spring he visited them with a view to 
having them annexed to Virginia. In pursuance of this end 
he assembled the people at Harrodstown, Ky., and requested 
them to elect delegates, with power to treat with the Assembly 
of Virginia respecting the political affairs of the country. It 
was, at that time, the intention of Colonel Clark, if suitable 
conditions could be procured, to have the inhabitants of these 
Western settlements declare themselves citizens of that State, 
otherwise to establish an independent government. The meet- 
ing was held at Harrodstown on the sixth of June, 1776, and 

(09j 



70 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

George Rogers Clark and Gabriel Jones elected delegates to 
the Assembly of Virginia, with instructions to present a peti- 
tion to that body, praying the Assembly to accept them as 
Buch. The papers were prepared and in a few days they set 
out for WilKamsburg in the hope of arriving before the As- 
sembly, then sitting, should rise. They proceeded on their 
journey as far as Bottetourt county and there learned that 
they were too late, for the Assembly had already adjourned. 
At this point they resolved to wait for the fall session. When 
it was convened Messrs. Clark and Jones presented their cre- 
dentials. The Assembly resolved that the Western delegates 
•could not take their seats as members, but that their business 
should be attended to. " It was late in the session," says 
Clark, "• before we got a complete establishment of a county 
by the name of Kentucky." He continues: "The command- 
ants of the different towns of the Illinois and Wabash I knew 
were busily engaged in exciting the Indians. Their reduction 
became my first object — expecting, probably, that it might 
open a field for further action. I sent two young hunters to 
those places (in the summer of 1777) as spies, with proper 
instructions for their conduct, to prevent suspicion. JSTeither 
did they, nor any one in Kentucky, ever know my design until 
it was ripe for execution. They returned to Harrodstown 
with all the information I could reasonably have expected. I 
found from them that they had but little expectation of a 
visit from us, but that things were kept in good order, the 
militia trained, etc., that they might, in case of a visit, be pre- 
pared — that the greatest pains were taken to inflame the 
minds of the French inhabitants against the Americans, not- 
withstanding they could discover traces of aftection in some 
of the inhabitants. When I left Kentucky, October first, 1777, 
I plainly saw that every eye was turned toward me, as if 
expecting some stroke in their favor. Some doubted my 
return, expecting that I would join the army in Virginia. I 
left them with reluctance, promising them that I would cer- 
tainly return to their assistance, which I had predetermined. 
On my arrival at Williamsburg, I remained a considerable 
time settling the accounts of the Kentucky militia and making 



CLAKK S CELEBRATED EXPEDITION. 



71 



remarks of everything I saw or heard, that could lead me to 
the knowledge of the disposition of those in power. Bur- 
goyne's army having been captured, and things seeming to 
wear a pleasing aspect, on the tenth of December I communi- 
cated my design to Governor Henry. At first he seemed to 
be fond of it; but to detach a party at so great a distance. 




ROBERT BRACKENRIDGE, ESQ. 

See page 31. 

(although the service performed might be of great utility,) 
appeared daring and hazardous, as nothing but secrecy could 
give success to the enterprise. To lay the matter before the 
Assembly, then sitting, would be dangerous, as it would soon 
be known throughout the frontiers; and probably the first 
prisoner taken by the Indians would give the alarm, which 
would end in tlie certain destruction of tlie party. He had 



72 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

several private councils, composed of select gentlemen. After 
making every inquiry into my proposed plan of operations, 
(and particularly that of a retreat in case of misfortune, across 
the Mississippi into the Spanish territory,) the expedition was 
resolved upon; and as an encouragement to those who would 
engage in said service, an instrument of writing was signed, 
wherein those gentlemen promised to use their influence to 
procure from the Assembly three hundred acres of land for 
each in case of success. The Governor and Council so warmly 
engaged in the success of this enterprise, that I had very little 
trouble in getting matters adjusted; and on the second day of 
February, 1778, received my instructions, and £1,200 for the 
use of the expedition, with an order on Pittsburg for boats, 
ammunition, etc. Finding, from the Governor's conversation 
in general to me, on the subject, that he did not wish an 
implicit attention to his instructions sliould prevent my exe 
outing any thing that would manifestly tend to the good of 
the public, on the fourth I set forward, clothed with all the 
authority that I wished. I advanced to Major William Smith 
£150 to recruit men on Holston, and to meet me in Kentucky. 
Captain Leonard Helm, of Fauquier, and Captain Joseph 
Bowman, of Frederick, were to raise each a company, and on 
the [first?] February arrive at Eed Stone Old Fort. 

" Being now in the country where all arrangements were to 
be made, I appointed Captain William Harrod, and many 
other oflficers, to the recruiting service; and contracted for 
flour and other stores that I wanted. * * * * X 
received information from Cajjtain Helm that several gentle- 
men took pains to counteract his interest in recruiting, as no 
such service was known of by the Assembly. Consequently he 
had to send to the Governor to get his conduct ratified. I 
found also opposition to our interest in the Pittsburg country. 
As the whole was divided into violent parties between tlie 
Yirginians and Pennsylvanians, respecting the territory, the 
idea of men being raised for the State of Virginia affected the 
vulgar of the one party; and as my real instructions were 
kept concealed, and only an instrument from the Governor, 
written designedly for deception, was made public, wherein I 



clakk's celebeated expedition. 73 

was authorized to raise men for the defense of Kentucky, 
many gentlemen of both parties conceived it to be injurious 
to the public interest to draw off men at so critical a moment 
for the defense of a few detached inhabitants, who had better 
be removed, etc. These circumstances caused some confusion 
in the recruiting service. On the twenty-ninth of March, I 
received a letter from Major Smith, by express, informing me 
that he had raised four companies on Holston, to be marched 
immediately to Kentucky, agreeably to his orders; another 
express from Kentucky informed me that they had gained con- 
siderable strength since I left that quarter." 

With such forces as he could raise, Colonel Clark moved 
forward to the falls of the Ohio, where he disclosed his plans 
to his troops, at which many of them deserted him. At this 
point, Clark, owing to the weakness of his force, resolved to 
commence operations in Illinois, where the settlements were 
smaller, and where the Indians were less an object of terror. 
At this time the conquest of Yincennes was among the possi- 
bilities of the future. He moved toward Kaskaskia; and, 
" on the fourth of July," says Clark's memoir, "in the eve- 
ning, we got within a few miles of the town, where we lay 
until near dark, keeping spies ahead, after which we com 
menced our march, and took possession of a house wherein a 
large family lived, on the bank of the Kaskaskia river, about 
three-quarters of a mile above the town. We were informed 
that the people, a few days before, were under arms, but had 
concluded that the cause of the alarm was without founda- 
tion; and that at that time there was a great number of men 
in town, but that the Indians had generally left it, and at pres- 
ent all was quiet. We soon procured a sufficiency of vessels, 
the more in ease to convey us across the river. -:^ * * * 
With one of the divisions, I marched to the fort, and ordered 
the other two into different quarters of the town. If I met 
with no resistence, at a certain signal a shout was to be given, 
and certain parts were to be immediately possessed ; and the 
men of each detachment who could speak the French language, 
were to run through every street and proclaim what had hap- 
pened, and inform the inhabitants that every person who 



74 HISTORY OF IMDIANA. 

appeared in the streets would be shot down. This disposition 
had its desired effect. In a very little time we had complete 
possession: and ever}^ avenue was guarded, to prevent any 
escape, to give the alarm to the other villages in case of oppo- 
sition. Various orders had been issued, not worth mentioning. 
I don't suppose greater silence ever reigned among the inhab- 
itants of a place than did at this at present; not a person to 
be seen, not a word to be heard from them for some time; but, 
designedly, the greatest noise kept up by our troops through 
every quarter of the town, and patrols continually the whole 
night around it; as intercepting any information was a capital 
object; and in about two hours the whole of the inhabitants 
were disarmed, and informed that if one was taken attempting 
to make his escape, he should be immediately put to death." 



CHAPTEK III. 
clabk's expedition, continued 

AFTEK Colonel Clark, through bloodless means, had 
excited the terror of the French inhabitants of Kaskas- 
kia, he surprised them and won their firm confidence and 
lasting friendship by performing many acts of generosity 
unexpected by them. On the fifth of July, he caused a few of 
the principal men of the village to be arrested and put in 
irons. This occurrence caused the priest of the village, 
Father Gibault, and several of the principal settlers, to call 
upon Clark and plead for liberty to assemble peaceably in their 
little church, and take leave of each other. Colonel Clark 
calmly replied that he had nothing against their religion ; that 
they might do as they had requested, but that they must not 
venture out of the town. 

Accordingly the trembling Frenchmen assembled at the 
church, where they laid the burden of their troubles at the 



CLAEK's campaign, (CONTINUED. 75 

foot of the cross. After a long and devout service, they 
returned to their dwellings. A deputation of the principal 
citizens again waited on the conqueror, and represented that 
the inhabitants could submit to the loss of their property, 
knowing that their situation was the fate of war, but that thej 
desired not to be separated from their wives and children, and 




JOHN HOUGH, ESQ. 

See page 31. 

that some clothes and provisions might be allowed lor their 
support. In reply. Colonel Clark asked the Frenchmen if 
they regarded the Virginians as savages. " 13b you think," 
said he, '' that Americans intend to strip women and children, 
or take the bread out of their mouths? My countrymen dis- 
dain to make war upon helpless innocence. It was to prevent 



76 HI8T0EY OF INDIANA. 

the horitin^ of Indian butchery upon our own wives and 
children, that we havb taken arms and penetrated into this 
remote stronghold of British and Indian barbarity, and not 
tlie despicable prospect of plunder." He told them that the 
King of France had united his powerful arms with those of 
America; and that the war for independence would not prob- 
ably long continue; that they were at liberty to take which 
side they pleased, without the least danger to either their 
property or their families. Nor would their religion be a 
source of disagreement, as all religions were regarded with 
equal respect in the eye of the American law, and that any 
insult offered it would be immediately punished. He concluded 
by telling them to go and inform their fellow-citizens that they 
were at liberty to conduct themselves as usual, without the 
least apprehension; and that their friends who were in con- 
finement should be released immediately. 

This speech dispelled the gloom that was resting on the 
minds of the inhabitants, and, together with the intelligence 
that an alliance between France and the United States had 
been effected, induced them to take the oath of allegiance to 
the State of Virginia. So effective was the impression which 
Clark produced upon them, that a volunteer company of 
French militia joined his forces. 

Having brought the settlements of Illinois under the juris- 
diction of Virginia, Colonel Clark next turned his attention 
to Vincennes. Believing that Father Gibault was inclined to 
the American interest, he consulted him on the subject of 
excluding the British power from that post. The priest at 
once suggested a plan of operations. The Governor of Vin- 
cennes, he said, had gone to Detroit on business; and the 
inhabitants could easily be induced to declare themselves on 
the side of the Americans. He offered to engage in the work 
of accomplishing this result. Clark was pleased with the 
plans; and the priest, with some attendants, immediately set 
out for Vincennes. Having arrived, they spent a day or two 
in explaining the nature of the war to the people. 

The French inhabitants unanimously acceded to the pro- 
posal, and went in a body to the church, where the oath of 



claek's campaign, continued. 77 

allegiance was administered to them in the most solemn man- 
ner. An officer was elected, and the fort was immediately 
garrisoned in defense of the American flag which was unfurled 
over them. Thus, for the first time, through the good offices 
of Colonel George Rogers Clark, the territory included within 
the present limits of the State of Indiana was placed under 
the American flag. 

These events worked a great change in the little settlement 
of Yincennes. The Indians were alike astonished and de- 
lighted; and the white people put on a new face, and "began 
to act like freemen." With a garrison of their own, and the 
United States to assist and protect them, their actions toward 
the Indians were immediately changed. They talked as citi- 
zens of the United States, telling the Indians that their father, 
the King of France, liad awakened from his long sleep, and 
was angry at them for fighting for the English; that they 
would advise them to make peace with the Americans as soon 
as they could; otherwise they might expect the land to be 
very bloody. The Indians began to think seriously, and the 
cause of the Americans began to prosper in the west. 

As soon as the news of the peaceful conquest of Yincennes 
reached Colonel Clark at Kaskaskia, he appointed Captain Helm 
to the command of the post, and also appointed him agent for 
Indian aflfairs in the department of the Wabash. About the 
middle of August, 1778, Captain Helm set out from Kaskas- 
kia to assume charge of afiairs at Yincennes. He took with 
him a speech and a belt of wampum from Colonel Clark, for 
" The Grand Door to the Wabash," or the Tobacco's Son, as 
the leading Piankeshaw chief was called by the Indians. He 
arrived safe at Yincennes, and was received with acclamations 
by the people. After the usual ceremony was over, he sent 
for the " Grand Door," and delivered to him the speech from 
the " Big Knife." The great chief informed the captain that 
he was happy to see him — one of the Big Knife's chiefs — 
in his town. It was here, he said, that he had joined the 
English against him; he confessed that they had always 
looked gloomy, and seemed inclined to join the Americans; 
but, according to the Indian custom, demanded time to con- 



78 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



sider Clark's message, and consult his counsellors on the sub- 
ject. After several days, Captain Helm was invited to the 
council, where he was informed, by the '• Grand Door," that 
the chiefs had mutually considered his case, and had come to 
a proper understanding- of the war between the English and 




See page 31. 

the Americans; they were satisfied that tiie Big Knife was 
right, and that they would tell all the Indians on the Wabash 
to bloody the land no more for the English. The Grand 
Door jumped up, struck his breast, called himself a man 



Clark's campaign, continued. 79 

and a warrior; said that he was now a Big Knife; and took 
Captain Helm by the hand. His example was followed by all 
present, and the council was concluded with merriment. In 
a short time, all the tribes of the Miami Confederacy came to 
Yincennes, and entered into an alliance with the Americans. 

The British interest lost ground daily in Indiana, and in a 
short time the influence of the Americans reached the villages of 
the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, and other places, with good 
results. Governor Henry, of Virginia, was constantly informed 
of the progress of the American power in the west, and in 
October, 1778, the General Assembly of that State passed an 
act providing that all the citizens of the Commonwealth of 
Virginia, "who are already settled, or shall hereafter set- 
tle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a 
distinct county, which shall be called Illinois County ^ and 
the Governor of this Commonwealth, with the advice of the 
Council, may appoint a county lieutenant, or commandant-in- 
chief, in that county, during pleasure, who shall appoint and 
commission so many deputy commandants, militia officers, 
and commissaries, as he shall think proper, in the different 
districts, during pleasure; all of whom, before they enter into 
office, shall take the oath of fidelity to this Commonwealth, 
and the oath of office, according to the form of their own reli- 
gion. All civil officers to which the inhabitants have been 
accustomed, necessary for the preservation of peace and the 
administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the 
citizens in their respective districts, to be convened for that 
purpose, by the county lieutenant or commandant, or his 
deputy, and shall be commissioned by the said county lieu- 
tenant or commandant-in-chief." 

But before the provisions of this law could be carried into 
effect over the territory of Indiana, Henry Hamilton, the 
British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army 
consisting of about thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers 
and four hundred Indians. Marching at the head of this 
force, he passed down the Wabash and took possession of Yin- 
cennes in December, 1778. 

When Governor Hamilton entered Yincennes there were but 



\ 



80 HISTORY OF INDIAlilA. 

two Americans in the place.* They were the Commandant, 
Capt. Helm, and a man named Henrj. The latter had a 
cannon well charged and placed in the open fort gate, while 
Helm stood by it with a lighted match in his hand. When 
Hamilton and his troops approached within hailing distance, 
the American officer, in a loud voice, cried out, "Halt!" 
This stopped Hamilton's approach, and in reply he demanded 
the garrison to surrender. Helm exclaimed, " No man shall 
enter here until I know the terms." Hamilton answered, 
" You shall have the honors of war," and then the fort was 
surrendered, with its garrison of one officer and one private. 
No attempt was made by the population to defend the town. 
Capt. Helm was made a prisoner, and a number of the French 
inhabitants were disarmed. 



CHAPTEK lY. 
Clark's celebrated march against vincennes. 

WITH the reduction of Yincennes by the British, Colonel 
Clark's situation in the West became perilous. Indian 
war parties began to assemble in the neighborhood of his 
forces in Illinois, To strengthen his position, he ordered 
Major Bowman to evacuate the fort at Cahokia and join him 
at Kaskaskia. " I could see," says Clark, " but little proba- 
bility of keeping possession of the county, as my number of 
men was too small to stand a seige, and my situation too 
remote to call for assistance, I made all the preparation I pos- 
sibly could for the attack, and was necessitated to set fire to 
some of the houses in town to clear them out of the way." 
In January, 17T9, Clark received intelligence that Governor 
Hamilton had weakened himself at Yincennes by sending his 
Indians against the frontiers and to block up the Ohio; that 
he had not more than eighty men in garrison, three pieces of 

* Butler's History of Kentucky, p. 80. 



OLAKK S CELEKKATED MAKCH AGAINST VIXCENNES. 



81. 



cannon, and some swivels monnted; tliat tlie hostile Indians 
were to meet at Post Yincennes in the spring-, drive the 
Americans out of the West, and attack the Kentucky settle- 
ments in a l)ody. joined bv theii- Sonthern friends; that all the 
goods were taken from the merchants of Yincennes for the 
king's use; that the troops under Hamilton were repairing the 




• CHAS. A. ZOLLINGEK, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

fort and expected a reinforcement from Detroit in the spring; 
that they expected to have plenty of all kinds ot stores; that 
they were strict in their discipline, but they were not under 
much apprehension of a visit. ^'" From this report C-olonel 

* Clark's Memoir. 
(> 



82 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Clark concluded that if he could reach the place undiscovered 
he could succeed in taking it. 

Colonel Clark's was indeed a critical situation. He was, in 
a manner, cut off from any intercourse between himself and 
the United States. He kneM' that Govornor Hamilton, in the 
spring, by a junction of his northern and southern Indians, 
would be at the head of such a force that his little army would 
not be able to maintain possession of the country. Further 
than this the threatened war on the borders in the following 
spring could not fail to ruin Kentucky, should the enemy be 
permitted to make the necessary prepai'ations in peace. In 
this critical situation, Colonel Clark could see but one course, 
which was to attack the enemy in their quarters. 

He immediately gave orders to prepare for the enterprise. 
Although it was a bold venture, the inhabitants of Kaskaskia 
gathered about him with great enthusiasm, volunteering, 
donating provisions, etc. Plenty of provisions were soon 
provided, and every man was completely provided with all he 
could desire to enable him to withstand the coldest weather. 
It was resolved to send a vessel round by water to carry the 
artillery and stores. This vessel was to be armed so that she 
might force her way if necessary. For this purpose a large 
Mississippi boat was purchased and completely fitted out. 
Two four-pounders and four large swivels were placed in posi- 
tion, and forty-six men were assigned to man her under the 
command of Captain John Kogers. He embarked on the 
fourth of February, with orders to force his way up the 
Wabash as high as the mouth of White river, and there to 
remain in secret until further orders; but if he found himself 
discovered, to do the enemy all the damage he could, without 
running too much risk of losing his vessel, and not to leave 
the river until he had lost all hope of the arrival of the land 
forces. 

Colonel Clark placed much reliance upon the aid he was to 
receive from this vessel. She was far superior to anything 
the enemy could fit out without building a vessel; and at the 
worst, should they be discovered, they could build a number 
of large pirogues to attend her, and with such a little fleet 



OLAEK's celebrated march against TINGENNE8. 83 

annoy the enemy considerably. Every thing being ready on 
the fifth of February, after his men had received a lecture 
and absolution from the priest. Colonel Clark crossed the 
Kaskaskia river with one hundred and seventy men. The 
weather was very wet, and a great part of the plains covered 
with water several inches deep. The march was exceedingly 
disagreeable and difficult. In the face of these obstacles, it 
became the object of Colonel Clark to keep his men in spirits. 
" I suffered them," says Clark, "to shoot game on all occasions 
and feast on it like Indian war-dancers — each company by 
turns inviting the others to their feasts, which was the case 
every night." Perhaps Colonel Clark stimulated his men 
most by setting a brave example, wading as much through the 
mud and water as any of them. Thus, insensibly, without a 
murmur, were those men led on to the banks of the Little 
Wabash, which they reached on the thirteenth of February, 
having passed through great difficulties and suffered indescrib- 
able hardships. 

A camp was formed on a small elevation on the bank of the 
river, and without waiting to discuss plans for crossing the 
river, Clark ordered the men to construct a vessel, and pre- 
tended that crossing this stream would be only a piece of 
amusement, although inwardly he held another opinion. The 
vessel was finished on the evening of the fourteenth, when, 
freighted with a select company, she was sent to explore the 
" drowned lands " on the opposite side of the river. The men 
who embarked in this enterprise were privately instructed 
what report to make, and, if possible, to find a piece of dry 
land. They fortunately found about half an acre, and marked 
the trees from thence back to the camp, and made a very 
encouraging report. 

On the fifteenth the work of crossing the river commenced. 
Fortimately the day was unusually warm for the season. At 
this point the channel of the river was about thirty yards 
wide. A scaffold was built on the opposite shore, which was 
about three feet under water. The baggage was then ferried 
across and placed on it. The horses next swam across the 
river and received their loads at this scaffold. The troops 



84 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



were all ferried across in safety, and witJKUit any important 
accident the little army was again on the march in water 
about knee deep. " By evening,"' says Clark, "■ we found oiir- 
selv^es encamped on a pretty height in high spirits; each party 
laugliing at the other in consecjuence of something that liad 
happened in the coiu-se of this ferrying business, as they called 




HON. O. BIRD. 

See page 21. 

it. A little antic drummer oftercd them great diversion by 
floating on his drum. All this was greatly encouraged, and 
they really began to think themselves superior to other men, 
and that neither the river-s nor the seasons could stop their 
progress. Their w^hole conversation was now concerning what 
they would do when they got about the enemy. They now 



glare's celebrated march against vincennes. 85 

began to view the main Wabash as a creek, and made no 
doubt but such men as they were could find a M^ay to cross it. 
They wound themselves up to such a pitch that they soon took 
Post Vincennes, divided the spoil, and before bed time were 
far advanced on their route to Detroit. All this was no doubt 
pleasing to those of us who had more serious thoughts.'' 

At this point Clark discovered tliat the whole Wabash valley 
was overflowed, and that the enemy could easily approach him 
if they discovered him, and wislied to risk an action. On the 
sixteenth of February they marched all day through rain and 
water, crossed the Fur river, and spent a disagreeable night iu 
the wet with a scarcity of provisions. On tlie seventeenth 
they continued their march, crossing several very deep runs. 
Reaching the Embarrass, they found the country all over- 
flowed, and wandered about for some time in a vain searcli for 
the Wabash. They traveled till eight o'clock in the evening 
in mud and water, but found no place to encamp, being com- 
pelled to remain in the water all night. At day-break on the 
eighteenth, the distressed soldiers heard the mornino- min of 
Vincennes, and at once commenced their march. Reachinji' 
tlie Wabash aboot two o'clock, they constructed rafts for tlie 
purpose of crossing the river on a boat-stealing expedition, 
but labored all day and night to no purpose. On the nine- 
teenth they commenced to construct a canoe, in which, when 
finished, a second attempt was made to steal boats. This 
expedition soon returned, however, having discovered two 
lai-ge fires within a mile of the little army. On receiving this 
intelligence Clark immediately dispatched the canoe down the 
river to meet the vessel that was supposed to be on her way 
up with the supplies, with orders to hasten forward day and 
night. This was the last hope, as their provisions were 
entirely gone, and starvation seemed to be hovering about 
them. In this condition many of the men were much cast 
down. On the twentieth they set to work making more 
canoes, when, about noon, the sentinel on the river brought 
too a boat with five Frenchmen from the fort. From these 
persons they received the welcome assurance that they were not 
as yet discovered. The hardships of this day were consider- 



86 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ably ameliorated by a feast of deer which had been killed by 
one of the men. On the morning of the twenty-first the work 
of ferrying the men across the Wabash in two canoes was 
commenced. Having succeeded in getting the whole army 
across, Clark determined to reach the town that night, and 
therefore ordered his men to move forward. They ''plunged 
into the water, sometimes to the neck, for more than a league." 

From tliis point it is desirable that Colonel Clark should 
tell, in his own peculiar and amusing language, the story of the 
last day's march, and of the siege of Yincennes. It consti- 
tutes a prominent chapter in the early history of Indiana, and 
merits ample space in this work. He writes: 

" This last day's march through the water was i'av superior 
to anything the Frenchmen had any idea of. They were 
backward in speaking; said that the nearest land to us was a 
small league, called tiie sugar-camp, on the bank of tlie river. 
A canoe was sent otf and returned without finding that we 
could pass. I went in her myself and sounded the water; 
found it deep as to my neck. I returned witli a design to 
have the men transported on board tlie canoes t(.) the sugar 
camp, which I knew would expend the whole day and ensuing 
night, as the vessels would pass slowly through the bushes. 
The loss of so much time to men half starved was a matter 
of consequence. I would have given now a great deal fur a 
day's pi'ovision, or for one of our horses. I returned but 
slowly to the troops, giving myself time to think. On our 
arrival, all ran to hear what was the repoi't. Every eye was 
fixed on me. I unfortunately spoke in a serious manner to one 
of the officers ; the whole were alarmed without knowing what 
I said. I viewed their confusion for about one minute — 
whispered to those near me to do as I did; immediately put 
some water in my hand, poured on powder, blackened my face, 
gave the warwhoop, and marched into the water, without 
saying a word. The party gazed, and fell in, one after another, 
without saying a word, like a flock of sheep. I ordered those 
near me to begin a favorite song of theirs; it soon passed 
through the line, and the whole went on cheerfully. I now 
intended to have them transported across the deepest part 



Clark's celebkated makch against vinoennes. 



87 



of the water; but when about waist deep, one of the men 
informed me that he thought he felt a path.- We examined 
and found it so; and conchided that it kept on the highest 
crround, which it did; and by taking pains to follow it, we got 




;/ ^.l/Lu^_ 



r 



See page 31. 



^t/t^f^^L-^ 



to the sugar camp without the least difficulty, where there 
was about half an acre of dry ground, at least not uuder water, 
where we took up our lodging. The Frenchmen that we had ^"^ 



i.t'>nf; 



88 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

taken on tlie river ;i])|)eare(l to ])e uneasy at our situation 
They begged that they might be permitted to go in the two 
canoes to town in the night. They said that they woukl bi-lng 
tVom their own houses provisions without a possibility^ of a)i\ 
persons knowing it; that some of our men should go with 
them as a surety of their good conduct; tliat it was impossible^ 
we could march from that place till the water fell, for the plain 
was too deep to march. Some of the [officers'!'] believed that 
it might be done. I would not suffer it. 1 never could well 
account for this piece of obstinacy, and give satisfactory 
reasons to myself or any body else, wh}' I denied a proposition 
a])])arently so easy to execute, and of so nnu'h advantage; but 
something seemed to tell me that it should not be done, and it 
was not done.. 

"The most of the weather that we had on this niai'ch, was 
moist and warm, for the season. This was the culdest night 
we had. The ice, in the morning, was from one-half to three- 
quarters of an inch tliick, near the shores and in still water. 
The morning was the finest we had on our march. A little 
after sunrise I lectured the whole. What I said to them I 
forget; but it may be easily imagined by a person that co^dd 
possess my affections for them at that time. I concluded by 
informing them that passing the plain that was then in fuJl 
view, and reaching the opposite woods, would put an end to 
their fatigue — -that in a few liours they would have a sight of 
their long wished-for object — and immediately stepped into 
the water without waiting for any reply. A huzza took place. 
As we o-enerallv marched throuijh the water in a line, before 
the third entered, I halted and called to Major Bowman, order- 
ing him to fall in the rear with twenty-five men, and put to 
death any man who refused to march, as we wished to have no 
such person among us. The wIkjIc gave a cry of approbation, 
and on we went. This was the most trying of all the diffi- 
culties we had experienced. 1 generally kept fifteen or twenty 
of the strongest men next nivself, and judged from mv own 
feeliup's what must b^ that of others. Getting alxuit the 
middle of the plain, the water about middeep, I found myself 
seusiblv failinii'; and as there were no trees nor buslies for the 



Clark's celebrated march against vincennes. 89 

men to support- themselves by, I feared that many of the most 
weak would be drowned. I ordered the canoes to make the 
land, discharge their loading, and play backward and forward 
with all diligence, and pick up the men ; and, to encourage tlie 
party, sent some of the strongest men forward, with orders, 
when they got to a certain distance, to pass the word back that 
the water M^as getting shallow; and when getting near the 
woods to cry out 'Land!' This stratagem had its desired 
eifect. The men, encouraged by it, exerted themselves almost 
beyond their abilities, the weak holding by the stronger. 
* •H' -)«■ fpi^g water never got shallower, but continued deep- 
ening. Getting to the woods, where the men expected land, 
the water was up to my shoulders; but gaining the woods was 
of great consequence: all the low men, and the weakly, hung 
to the trees, and floated on the old logs until they were taken 
off by the canoes. The strong and tall got ashore and built 
fires. Many would reach the shore, and fall Mnth their bodies 
half in the water, not being able to support themselves 
without it. 

"This was a delightful dry spot of ground, of about ten 
acres. We soon foimd that the iires answered no purpose; 
but that two strong men taking a weaker one by the arms 
was the only way to recover him — and, being a delightful 
day, it soon did. But fortunately, as if designed by Provi- 
dence, a canoe of Indian squaws and children was coming up 
to town, and took through part of this plain as a nigh way. 
It was discovered by our canoes as they were out after the 
men. They gave chase and took the Indian canoe, on board 
of which was near half a quarter of a buffalo, some corn, 
tallow, kettles, etc. This was a grand prize, and was invalu- 
able. Broth was immediately made and served out to the 
most weakly, with great care: most of the whole got a little; 
but a great many gave their part to the weakly, jocosely saying 
something cheering to their comrades. This little refresh- 
ment, and line weather, by the afternoon, gave new life to the 
whole. Crossing a narrow, deep lake, in the canoes, and 
marching some distance, we came to a copse of timber called 
the Warrior's Island. We were now in full view of the fort 



90 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



and town, not a shrub between us, at abont two miles dis- 
tance. Every man now feasted his eyes, and forgot that he 
had sntfered anything ^ — saying tliat all that had passed was 
owing to good policy, and nothing but what a man e(juld bear, 




See page 21. 

and that a soldier had no right to think, etc. — passing from 
one extreme to another, which is common in such cases. It 
was now we Imd to display our abilities. The plain between 
MS and the town was not a perfect level. The sunken grounds 



cjlakk's celebrated march against vincennes. 91 

were covered with water full of ducks. We observed several 
men out on horseback, shooting them, within a half mile of us, 
and sent out as many of our active young Frenchmen to decoy 
and take one of these men prisoner, in such a manner as not 
to alarm the others, which they did. The information we got 
from this person was similar to that which we got from those 
we took on the river; except that of the British having that 
evening completed the wall of the fort, and that there was a 
good many Indians in town. 

" Our situation was now truly critical — no possibility of 
retreating in case of defeat — and in full view of a town that 
had, at this time, upward of six hundred meu in it, troops, 
inhabitants, and Indians. The crew of the galley, though not 
hfty men, would have been now a reinforcement of immense 
magnitude to our little army, (if I may so call it,) but we 
would not think of them. We were now in the situation that 
I had laboi-ed to get ourselves in. The idea of being made 
prisoner was foreign to almost every man, as they expected 
nothiuo: but torture from the savaoes if thev fell into their 
hands. Oiir fate was now to be determined, probably in a few 
hours. We knew that nothing but the most daring conduct 
would insure success. I knew that a number of the inhab- 
itants wished us well — that many were lukewarm to the 
interest of either — and I also learned that the grand chief, 
the Tobacco's son, had, but a few days before, openly declared, 
in council with the British, that he was a brother and friend 
to the Big Knives. These were favorable circumstances; and 
as there was but little probability of our remaining until dark 
undiscovered, I determined to begin the career immediately, 
and wrote the following placard to the inhabitants: 

" ' To the Inhabitants of Post Vinoennes: 

'Gentlemen: Being now within two miles of your village 
with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and 
not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request 
such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy the liberty 
I bring you, to remain still in your houses. And those, if any 
there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to 



92 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the fort and join the hair-buyer general, and fight like men. 
And if any such as do not go to the fort shall be discovered 
afterward, they may depend on severe punishment. On the 
contrary, those who are true friends to liberty may depend on 
being well treated; and I once more request them to keep out 
of the streets. For every one I find in arms on my arrival, 1 
shall treat him as an enemy. 

[Signed] G. R. Clark.' 

" I had various ideas on the sujjposed results of this letter. 
I knew that it could do us no damage, but that it would cause 
the lukewarm to be decided, encourage our friends, and aston- 
ish our enemies. * * ^ We anxiously viewed this messenger 
until he entered the town, and in a few minutes cuuld disc(>\er 
by our glasses some stir in every street that we could peneti'ate 
into, and great numbers running or riding uut into the (-(jm- 
mons, we supposed to view us, which was the case. But what 
surprised us was, that nothing had yet ha])pened that had the 
appearance of the gari'ison being alarmed — no drum nor gun. 
We began to suppose that the information we got from our 
prisoners was false, and that the enemy already knew of us and 
were prepared. * * A little before sunset we nuned and 
displayed ourselves in full view of the town — crowds gazing 
at us. We were plunging ourselves into certain destructit)n 
or success. There was no midway thought of We hud but 
little to say to our men except inculcating an idea of the neces- 
sity of obedience, etc. We knew they did not want encourag- 
ing, and that any thing might be attempted with thein that 
was possible for such a number — perfectly cool, under proper 
subordination, pleased with the prospect before them, ami 
much attached to their officers. They all declared that they 
were convinced that an implicit obedience to orders was the 
only thing that would insure success, and hoped that no mercy 
would be shown tlie pei-son that should violate them. Such 
language as this from soldiers to persons in our station must 
have been exceedingly agreeable. We moved on slowly in full 
view of the town; but, as it was a point of some consequence 
to us to make ourselves appear as formidable, we, in leaving 



CLARK s celebratp:d march against vincennes. 



93 



the covert that we were in, inarched and countermarched in 
such a manner that we appeared numerous. In raising vohm- 
teers in the Illinois, every person that set about the business 
had a set of colors given him, which thej brought with them 
to the amount of ten or twelve pairs. These were displayed 
to the best advantage; and as the low plain we marched 




MliS. LAURA SUTTENFIELD. 

Bee page 21 

through was not a perfect level, but had frequent raisings in 
It seven or eight feet higher than the conmion level, (which 
was covered Avitli water,) and as these raisings generally run 
m an oblique direction to the town, we took the advantage of 
one of them, marching through the water under it, which 



94 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

completely prevented our being numbered. But our colors 
showed considerably above the heights, as they were fixed on 
long poles procured for the purpose, and at a distance made 
no despicable appearance; and as our young Frenchmen had, 
while we lay on the Warrior's Island, decoyed and taken several 
fowlers, with their horses, officers were mounted on these 
horses, and rode about more completely to deceive the enemy. 
In this manner we moved and directed our march in such a 
way as to suffer it to be dark before we had advanced more 
than halfway to the town. We then suddenly altered our 
direction, and crossed ponds where they could not have sus- 
pected us, and about eight o'clock gained the heights back of 
the town. As there was yet no hostile appearance, we were 
impatient to have the cause unriddled. Lieutenant Bayley 
was ordered, with fourteen men, to march and fire on the fort. 
The main body moved in a different direction, and took pos- 
session of the strongest part of the town. 

" The firing: now commenced on the fort, but thev did not 
believe it was an enemy until one of their men was shot down 
through a port, as drunken Indians frequently saluted the fort 
after night. The drums now sounded, and the business fairly 
commenced on both sides. Reinforcements were sent to the 
attack of the garrison while other arrangements were making 
in town. * * We now found that the garrison had known 
nothing of us; that, having finished the fort that evening, they 
had amused themselves at different games, and had just retired 
before my letter arrived, as it' was near roll-call. The placard 
being made public, many of the inhabitants were afraid to 
show themselves out of the houses for fear of giving offense, 
and not one dare give information. Our friends flew to the 
commons and other convenient places to view the pleasing 
sight. This was observed from the garrison, and the reason 
asked, but a satisfactory excuse was given ; and as a part of 
the town lay between our line of march and the garrison, we 
could not be seen by the sentinels on the walls. Captain W. 
Shannon and another being some time before taken prisoners 
by one of their [scouting parties,] and that evening brought in, 
the party had discovered at the sugar camp some signs of us. 



OLARk's celebrated march against VINCENNE8. 95 

They supposed it to be a party of observation that intended 
to land on the height some distance below the town. Captain 
Lamotte was sent to intercept them. It was at hini the people 
said they were looking when they were asked the reason ol 
their nniisual stir. Several suspected persons had been taken 
to the garrison; among them was Mr. Moses Henry. Mrs. 
Henry went, under the pretense of carrying him provisions, 
and whispered him the news and what she had seen. Mr. 
Henry conveyed it to the rest of his fellow-prisoners, which 
gave them much pleasure, particularly Captain Helm, who 
amused himself very much during the siege, and I believe did 
onuch damage. 

" Ammnnition was scarce with us, as the most of our stores 
had been put on board of the galley. Though her crew was 
but few, such a reinforcement to us, at this time, would have 
been invaluable in many instances. But, fortunately, at the 
time of its being reported that the whole of the goods in the 
town were to be taken for the king's use, (for which the owners 
were to receive bills,) Colonel Legras, Major Bosseron, and 
others, had buried the greatest part of their powder and bail. 
This was immediately produced, and we found ourselves well 
supplied by those gentlemen. 

" The Tobacco's son being in town with a number of war- 
riors, immediately mustered them, and let us know that he 
wished to join us, saying that by the morning he would have 
a hundred men. He received for answer that we thanked him 
for his friendly disposition, and as we were sufficiently strong 
ourselves, we wished him to desist, and that we would counsel 
on the subject on the morning; and as we knew thiat there 
were a number of Indians in and near the town that were our 
enemies, some confusion might happen if our men should mix 
in the dark; but hoped that we might be favored with his 
counsel and company during the night — ^^ which was agreeable 
to him. 

"The garrison was soon completely surrounded, and the 
firing continued without intermission, (except about fifteen 
minutes a little before day,) until about nine o'clock the fol- 
lowing morning. It was kept up by the whole of the troops — 



96 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



joined hy a lew of the young men of the town, who g-ot per- 
mission — except fifty men kept as a reserve. '" ^ * I liad 
made myself fully acquainted with the situation of the fort and 
town, and the parts relative to each. The cannon of the gar- 
rison was on the upper Hoors of strong blockhouses at each 
angle of the fort, eleven feet al)ove the surface; and the ports 




HON. F. P. RANDALL. 
Sec page 21. 

so badly cut that nuuiy of our trooi>s lay under the lire of 
them within twenty or thirty yards of the walls. They did no 
damage except to the buildings of the town. som5 of which 
they much shattered; and their musketi'v in the dark, em- 
ployed against woodsmen covered by houses, palings, ditches, 



Clark's celebeated maech against vincennes. 97 

the banks of the river, etc., was but of little avail, and did no 
injury to us except wounding a man or two. As we could not 
afford to lose men, great care was taken to preserve them suffi- 
ciently covered, and to keep up a hot fire in order to intimi- 
date the enemy as well as to destroy them. The embrasm-es 
of their cannon were frequently shut, for our riflemen, finding 
the true direction of them, would pour in such volleys when 
they were opened that the men could not stand to the guns — 
seven or eight of them in a short time got cut down. Oui' 
troops would frequently abuse the enemy in order to aggravate 
them to open their ports and fire their cannon, that they 
might have the pleasure of cutting them down with their 
rifles — fifty of which, perhaps, would be leveled the moment 
the port flew open; and I believe that if they had stood at 
their artillery, the greater part of them would have been 
destroyed in the course of the night, as the greater part of our 
men lay within thirty yards of the walls ; and in a few hours 
were covered equally to those within the walls, and much more 
experienced in that mode of fighting. * * * Sometimes 
an irregular fire, as hot as possible, was kept up from different 
directions for a few minutes, and then only a continual scatter- 
ing fire at the ports as usual ; and a great noise and laughter 
immediately commenced in different parts of the town by the 
reserved parties, as if they had only fired on the fort a few 
minutes for amusement, and as if those continually firing at 
the fort were only regularly relieved. Conduct similar to this 
kept the garrison constantly alarmed. They did not know 
what moment they might be stormed or [blown up?] as they 
could plainly discover that we had flung up some entrench- 
ments across the streets, and appeared to be frequently very 
busy under the bank of the river, which was within thirty feet 
of the walls. The situation of the magazine we knew well. 
Captain Bowman began some works in order to blow it up, in 
case our artillery should arrive ; but as we knew that we were 
daily liable to be overpowered by the numerous bands of Indi- 
ans on the river, in case they had again joined the enemy, (the 
certainty of which we were unacquainted with,) we resolved 
to lose no time, but to get the fort in our possession as soon as 
7 



98 HISTORY OF INDIANA 

possible. If tlie vessel did not arrive before the ensuing night 
M^e resolved to undermine the fort, and fixed on the spot and 
plan of executing this work, which we intended to commence 
the next day. 

" The Indians of difterent tribes that were inimical, had left 
the town and neighborhood. Captain Lamotte continued to 
hover hbont it, in order, if possible, to make his way good into 
the fort. Pai'ties attempted in vain to surprise him. A few 
of his party were taken, one of which was Maisonville, a 
famous Indian partisan. Two lads that captured him, tied 
him to a post in the street, and fought from behind him as a 
breastwork — supposing that the enemy would not fire at them 
for fear of killing him, as he would alarm them by his voice. 
The lads were ordered, by an officer who discovered them at 
their amusement, to untie their prisoner and take him off to 
the guard, which they did; but were so inhuman as to take 
part of his scalp on the way. There happened to him no- 
other damage. As almost the whole of the persons who were 
most active in the department of Detroit were either in the 
fort or with Captain Lamotte, I got extremely uneasy for fear 
that he would not fall into our power — knowing that he would 
go off if he could not get into the fort in the course of the 
night. Finding that, without some unforeseen accident, the 
fort must inevitably be ours, and that a reinforcement of twenty 
men, although considerable to them, would not be of great 
moment to us in the present situation of affairs, and knowing 
that we had weakened them by killing or wounding many <>f 
their gunners, after some deliberation, we concluded to risk 
the reinforcement in preference of his going again among the 
Indians; the garrison had at least a month's provisions, and 
if they could hold out, in the course of that tin^e he might do 
us much damage. A little before day the troops were Math- 
drawn from their position about the fort, except a few parties 
of observation, and the firing totally ceased. Orders were 
given, in case of Lamotte's approach, not to alarm or fire on 
liim without a certainty of killing or taking the whole. In 
less than a quarter of an hour he passed within ten feet of an 
officer and a party that lay concealed. Ladders were flung 



OLABK S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 



9» 



over to tliem, and as they mounted tliem our party shouted. 
Many of them fell from the top of the walls — some within, 
and others back; but as they were not fired on, they all got 
over, much to the joy of their friends. But, on considering 
the matter, they must have been convinced that it was a 
scheme of ours to let them in, and that we were so strong as 
to care but little about them or the manner of their getting 
'mto the garrison. "' '"' The firing immediately commenced 
on both sides with double vigor, and I believe that more noise 
could not have been made by the same number of men — their 




RESIDENCE OF HON. F. P. RANDALL, FORT WAYNE. 

See page 21. 

shouts could not be heard for the firearms; but a continual 
blaze was kept around the garrison without much being done 
until about daybreak, when our troops were drawn off to posts 
prepared for them about sixty or seventy yards from the fort. 
A loophole then could scarcely be darkened but a rifle- ball 
would pass through it. To have stood to their cannon would 
have destroyed their men without a probability of doing much 
service. Our situation was nearly similar. It would have 
been imprudent in either party to have wasted their men 
without some decisive stroke required it. 



100 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

"Thus the attack continued until about nine o'clock on the 
morning of the twenty-fourth. Learning that the two j^-ison- 
ers they had brought in the day before had a considerable 
number of letters with them, I supposed it an express tikat we 
expected about this time, which I knew to be of iLe greatest 
moment to us, as we had not received one since our arnvai in 
the country ; and not being fully acquainted with the character 
of our enemy, we were doubtful that tho:>e papers might be 
destroyed — to prevent which I sent a flag [with a letter] 
demanding the garrison." 

We include here a copy of the letter which Colonel Clark 
addressed to the British Governor: 

" Sir: In order to save yourself from the impending storm 
that now threatens you, I order you immediately to surrender 
yourself, with all your garrison, stores, etc. For if I am 
obliged to storm, you may depend on such treatment as is 
justly due to a murderer. Beware of destroying stores of any 
kind, or any papers or letters that are in your possession, or 
hurting one house in town — for, by heavens! if you do, there 
shall be no mercy shown you." 

In answer to this bold letter. Governor Hamilton sent this 
reply: 

"■ Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton begs leave to acquaint 
Colonel Clark that he and his garrison are not disposed to be 
awed into any action unworthy British subjects." 

On receiving this refusal the tiring was resumed, and con- 
tinued in a spirited manner until evening, when a flag appeared 
with the following proposals: '' Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- 
ton proposes to Colonel Clark a truce for three days; during 
which time he promises there shall be no defensive works car- 
ried on in the garrison, on condition that Colonel Clark shall 
observe on his part a like cessation of any defensive work; 
that is, he wishes to confer with Colonel Clark as soon as can 
be, and promises that whatever may pass between them and 
another person mutually agreed upon to be present, shall 



claek's oelebkated mabch against vinoennes. 101 

remain secret till matters be finished, as he wishes that what- 
ever the result of the conference may be it may tend to the 
honor and credit of each party. If Colonel Clark makes a 
difficulty of coming into the fort, Lieutenant-Grovernor Ham- 
ilton will speak to him by the gate." 

Clark was at a loss to understand what reason Hamilton 
could have for wishing a truce. Some of his officers believed 
it to be a scheme to get him within the fort. Although he 
had the greatest reason to expect a reinforcement in less than 
three days that would at once put an end to the siege, yet he 
did not think it prudent to agree to the proposals, and sent 
the following answer: "Colonel Clark's compliments to Gov- 
ernor Hamilton, and begs leave to inform him that he will not 
agree to any terms other than Mr. Hamilton's surrendering 
himself and garrison prisoners at discretion. If Mr. Hamilton 
is desirous of a conference with Colonel Clark, he will meet 
him at the church with Captain Helm." 

They met at the church, about eighty yards from the fort — 
Colonel Clark, Grovernor Hamilton, Major Hay, Captain Helm, 
and Major Bowman. Hamilton produced terms of capitula- 
tion containing various articles. After deliberating on every 
article, Clark rejected the whole. Hamilton then asked him 
to make a proposition. Clark told him that he had no other 
to make than that he had already made — that of his surren- 
dering as prisoners at discretion. He told him that his troops 
had behaved with spirit, that they could not suppose that they 
would be worse treated in consequence of it; that if he chose 
to comply with the demand, though hard, it would be expedi- 
ent to do so immediately; that it was in vain for him to make 
any further propositions; that he must be aware that the gar- 
rison would fall; that all blood spilt from that hour by the 
garrison would be regarded as murder; that the American 
troops were already impatient, and called aloud for permission 
to tear down and storm the fort; that if such a step were 
taken, many of course would be cut down, and that it would 
be out of the power of an American officer to Bave s single 
man. 

Considerable discussion followed; Captain Helm attempted 



102 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



to moderate their iixed conclusions, but Clark told liiui that 
lie was a British prisoner, and that it was doubtful whether or 
not lie could with propriety speak on the subject. Hamilton 
then said that ( aptain Helm was from that moment liberated, 




and might use his pleasure, but Clark intbi-nicd the (llaptaiii 
that he would not receive him on such terms; that he must 
return t(^ the a:ari-ison and await his fate. Clark then informed 



claek's movements at vincennes. 103 

Hamilton that hostilities should not commence until five min- 
utes after the drums gave the alarm. At this they parted, but 
the British ofiicer, after a moment's hesitation, turned about 
and politely inquired Colonel Clark's reasons for refusing the 
garrison on any other terms than an unconditional surrender. 
The latter explained at some length, but before completing 
his reply secretly resolved to change the conditions of his 
demands. He told Hamilton he would consider the matter 
and let him know the result at an early hour. In the course 
of the afternoon of the twenty-fourth, articles of capitulation 
were signed, and on the following day, at ten o'clock, the gar- 
rison was surrendered, and the bold, courageous Clark took 
possession of the fort. On the twenty-seventh the vessel with 
the stores and provisions arrived in good condition, and the 
Americans in Yincennes were rejoicing over their conquest. 



CHAPTER Y. 

Clark's movements at vincennes. 

ON the day succeeding the occupation of Yincennes by 
Clark's forces, the irrepressible Colonel sent a detach- 
ment of sixty men up the river "Wabash to intercept some 
boats laden with stores and provisions from Detroit. The 
detachment proceeded 'up the river in three armed boats about 
one hundred and twenty miles, when the British boats, seven 
in number, were surprised and captured without firing a gun. 
The English boats had on board about ten thousand pounds 
worth of goods and provisions, and were manned by about 
forty men. Tliese were taken prisoners and the goods divided 
among the soldiers. 

Having organized a military government in Yincennes, and 
appointed Captain Helm as commandant of the town, Colonel 
Clark returned in the vessel to Kaskaskia, where he was joined 



.104 HISTORY or IIvDIAKA. 

hy reinforcements from Kentucky, under Captain George. 
Meanwhile, a party of traders wlio were going to the falls, 
were killed and plundered by the Delawares of White river. 
The news of this disaster having reached Clark, he sent a dis- 
patch to Captain Helm ordering him to make war on the Del- 
awares, to use every means in his power to destroy them; to 
show no mercy to the men, but to save the women and children. 
This order was executed without delay. Their camps were 
attacked in every quarter where they could be found. Many 
fell and others were carried to Post Yincennes and put to 
death, The surviving Delawares at once pleaded for mercy, 
and appeared anxious to make some atonement for their bad 
conduct. To these overtures Captain Helm replied that Colonel 
Clark, the Big Knife, had ordered the war, and that he had 
no power to lay down the hatchet, but that he would suspend 
hostilities until a messenger could be sent to Kaskaskia. This 
was done, and the craft}^ Colonel, well understanding the 
Indian character, sent a message to the Delaware, telling 
them that he would not accept their friendship or treat witli 
them for peace, but that if they could get some of the neigh- 
boring tribes to become responsible for their future conduct, 
he would discontinue the war and spare their lives; otherwise 
they must all perish. 

A council was called of all the Indians in the neighborhood, 
and Clark's answer was read to the assembly. After due 
deliberation the Piankeshaws took on themselves to answer 
for the future good conduct of the Delawares, and the Grand 
Door, in a long sj^eech, denounced their base conduct. This 
ended the war with the Delawares and secured the respect of 
the neighboring tribes. Clark's attention was next turned to 
the British post at Detroit, but being unable to obtain suffi- 
cient troops he abandoned the enterprise. 

Colonel John Todd, the county lieutenant for the county of 
Illinois, in the spring of 1779, visited the old settlements at 
Yincennes and Kaskaskia, and organized temporary civil gov- 
ernments in nearly all the settlements west of the Ohio. 
Previous to this movement Clark had established a military 
government at Kaskaskia and Yincennes, apjjointed com- 



CLAKK's movements at VmCBJMJMES. 105 

macdauts in both places, and taken up his headquarters at the 
fails of the Ohio, where he could watch the operations of the 
enemy and save the frontier settlements from the depredations 
of Indian warfare. 

On reaching the settlements Colonel Todd issued a procla- 
mation* regulating the settlement of unoccupied lands, and 
requiring the presentation of all claims to the lands settled. 
He also organized a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at 
Vincennes in the month of June, 1779. This court was com- 
posed of several magistrates and presided over by Colonel J. 
M. P. Legras, who had been appointed commandant at Vin- 
cennes. Acting from the precedents established by the early 
French commandants in the west, this court began to grant 
tracts of land to the French and American inhabitants, and 
down to the year 1783, it had granted to different parties about 
twenty-six thousand acres of land. From this date down to 
1787, when the practice of granting lands was prohibited by 
General Harmer, the quantity of land granted exceeded 
twenty -two thousand acres. The tracts granted were gen- 
erally small, ranging from a small " house lot " to four and 
five hundred acres. But aside from the granting of these 
small tracts, the court entered into a stupendous speculation — 
one not altogether creditable to its honor and dignity. The 



* Illinois [County] to wit — conveuiently may be, to lay before the 
Whereas, from the fertility and beautiful person, in each district, appointed for 
situation of the lands bordering upon that purpose, a memorandum of his or 
the Mississippi, Ohio, Illinois, and Wa- her land, with copies of all their vouchers; 
bash rivers, the taking up of the usual and where vouchers have never been given, 
quantity of land heretofore allowed for a or are lost, such depositions or certitica^es 
settlement by the government of Virginia, as will tend to support their claims ' the 
would injure both the strength and com- memorandum to mention the q.iirtxty 
merce of this country; I do, therefore, of land, to whom originally eran'ed and 
issue this proclamation, strictly enjoining when, — deducing the title liirojgh rhe 
all persons whatsoever from making any various occupants to the present posses- 
new settlements upon the flat lands of the sor. The number of adventurers who wi.. 
said rivers, or within one league of said shortly overrun this country, renders the 
lands, unless in manner and form of set- above method necessary, as well to ascer- 
tlements as heretofore made by the French tain the vacant lands as to guard against 
inhabitants, until further orders herein trespasses which will probably be corn- 
given. And, in order that all the claims mitted on lands not on record. Given 
to lands in said county may be fully under my hand and seal, at Kaskaskia, 
kno\\'n, and some method provided for the fifteenth of June, in the third year 
perpetuating, by record, the just claims, of the commonwealth, 1779. 
every inhabitant is required, as soon as John Todd, Jr. 



106 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



commandant and magistrates over whom he presided, sud- 
denly adopted tlie opinion that they were invested with the 
authority to dispose of the whole of that large region which, 




m^' 




Seo jiage 21. 

in 1742, had been granted by the tribe of Piankeshaw Indians 
to the French inhabitants of Vincennes. Accordingly a very 
convenient arrangement was entered into by which the whole 



CLARK'S MOVEMENTS AT VINCENNP:S. 107 

tract of country mentioned was to be divided between the 
members of the honorable court. A record was made to that 
eifect, and peihaps the most interesting part of this job — 
modern politicians wojJi call it a steals was that each mem- 
ber found it convenient to be absent from court on the day 
that tlie order was made in his favor.* 

Dnrino' the progress ot the conflict between civilization and 
barbarism in the northwest, from 1779 to 1787, the' date at 
which the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio 
was organized, there were but few events of importance in 
which the settlements in Indiana were not concerned, or by 
which they were not affected. In the fall of 1780, LaBalme, 
a Frenchman, made an attempt to capture the British garrison 
of Detroit by leading an expedition against it from Kaskaslda. 
At the head of thirty men he marched to Yincennes, where 
his force was slightly increased. From this town he proceeded 
to the British trading post at the head of the Maumee, where 
Fort Wayne now stands, where he plundered the British traders 
and Indians and then retired. While encamped on the bank 
of a small stream on his retreat, he was attacked b}^ a band of 
Miamis, a number of his men were killed, and the expedition 
against Detroit ended in ruin. Thus ran the current of border 
war, sometimes resulting in a victory for the Americans and 
sometimes for the enemy, during the long struggle for inde- 
pendence, until in 1783, the treaty of Paris was concluded, 
and the Congress of the United States declared a cessation of 
hostilities between the United States and Great Britain. 

Up to this date the territory now included within the limits 
of the State of Indiana belonged, by conquest, to the State of 
Yirginia, but in January, 1783, the General Assembly of that 
State resolved to cede to the Congress of the United States all 
right, title and claim which it held to the territory northwest 
of the Ohio. The conditions offered by Yirginia were accepted 
by Congress on the twentieth of December of the same year, 
and the transfer was effected early in 1784. In the year pre- 
ceding, however, the Assembly of Yirginia passed an act for 

* Harrison's Letters. 



108 



IIISTOUY OF mDIANA. 



platting the town of Ciarksville, at the falls of the Ohio. The 
act stipulated that the lots, consisting of half an acre each, 
t>hould be sold at public auction to the highest bidder, and 
that purchasers were to hold their lots subject to the condi- 
tions of building on them within three years from the day of 
.ale. 

In the spring of ITbi, after the deed of cession* had been 
accepted by Congress, the subject of the future government 
of the territory was referred to a committee consisting of 
Messrs. Jefferson of Virginia, Chase of Maryland, and Howell 
of Khode Island. The committee reported an ordinance for 
the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio, which, 
among other things, declared, that neither slaveiy nor involun- 



* That the ten-itory bo ceded shall be 
laid out and formed into States, contain- 
ing a suitable extent of territory, not less 
than one hundred, nor more tlian one 
hundred and lifty miles square ; or as near 
thereto as circumstances will admit ; and 
that the States so formed shall be distinct 
republican States, and admitted members 
of the Federal Union ; having the same 
rights of sovereignty, freedom, and inde- 
pendence as the other States. That the 
necessary and reasonable expenses incur- 
red by Virginia in subduing any British 
posts, or in maintaining forts and garri- 
.•-ons within, and for the defense, or in 
.acquiring any part of, the territory so 
ceded or relinquished, shall be fully reim- 
bursed by the United States. That the 
French and Canadian inhabitants, and 
other settlers of the Kaskaskia. Post Vin- 
cennes, and the neighboring villages, who 
have professed themselves citizens of Vir- 
ginia, shall have their possessions and 
titles confirmed to them, and be protected 
in the enjoyment of their rights and liber- 
ties. That a quantity not exceeding one 
hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, 
promised by Virginia, shall be allowed 
and granted to the then Colonel, now 
General George Rogers Clark, and to the 
officers and soldiers of his regiment, who 
marched with him when the posts of Kas- 
kaskia and Vincennes were reduced, and 
to the officers and soldiers that have been 
since incorporated into the said regiment, 
to be Laid off in one trnct. the length of 
which not to exceed double the breadth. 



in such place on the northwest side of the 
Ohio as a majority of the officers shall 
choose, and to be afterward divided among 
the officers and soldiers in due proportion, 
according to the laws of Virginia. That 
in case the quantity- of good lands on the 
southeast side of the Ohio, upon the 
waters of Cumberland river, and between 
the Green river and Tennessee river, 
which have been reserved by law for the 
Virginia troops upon continental estab- 
lisliment, should, from the North Carolina 
line, bearing in further upon the Cum- 
berland lands than was expected, prove 
insufficient for their legal bounties, the 
deficiency shall be made up to the said 
troops, in good lands, to be laid oft' be- 
tween the rivers Scioto and Little Miami, 
on the northwest side of the river Ohio, in 
such proportions as have been engaged to 
them by the laws of Virginia. That all 
the lands within the territory so ceded to 
United States, and not reserved for, or 
appropriated to any of the before men 
tioued purposes, or disposed of in botiii 
tics to the officers and soldiers of Ike 
American army, shall be considered as a 
common fund for the use and benefit of 
such of the United States as have become, 
or shall become, members of the confed- 
eration or federal alliance of the said 
States. Virginia inclusive, according to 
their usual respective proportions in the 
general charge and expenditure, and shall 
be faithfully and bona fide disposed of for 
that purpose, and for no other use or pur- 
]>ose whatsoever. 



EARLY SETTLEMENl-S AND LAND GRANTS. 109 

tary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of criminals, 
should exist in the territory after the year 1800. This article 
of the ordinance was rejected, but an ordinance for the tem- 
porary government of the county was adopted, and, in the 
following year, laws were passed by Congress for disposing of 
lands in the western territory, and for prohibiting the settle, 
ment of unappropriated lands by reckless speculators. 



CHAPTEE YI. 

EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 

FEOM this date, 1784 to 1787, when the northwestern ter. 
ritory was organized, we have but little to record in the 
history of Indiana. Land speculation in Ohio, and on the 
borders of the Ohio and "Wabash rivers, was exciting consider- 
able attention, and large associations, representing consider- 
able means, were formed for the purpose of monopolizing the 
trade in land. Tracts of millions of acres were sold at one 
time by Congress to associations on the installment plan, and 
so far as the Indian titles could be extinguished, the work of 
settling and improving the lands was pushed rapidly forward. 
The passage of the " ordinance of 1787," created the territory 
of the United States northwest of the Ohio, which of course 
included the whole of the territory now embraced in the State 
of Indiana. On the lifth of October, of the same year. Major 
General Arthur St. Clair was elected by Congress Grovernor 
of the territory. He was instructed, on entering upon the 
duties of the office, to ascertain the real temper of the Indians 
and do all in his power to remove the causes for controversy 
between them and the United States, and to effect the extin- 
guishment of Indian titles to all the land possible. The 
(Tovernor took up quarters in the new settlement of Marietta, 
Ohio, where he immediately began the organization of the 



110 



HISTOKV OK INDIANA.. 



o-oveinineut of the territory. The tir.-^t session of the general 
court of the new territory was hekl at that place in 1788. The 
judges were Samuel H. Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum, ami 
John Cleves Svmmes. Under the ordinance. Governor St. 
Clair was president of the court. 




B. TRENTMAIs, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

After tlie session of the general court at Marietta was con- 
cluded, and the necessary laws for the government of the ter- 
ritory^ passed, Governor St. Clair, accompanied by the Judges, 
visited Kaskaskia for the purpose of organizing a civil govern- 
ment there. Meanwhile full instructions had been sent to 
Major Plamtranick, commandant at Yincennes, re(iuiring him 



EAKLY SWrrLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. Ill 

to a&cei-ta,in the exact feeling and temper of the Indian tribes 
of the Wabash. These instructions M^ere accompanied by- 
speeches to each of the tribes. On the fifth of April, 1790, a 
Frenchman named Antoine Gamelin, was dispatched from 
Yincennes with these speeches. He visited nearly all the 
tribes on the Wabash, St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers, but was 
coldly received, most of the chiefs being dissatisfied with the 
policy of the Americans toward them, and prejudiced through 
English misrepresentation. Full accounts of his adventures 
among the tribes reached Governor St. Clair at Kaskaskia in 
June, 1790. Being satisfied that there was no prospect of 
effecting a general peace with the Indians of Indiana, he 
resolved to ^nsit General Harmer at his headquarters at Fort 
Washington, and there to consult with that ofiicer upon the 
means of carrying an expedition against the hostile Indians. 
Before leaving Kaskaskia, however, St. Clair intrusted the 
Secretary of the territory, Winthrop Sargent, with the execu- 
tion of the resolutions of Congress regarding the lands and 
settlers on the Wabash. He directed that officer to proceed to 
Yincennes, lay out a county there, establish the mihtia, and 
appoint the necessary civil and military ofiicers. Mr. Sargent 
at once proceeded to Yincennes, where he organized the camp 
of Ejiox, appointed the necessary civil and military oflScers, 
and notified the inhabitants to present their claims to lands. 
In establishing these claims the settlers found great difficulty, 
and regarding it, the secretary in his report to the President 
remarked : 

" Although the lands and lots which were awarded to the 
inhabitants, appeared, from very good oral testimony, to 
belong to those persons to whom they were awarded, either 
by original grants, purchase, or inheritance, yet there was 
scarcely one case in twenty where the title was complete, 
owing to the desultory manner in which public business had 
been transacted, and some other unfortunate causes. The 
original concessions by the French and British commandants 
were generally made upon a small scrap of paper, which it has 
been customary to lodge in the notary's office, who has seldom 
kept any book of record, but committed the most important 



112 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

land concerns to loose sheets, which, in process of time, have 
come into possession of persons that have fraudulently 
destroyed them, or, unacquainted with their consequence, 
innocently lost or trifled them away; for by the French usage 
they are considered as family inheritances, and often descend 
to women and children. In one instance, and during the gov- 
ernment of Mr. St. Ange here, a royal notary ran oif with all 
tlie public papers in liis possession, as by a certificate produced 
to me. And I am very sorry further to observe that in the 
office of Mr. liC Grand, which continued from the year 1TT7 to 
1787, and where should have been the vouchers for important 
land transactions, the records have been so falsified, and there 
is such gross fraud in forgery as to invalidate all evidence and 
information which I might otherwise have acquired from his 
papers." 

Winthrop Sargent informs us that there were about one 
hundred and fifty French families at Yincennes in 1790. The 
heads of these families had all been at some time vested with 
certain titles to a portion of the soil, and while the Secretary 
was busily engaged endeavoring to straighten out these claims, 
he received a petition signed by eighty Americans, praying 
for the confirmation of the grants of lands ceded by the court 
which had been organized by Colonel John Todd, under the 
authority of Yirginia, to which reference has already been 
made. 

This ease was met in the action of Congress on the third 
of March, 1791, empowering the Governor of the territory, in 
cases where land had been actually improved and cultivated 
under a supposed grant for the same, to confirm to the persons 
who made such improvements, the lands supposed to ha^e 
been granted, not, however, exceeding the quantity of four 
hundred acres to any one person. 

In the summer of 1790, a session of the general court was 
held at Vincennes, acting Governor Sargent* presiding, when 
the following laws were adopted: 

I. An act to prohibit the giving or selling intoxicating 

* Mr. Sargent acted in the capacity of Governor at the request of St- 
Clair, who, during the time, was busily engaged with military affairs. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 113 

. / . . . . . . ■ 

liquors to Indians residing in, or coining into, the territory of 
the United States northwest of the river Ohio, and for prevent- 
ing foreigners from trading with Indians therein. 




See page 31. 

II. An act prohibiting the sale of spirituous or other 
intoxicating liquors to soldiers in the service of the United 
States, being within ten miles of any military post within the 
territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio ; and 



114 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

to prevent the selling or pawning of arms, ammunition, cloth- 
ing, and accoutrements. 

III. An act for suppressing and prohibiting every species 
of gaming for money or other property, and for making void 
contracts and payments made in consequence thereof, and for 
restraining the disorderly practice of discharging arms at 
certain hours and places. 

We give here the sentiments of the jjrincipal inhabitants 
of Yincennes, which were addressed to Mr. Sargent while at 
that place, in 1790, in the following language: "The citizens 
of the town of Yincennes approach )^ou, sir, to express as well 
their personal respect for your honor as the full approbation 
of the measures you have been pleased to pursue in regard to 
their government and the adjustment of their claims, as 
inliabitants of the territory over which you at present preside. 
While we deem it a singular blessing to behold the principles 
of free government unfolding among us, we cherish the pleas- 
ing reflection that our posterity will also have cause to rejoice 
at the political change now originating. A free and efficient 
government, wisely administered, and fostered under the pro- 
tecting wings of an august union of States, cannot fail to 
render the citizens of this wide extended territory securely 
happy in the possession of every public blessing. 

" We cannot take leave, sir, without offering to your notice 
a tribute of gratitude and esteem, which every citizen of Yin- 
cennes conceives he owes to the merits of an officer [Major 
Hamtramck] who has long commanded at this post. The 
unsettled situation of things, for a series of years previous to 
this gentleman's arrival, tended in many instances to derange, 
and in others to suspend, the operations of those municipal 
customs by which the citizens of this town were used to be 
governed. They were in the habit of submitting the supei-in- 
tendence of their civil regulations to the officer who happened 
to command the troops posted among them. Hence, in the 
course of the late war, and from the frequent change of masters, 
they labored under heavy and various grievances. But the 
judicious and humane attention paid by Major Hamtramck, 
during his whole command, to the rights and feelings of every 



HAEMER, SCOTT AND WILKINSON's EXPEDITIONS. 115 

indiAndual craving his interposition, demands, and will always 
receive our warmest acknowledgments. 

•' We beg you, sir, to assure the supreme authority of the 
United States of our fidelity and attachment; and that our 
greatest ambition is to deserve its fostering care, by acting the 
part of good citizens. 

" Bj order, and on behalf, of the citizens of Yincennes. 
Antoine Gamelin, Magistrate. 



PlEKRE GaMELIN, 


do. 


Paul Gamelin, 


do. 


James Johnson, • 


do. 


Louis Edeline, 


do. 


Luke Deokee, 


do. 


Feancis Bosseron, 


do. 



Francis Yigo, Major Commandant of Militia, 
Henry Yandeebuegh, Major of Militia. 

To this complimentary testimonial Winthrop Sargent made 
a brief but appropriate reply. 



CHAPTEK YII. 

HAEMEE, SCOTT AND WILKINSOn's EXPEDITIONS. 

WHE]^ Governor St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington 
from Kaskaskia, he determined, after a long conversa- 
tion with General Harmer, to send a powerful force to chastise 
the savages abont the head waters of the Wabash. He had 
been empowered by the President to call on Yirginia for one 
thousand troops, and on Pennsylvania for five hundred. This 
power he at once exercised. Three hundred of the Yirginia 
militia were ordered to muster at Fort Steuben, and, with the 
garrison of that fort, to march to Yincennes, and join Major 
Hamtramck, who had orders to call for aid from the militia of 



116 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Yincennes, march up the Wa1>ash and attack any <")f the 
Indian villao;es to M^hich, in his judgment, his force might be 
equal. The remaining twelve hundred of the militia were 
ordered to rendezvous at Fort AVashington, and to join the 
regular troops at that post under the command of General 
Harmer.* 

At this time the United States regular troops in the West 
were estimated by Gen. Harmer at four hundred effective men. 
These, with the militia, gave him a force of one thousand four 
hundred and fifty men. With this army Gen. Harmer marched 
from Fort Washington on the thirtieth of September. The 
troops continued the march until the seventeenth of October, 
when they reached the Maumee. The work of punishing the 
Indians was then begun, but, in one sense, ended disastrously. 
The savages received a severe scourging, but the militia behaved 
so badly as to be of little or no service. A detachment of 
three hundred and Ibrty militia and sixty regulars, under the 
command of Colonel Hardin, were sorely defeated on the Mau- 
mee, on the twenty- second of October. On the twenty-third, 
the army took up the line of inarch for Fort Washington, and 
reached that place on the fourth of November, having lost in 
the expedition one hundred and eighty-three killed, and thirty- 
one wounded. The Indians lost about equally with the Amer- 
icans. During the progress of this expedition Major Ham- 
tramck marched up the Wabash from Yincennes as far as the 
mouth of the Yermillion river, destroyed several deserted 
villages, and returned, without finding an enemy to oppose 
him. 

Although the savages were severely punished by these expe- 
ditions, yet they refused to sue for peace, and continued their 
hostilities. The inhabitants of the frontier settlements of 
Yirginia took alarm, and the delegates of Ohio, Monongahela, 
Harrison, Randolph, Greenbrier, Kanawha and Montgomery 
counties, sent a joint memorial to the Governor of Yirginia, 
saying that " the defenseless condition of these counties, form- 
ing a line of nearly four hundred miles along the Ohio river, 

* Dillon's History of Indiana Territory, p. 241. 



HA10[];E, SCOTT AiSVD WIUvINSON S EXPEDITIONS. 



iir 



exposed to tlie lio.stile invasion of their Indian enemies, desti- 
tute of every kind of support, is truly alarming; for notwith- 
standing all the regulations of the General Government in 
that countiy, we have reason to lament that they have been 
hitherto ineffectual for our protection, nor indeed could it 
happen otherwise, for the garrisons kept by the Continental 




JOHN ROCHE, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

troops on the Ohio river, if they are of any use, it must be to 
Kentucky settlements, as they immediately cover that country., 
To us they can be of no service, being from two to four hun- 
dred miles below our frontier settlements. We further beg 
leave to observe that we have reason to fear that the conse- 
quences of the defeat of our army by the Indians on tlie late 



118 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

expedition, will be severely felt on onr frontiers, as there is no 
donbt but that the Indians will, in their turn, (being flushed 
with victory,) invade our settlements, and exercise all their 
horrid murder upon the inhabitants thereof, whenever the 
weather will permit them to travel. Then is it not better to 
support us where we are, be the expense what it may, than to 
oblige such a number of your brave citizens, who have so long 
supported, and still continues to support, a dangerous frontier, 
(altliough thousands of their relatives in the flesh, have, in the 
prosecutitjn thereof, fallen a sacriflce to savage inventions,) to 
quit the country, after all they have done and suffered, when 
you know that a frontier must be supported somewhere," 

This memorial caused the Legislature of Yirginia to author- 
ize the Governor of that State to make any defensive opera- 
tions necessai-y for the temporary defense of the frontiers, 
until the General Government could adopt and carry out 
measures to suppress the hostile Indians. The Governor at 
once called upon the military commanding oflftcers in the 
western counties of Virginia, to raise, l)y the flrst of March, 
1791, several small companies of rangers for this purpose. At 
the same time Charles Scott ^vas appointed Brigadier-General 
of the militia of the district of Kentucky, Avith authority to 
raise two hundred and twenty-six volunteers, to protect the 
most exposed ]3ortions of that district. 

A full report of the j)roceedings of tlie Legislature of Vir- 
ginia in relation to the exposed condition and defense of the 
frontiers of that State, was transmitted to Congress, and upon 
consideration of the same, the General Government consti- 
tuted a local Board of War for the district of Kentucky, 
composed of Brigadier-General Scott, Henry Innis, John 
Brown, Benjamin Logan and Isaac Shelby. On the ninth of 
March, 1791, General Henry Knox, Secretary of War, sent a 
letter of instructions to Brigadier-General Scott, recommend- 
ing an expedition of mounted men, not exceeding seven hun- 
dred and flfty, against the Wea toAvns on the river Wabash. 
He recommended that this force be raised and conducted to 
the Indian villages of the Wabash, where, by rapid incursions 
the towns could be destroyed and many prisoners taken. 



HABMER, SCOTT AND WILKINSOn's EXPEDITIONS. 119 

Pursuant to these instructions, Brigadier-General Scott, on 
the twenty-third of May, 1791, crossed the Ohio, with about 
eight hundred mounted men, and 'commenced his march for 
the "Wabash, which he reached on the first of June. Many of 
the Indians, having discovered his approach, fled, but he suc- 
ceeded in destroying all the villages arouild Ouiatenon, 
together with several Kickapoo towns, killing thirty-two war- 
]-iors and taking fifty-eight prisoners. He released a few of 
the most infirm prisoners, giving them a "talk," which they 
carried to the towns farther up the Wabash, and which the 
wretched condition of his horses prevented him from reaching. 

On the third of March, 1T91, Congress provided for raising 
and equipping a regiment for the protection of the frontiers, 
and Governor St. Clair was invested with the chief command 
of about three thousand troops, to be raised and employed 
against the hostile Indians in the territory over which his 
administration extended. He was instructed by the Secretary 
of War to march to the Miami village, and to establish a 
strong and permanent military post at that place. He was 
also directed to establish, during his advance, such posts ot 
communication with Fort Washington, along the Ohio, as, in 
his judgment might be re^mred. 

The post at the Miami village was intended to keep the sav- 
ages in that vicinity in check, so as to prevent future hostili- 
ties, and it was the wish of the Secretary of War that it 
should be garrisoned not only strong enough for the defense 
of the place, but so as to afford, at all times, a detachment of 
five or six hundred men, either to chastise any of the Wabash 
or other hostile Indians, or to capture convoys of the enemy's 
provisions. In his letter to Governor St. Clair, he urged that 
" the establishment of said post is considered as an important 
object of the campaign, and is to take place in all events. In 
case of a previous treaty, the Indians are to be conciliated 
upon this point if possible; and it is presumed good argu- 
ments may be oflered to induce their acquiescence. -^ * * 
Having commenced your march upon the main expedition, 
and the Indians continuing hostile, you will use every possible 
exertion to make them feel the effects of your superiority; 



120 



HTSTOKY OF INDIANA. 



and, after having arrived at tlie Miami village, and put yonr 
works in a defensible state, you will seek the enemy with tlie 
whole of your remaining force, and endeavor, by all possible 
means, to strike them with great severity. * * * In order to 
avoid future wars, it might be proper to make the Wabash and 




See page 31. 

thence over to the Maumee, and down the same to its mouth, 
at lake Erie, the boundary between the people of the United 
States and the Indians, (excepting so far as the same should 
relate to the Wyandots and Delawares,) on the supposition of 
their continuing faithful to the treaties. But if they should 



HAEMEE. SCOTT AND WILKINSON 8 EXPEDITIONS. 



121 



join in the war against the United States, and jour army be 
victorious, the said tribes ought to be removed without the 
boundary mentioned." 

On the twenty -fifth of June, 1T91, Governor St. Olair, ])revi- 
ous to marching a strong force to the Miami town, as directed 
by the War Department, authorized Brigadier-General Wil- 




See page 31. 

kinson to conduct a second expedition, not exceeding live 
hundred mounted men, against the Indian villages on the 
Wabash. Pursuant to these instructions, Wilkinson musteped 
his forces, and was ready to inarch on the twentieth of July, 
with five hundred and twenty-five mounted volunteers, well 
armed, and provided with thirty days' provisions. With this 



122 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

force }ie reached the Ke-iia-pa-com-a-qua village, on the north- 
ern bank of the Eel river, about six miles from a point vi^here 
that river joins the Wabash, on the seventh of August, and 
succeeded in killing six warriors and taking thirty-four pris- 
oners, before they could escape. This town, which was scat- 
tered along Eel river for a distance of three miles, was totally 
destroyed. 

Wilkinson encamped on the ruins of the town that night, 
and on the following day he commenced his march for the 
Kickapoo town on the prairie, which he Wiis unable to reach 
owing to the impassable condition of the route which he 
adopted, and the failing condition of his horses. He estimated 
the results of the expedition, in his official report, as follows: 
" I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiatenon nation, 
and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the king. 
I have burned a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at 
least four hundred and thirty acres of corn, chiefly in the 
milk." 



CHAPTEK YIII. 

ST. CLAIR AND WAYNe's EXPEDITIONS. 

'"r^HE three expeditions under Harmer, Scott and Wilkinson 
J- resulted in great damage to the Indians, but by no means 
subdued them. They regarded the policy of the United States 
as calculated to exterminate them from the land, and, goaded 
on by the English of Detroit, the enemies of the Americans, 
they were excited to desperation. At this time the govern- 
ment of Great Britain still supported garrisons at Niagara, 
Detroit and Michilimackinac, notwithstanding it was declared 
by the second article of the definite treaty of peace of 1783, 
that the king of Great Britain would, " with all convenient 
speed, and without causing any destruction or carrying away 



ST. CLAIR AND WAYNE S EXPEDITIONS. 



123 



any negroes or property of the American inhabitants, with- 
draw all his forces, garrisons and ileets from the United States, 
and from every post, place and harbor within the same." It 
was also made a part of the treaty that the creditors on either 
side should meet Math no lawful impediments to the recovery 
of the full value, in sterling money, of all lyona fide debts 
previously contracted. The British government claimed that 
the United States had broken faith in this particular under- 
standing of the treaty, and, in consequence, refused to with- 
draw its forces from the territory. The British garrisons 
already mentioned were a great source of annoyance to the 
Americans, as they afforded succor to the hostile Indian tribes, 
and encouraged them in their incursions against the frontier 
American settlements, frequently aiding them with stores and 
provisions. This state of affairs in the territory of the United 
States northwest of the Ohio, continued from a period previous 
to its organization until the British power was withdrawn from 
the country in 1796, under the second treaty. 

In September, 1791, Governor St. Olair moved from Fort 
Washington with a force of about two thousand men. On the 
the third of November the main army, consisting of about 
fourteen hundred effective troops, moved IbrM^ard to the head- 
waters of the Wabash, where Fort Recovery was afterwards 
erected. Here the army encamped. At this time the Little 
Turtle, Blue Jacket and Buck-ong-a-helas, and other Indian 
chiefs were secreted a few miles distant with a force of twelve 
hundred Indians, awaiting a favorable opportunity to begin an 
attack, which they improved on the morning of the fourth of 
November, about half an hour before sunrise. The attack was 
first made upon the militia, which immediately gave way. 
But we shall not, in this place, tax our readers with an account 
of St. Clair's defeat, with which they are undoubtedly familiar. 
It will suffice to say that he returned to Fort Washington with 
a broken and dispirited army, having lost in the unsuccessful 
action of the fourth of November, thirty-nine officers killed, 
and five hundred and thirty-nine men killed and missing. 
Twenty-two officers and two hundred and thirty-two men were 
wounded. Several pieces of artillery, and all the baggage, 



ST. CI.AIR AND WATNE's EXPEDITIONS. 125 

ammunition and provisions, were left on the field of battle, and 
fell into the hands of the victorious Indians. The stores and 
other public property lost in the action were valued at thirty- 
two thousand eight hundred dollars. Mr. John B. Dillon, in 
his early history of Indiana, speaks of St. Clair's defeat in 
these words : " With the army of St. Clair, following the for- 
tunes of their husbands, there were more than one hundred 
women. Very few escaped the carnage of the fourth of No- 
vember, and after the flight of the remnant of the army, the 
Indians began to avenge their own real and imaginary wrongs, 
by perpetrating the most horrible acts of cruelty and brutality 
upon the bodies of the living and the dead Americans who 
fell into their hands. Believing that the whites, for many 
years, made war merely to acquire land, the Indians crammed 
clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats of the dying 
and the dead."* 

Although no particular blame was attached to Governor St. 
Clair for the loss in this expedition, yet he resigned the office 
of Major General, and was succeeded by Anthony Wayne, a 
distinguished officer of the Revolutionary War. Early in 
1792, provisions were made by the General Government for 
re-organizing the army, so that it should consist of a respect- 
able force. Wayne arrived at Pittsburg in June of the same 
year, where the army was to rendezvous. Here he continued 
actively engaged organizing and training his forces, until 
October, 1793, when, with an army of about three thousand 
six hundred effective men, he moved westward to Fort Wash- 
ington. 

While Wayne was preparing for the offensive campaign 
every possible means was employed to induce the hostile tribes 
of the northwest to enter into a general treaty of peace with 
the American government. Speeches were sent among them ; 
agents to make treaties were also sent, but little was accom- 
plished. Major Hamtramck, who still remained at Yincennes, 
succeeded in concluding a general peace with the Wabash and 
Illinois Indians, but the tribes more immediately under the 

* In Atwaler's History of Ohio, we are informed that there were two 
hundred and fifty women with the army. 



120 nisToijy of ixdiana. 

influence of the British, refused to hear the sentiments of 
friendship that were sent among them, and tomakawked seve- 
ral of the messengers. Their courage had been aroused by 
St. Chiir's defeat, as well as the unsuccessful expeditions that 
2)receded it, and they were now quite prepared to meet a 
superior force under General Wayne. The Indians insisted on 
the Ohio river as the boundary line between their lands and 
the lands of the [Jnited States, and chose rather to trust to the 
fortunes of a M-ar than to make any further concessions. 

On the twenty-sixth of July, 1794, Major-Genei-al Scott, 
with about sixteen hundred mounted volunteers from Ken- 
tucky, joined the regular troops under General Wayne, and on 
the twenty-eighth of the same month the united forces com- 
menced their march for the Indian towns on the Maumee 
river. Arriving at the confluence of the Auglaize and Mau- 
mee rivers. General AVayne erected Fort Defiance, and on the 
flfteenth of August he moved the army from this place toward 
the British fort at the foot of the rapids of tlie Maumee, when, 
on the twentieth, almost within the reach of the guns of the 
fort, the American army gained a decisive victory over the 
combined forces of the hostile Indians and a considerable 
number of the Detroit militia. The number of the enemy 
was estimated at two thousand, against about nine liundred 
American troops actually engaged. This horde of savages, as 
soon as the action began, abandoned themselves to flight, and 
dispersed with terror and dismay, leaving Wayne's victorious 
army in full and quiet possession of the field. 

During the action the Americans lost thirty-three killed and 
one hundred wounded. The loss of the enemy was more than 
double tliat of the Federal army. The woods, for a distance 
of nearly two miles, was strewn with the dead bodies of the 
Indians and British volunteers, who were shot down in their 
mad retreat. 

The army remained three days and nights on the banks of 
the Maumee, in front of the field of battle, during which time 
all the houses and cornfields were consumed and destroyed for 
a considerable distance Ijotli above and below Fort Miami, as 
well as witliin pistol shot of the British garrison, who were 



ST. CLAIR AND WAYNE S EXPEDITIONS. 



127 



compelled to remain idle spectators to this general devastation 
and conflagration, among whicli M^ere the houses, stores and 
and property of Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent, and 
" principal stimulator of the war then existing between the 
United States and savages." 




See page 21. 

During the return march to Fort Deiiance, the villages and 
cornflelds for about fifty miles on each side of the Maumee 
were destro^^ed. as well as those for a considerable distance 
around that post. . 



128 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

On the Iburteentli of September, 1794, the army under the 
commund of General Wayne commenced its march toward 
the deserted Miami villages which stood at the confluence of 
the rivers St. Joseph's and St. Mary's. This place was reached 
on the seventeenth of October, and on the following day the 
site of Fort Wayne was selected. The fort was completed on 
the twenty-second of November of the same year, and gar- 
risoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery, under 
the command of Colonel John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the 
new fort the name of Fort Wayne.* 

The Kentucky volunteers returned to Fort Washington, and 
were mustered out of the service. General Wayne, with the 
Federal troops, marched to Greenville, where he took up his 
headquarters during the winter, and where, in the month of 
August, 1795, after several months of active negotiation, this 
gallant officer succeeded in concluding a general treaty of peace 
with all the hostile tribes who inhabited the territory of the 
United States northwest of the Ohio. 

The treaty of Greenville, which was efiected through the 
good offices of General Wayne, opened the way for the flood 
of emigration which from that day, flowed from the Eastern 
States into the JN^orthwestern territory. 

Aside from military aflairs in the northwestern territory, 
there was but Ir'ttle of civil progress worthy of mention in <i 
history of Indiana. In July, 1796, after the treaty between 
the United States and Spain had been concluded, the British 
garrisons, witli their arms, artillery and stores, were with- 
drawn from the posts within the boundaries of the XJimef* 
States northwest of the Ohio river, and a detachment of Amer 
ican troops, consisting of sixty-five men, under the command 
of Captain Moses Porter, took possession of the evacuated 
post of Detroit in the same month. In the latter part of the 
year 1796, Winthrop Sargent proceeded to Detroit and 
erected the county of AVayne, and established a, civil govern- 
ment in that quarter. This county of Wayne, now the most 
wealthy county in Michigan, formed a part of the Indiana 
territory until its division, in 1805, when the territory of 
Michigan was organizea. 

* A new fort was built on the site of this fort in 1814. 



CHAPTER IX. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TEKRITOEY. 

IN the previous chapters we have briefly traced the history 
of the military, political and civil events, in the territory 
of the United States northwest of the Ohio, from its organiza- 
tion to 1800, when the territory of Indiana was erected. Let 
ns now enter npon what we may call the history of Indiana 
proper. Heretofore we have been compelled, owing to the 
very large tract of territory over which the government 
extended its control, to include the events that transpired in 
neighboring States. This may now be avoided. We have 
already sai<i that by the treaty of Greenville the lands of 
Indiana were made available to settlers. JSTotwithstanding 
this event, bat few settlements were made until after the terri- 
tory was organized. Yet most of those existing at the time 
the treatv was made were immediately enlarged and improved 
Vlrxennes whieh at this time was the largest settlement in 
the territory, was, in 1T96, quite a town. Defended by Fort 
Knox, its citizens were enabled to prosecute a paying trade 
with the Indians, and to improve the agricultural resources 
around them. At this date the town contained about fifty 
dwelling houses, all presenting a thrifty and tidy appearance. 
Each house was surrounded by a garden fenced with poles. 
and peach and apple trees grew in most of the inclosures. 
Garden vegetables of all kinds were cultivated with success, 
and corn, tobacco, wheat, barley, and cotton grew in the fields 
around the village in abundance. 

Adjoining the village was Fort Knox, inclosed by a ditch 
eight feet wide, and by sharp stakes from six to eight feet 
high. This palisade, protected by the guns of the fort, was a 
9 (139) 



130 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



sufficient fortification against hostile Indians. A Frenchman 
who visited Yincennes in 1796, writes of its inhabitants at 
that date: "The day after ni}- arrival a court was held to 
which I repaired. On enterino-, T was surprised to find the 




See page 21. 

audience divided into races of men in person and feature 
widely ditlerincr from each (jther. The fair or light brown 
hair, j-uddy complexion, round face, and plump body, indi- 



ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TERBITORY. 131 

cative of health and ease, of one set, were forcibly contrasted 
with the emaciated frame and meager, tawny visage of the 
other. The dress, likewise, of the latter denoted their indi- 
erence. I soon discovered that the former were new settlers 
from the neighboring States, whose lands had been reclaimed 
five or six years before, while the latter were French of sixty 
years standing in the district. The latter, three or four 
excepted, knew nothing of English, while the former were 
almost as ignorant of French. I had acquired, in the course 
of the year, a sufficient knowledge of English to converse with 
them, and was thus enabled to hear the tales of both parties. 
The French, in a querulous tone, recounted the losses and 
hardships they had suffered, especially since the last Indian 
war, in 1T88. -x- * * * They complained that they were 
cheated and robbed, and especially that their rights were cov- 
tinually violated by the courts, in which two judges onlvfour 
of five were Frenchmen, who knew little of the laws or lan- 
guage of the English. Their ignorance, indeed, was profound. 
Nobody ever opened a school among themclXI it was done by 
the able M. Rivet, a polite, well educafed, and liberal minded 
missionary, banished hither by the French revolution. Out 
of nine of the French, scarcely six jould read or write; whereas, 
nine-tenths of the Americans, or emigrants from the east, 
could do both. * ^ * * I could not fix, with accuracy, tlie 
date of the first settlement of Tincennes ; and notwithstanding 
the homage paid by some, fearned men to tradition, I could 
trace out but few events of tie war of 1757, though some of the 
old men lived before that period. I was only able to form a 
conjecture that it was plaited about 1735. These statements 
were confirmed, for the most part, by the new settlers. They 
only placed the same facts in a different point of view. They 
told me that the Canadians (for by that name the French of 
the western colonies are known to thepi) had only themselves 
to blame for all the hajdships they complained of. We must 
allow, say they, that thty are a kind, hospitable, sociable sect; 
but then, for idleness and ignorance, they beat the Indians 
themselves. They knov nothing at all of our civil or domestic 
afiairs. Their women iieither sew, nor spin, nor make butter. 




132 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

* ^ * * The men take to nothing but hunting, iishing, 
roaming through the woods, and loitering in the sun. They 
do not lay up, as we do for winter, or provide for a rainy day. 
They can not cure pork or venison, make sourkj-out or spruce 
beer, or distil spirits from apples or rye — ^all needful arts to 
the farmer." 

In 1800, at the organization of the territory, the social con 
dition of Vincennes had advanced considerably from the state 
which this French writer represented it in 1796. The French 
settlers had become more industrious from the example set 
them by the settlers from the eastern States, and like them, 
had improved their small lots of land, and were living in a 
greater degree of civilization. 

Aside from Vincennes, in 1796, there was a small settlement 
neir where the town of Lawrenceburg now stands, in Dearborn 
countj. and in the course of that year a small settlement was 
formed at^ "Armstrong's Station," on the Ohio, within the 
present limits of Clark county. 

In 1800, when "hn territorial government of Indiana was 
oi'ganized, although maLV parts of the State had been settled 
for more than fifty years by whites, yet the territory was but 
a wilderness. Its numerous rivers were not disturbed except 
by an occasional canoe loaded wth furs, which the Indians and 
half-breed propelled with oars. Its scattered settlements were 
filled with scenes and incidents o*^" border life, many of which 
were full of romantic situations. In the meanwhile, however, 
a considerable traffic was carried on with the Indians by fur 
traders at Vincennes, Fort Waynt, and at different small 
trading posts which were established on the borders of the 
Wabash river and its tributaries. "The furs and peltries 
which were obtained from the Indiars," says Dillon, " were 
generally transported to Detroit. The skins were dried, com- 
pressed, and secured in packs. Each jack weighed about one 
hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boal, that was sufficiently 
large to carry forty packs, required the labor of four men to 
manage it on its voyage. In favorable stages of the Wabash 
river, such a vessel, under the management of skillful boat- 
men, was propelled fifteen or twenty iriles a day, against the 



GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 133 

current. After ascending the river "Wabash and the Little 
River to the portage near Fort Wayne, the traders carried 
their packs over the portage to the head of the river Maumee, 
where they were again placed in pirogues, or in keel-boats, to 
be transported to Detroit. At this place the furs and skins 
were exchanged for blankets, guns, knives, powder, bullets, 
intoxicating liquors, etc., with which the traders returned to 
their several posts." 



CHAPTER X. 

GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 

IMMEDIATELY following the organization of the territo- 
rial government of Indiana, Governor Harrison's attention 
was directed by necessity as well as by the instructions which 
he had received from Congress, to settling matters with the 
various Indian tribes still holding claims to the lands within 
the limits of the territory. He entered into several treaties 
with these tribes, by which, at the close of the year 1805, the 
government of the United States had obtained about forty-six 
thousand square miles of territory, including all the lands 
lying on the borders of the Ohio river, between the mouth of 
the Wabash river and the western boundary of the State of 
Ohio. 

Following the organization of the second grade of govern- 
ment by creating a General Assembly, the levying of tax 
caused considerable dissatisfaction among many of the inhabi- 
tants of the territory. The poll-tax was especially objection- 
able. So far did they carry their opposition to taxation that 
at a public meeting on Sunday, August the sixteenth, 1807, a 
number of French inhabitants resolved that they " would 
withdraw their confidence and support forever from those men 
who advocated, or in any manner promoted the second grade 
of government." 



134 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



In 1807 the territorial statutes were revised, and under the 
new code, treason, murder, arson, and horse- stealing, were 
each punishable by death. The crime of manslaughter was 
punishable by the common law. Burglary and robbery were 
each punishable by whipping, fine, and in some cases by 
imprisonment "not exceeding forty years." Kiotous Persons 




HON. MARTm L. PIERCE. 

See page 31. 

were punishable by fine and imprisonment. The crime of 
larceny by fine or whipping, and in some cases by being 
bound to labor for a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery 
was punishable by fine, disfranchisement, and standing in the 
pillory. Assault and battery, as a crime was punishable by 



GOVEENOE HAEEISON AND THE INDIANS. 135 

fine, not exceeding one hundred dollars. Hog stealing V7a8 
punishable by fine and whipping. Gambling, profane swear- 
ing, and Sabbath-breaking, were each punishable by fine. 
Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping, and disfranchise- 
ment. The code provided for the punishment of disobedient 
children and servants by the following section : " If any 
children or servants shall, contrary to the obedience due to 
their parents or masters, resist or refuse to obey their lawful 
commands, upon complaint thereof to a justice of the peace, 
it shall be lawful for such justice to send him or them so 
offending to the jail or house of correction, there to remain 
until he or they shall Jmrrible themselves to the said parent's 
or master's satisfaction. And, if any child or servant shall, 
contrary to his bounden duty, presume to assault or strike his 
parent or master, upon complaint and conviction thereof, 
before two or more justices of the peace, the offender shall be 
whipped not exceeding ten stripes." 

By the act of Congress of 1804, three land oflices were 
opened for the sale of lands in Indiana territory. One of these 
was located at Detroit, another at Yincennes, and another at 
Kaskaskia. By an act of Congress approved 1807, a fourth 
land office for the sale of Indiana lands was opened in Jeffer- 
sonville, Clark county. This town was first laid out in 1802, 
agreeably to the plans suggested by Mr. Jefferson, who was 
then President of the United States. 

In his annual message to the territorial legislature, in 1806, 
Governor Harrison congratulated the people upon the peaceful 
disposition of the Indians. He was inclined to the opinion 
that they would never again have recourse to arms, unless 
driven to it by a series of injustice and oppression. They did, 
as we shall see, again resort to arms, and it is not improper, 
even at this late day, to make the inquiry as to whether or not 
they were not driven to do so by the very policy which Gov- 
ernor Harrison pointed out as dangerous in 1806. In the 
same message the Governor remarked that they were already 
making complaints — complaints far from being groundless. 
The laws of the territory provided the same punishment for 
offenses committed against Indians as against white men, but 



136 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

unhappily there was always a wide difference in the execution 
of those laws. The Indian was, in all cases, the sufferer. This 
partiality did not escape their observation. On the contrary, 
it afforded them an opportunity of making strong comparisons 
between their own observance of treaties and that of their 
boasted superiors. 

All along,from 1805 to 1810, the Indians complained bitterly 
against the encroachments of the white people upon the lands 
that belonged to them. The invasion of their favorite hunting 
grounds, and the unjustifiable killing of many of their people 
were the sources of their discontent. An old chief, in laying 
the trouble of his people before Governor Harrison, remarked: 
"•You call us your children; why do you not make us as happy 
as our fathers, the French, did? They never took from us 
our lands; indeed, they were in common between us. They 
planted where they pleased ; and they cut wood where they 
pleased; and so did we. But now, if a poor Indian attempts 
to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from the rain, up 
comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the 
tree as his own." 

These complaints were not groundless, nor will any fair 
minded person blame the savages for lifting up the hatchet in 
their defense. Indeed, at this time, it was the only thing in 
their characters worthy of admiration. Surely here was an 
opportunity for an Indian patriot to leave a name worthy of 
remembrance and example among the nations of civilization. 
Nor was the opportunity neglected. Law-le-was-i-kaw, no 
doubt at the suggestion of his brother, the sagacious warrior, 
Tecumseh, took upon himself the character of a prophet, and 
assumed the name of Pems-quat-a-wah, or the Open Door. 
Thus was the crafty Shawanee warrior enabled to work effect- 
ually, both upon the superstitious and the rational sides of the 
dissatisfied tribes aroimd him. 

The Prophet was a good orator, somewhat peculiar in his 
appearance, and withal, well calculated to win the attention 
and respect of the savages. He began by denouncing witch- 
craft, the use of intoxicating liquors, the custom of Indian 
women intermarrying with white men, the dress and habits 



GOVERNOE HAERISON AND THE INDIANS. 



137 



of the white people, and the practice of selling Indian lands 
to the United States. " He told the Indians that the commands 
of the Great Spirit required them to punish, with death, those 
who practiced the arts of witchcraft and magic. He told them, 




fSee page 31. 

also, that the Great Spirit had given liim power to hnd out and 
expose such persons; to cure all kinds of diseases; to confound 
his enemies, and to stay the arm of death in sickness, and on 
the battlefield. His harangues aroused, among some bands 



138 HISrOEY OF INDIANA, 

of Indians, a high degree of superstitions excitement. An old 
Delaware chief, whose name was Tate-e-bock-o-she, through 
whose influence a treaty had been made with the Delawares in 
1804, was accused of witchcraft, tried, condemned, and toma- 
hawked. His body was then consumed by fire. The wife of the 
old chief, his nephew, who was known by the name of Billy 
Patterson, and an aged Indian whose name was Joshua, were 
then accused of witchcraft, and condemned to death. The 
two men were burnt at the stake; but the life of the wife of 
Tate-e-bock-o-she was saved by her brother, who suddenly 
approached her, took her by the hand, and, without meeting 
with any opposition from the Indians who were present, led 
her out of the council-house. He then immediately returned 
and checked the growing influence of the prophet by exclaim- 
ing, in a strong, earnest voice: 'The evil spirit has come 
among us, and we are killing each other.' "* 

As soon as Governor Harrison was made acquainted with 
these events he sent a special messenger to the Indians, 
strongly entreating them to renounce the Prophet and his 
works, which, to a small extent, destroyed the Prophet's 
influence. In the spring of 1808, having aroused nearly all 
the tribes of the lake region, the Prophet, with a considerable 
number of followers, settled near the mouth of the Tippecanoe 
river, at a place which afterwards bore the name of the 
Prophet's Town, 

Taking advantage of the influence which the Prophet was 
exerting over the tribes, as well as of his own popularity as a 
warrior, Tecumseh actively engaged himself in forming the 
various tribes into a confedei'acy. In his speeches before the 
many Indian councils that he assembled, he proclaimed that 
the treaties by which the United States had acquired lands 
northwest of the river Ohio, were not made with fairness, and 
should be considered void. He said that no single tribe of 
Indians was invested with the power to sell lands without the 
consent of all the other tribes, and that he and his brother, 
the Prophet, would oppose and resist all future attempts 

♦ Dillon's Early History of Indiana. 



€K)VEKNOE HARBISON AND THE INDIANS. 139 

which the white people might make to extend their settle 
ments in the lands that belonged to the Indian. 

Early in the year 1808, Governor Harrison sent a speech to 
the Shawanee tribe of Indians, which was delivered to them 
in the presence of the Prophet. It contained this passage: 
"My children, this business must be stopped; I Avill no longer 
suffer it. You have called a number of men from the most 
distant tribes to listen to a fool, who speaks not the words of 
the Great Spirit, but those of the devil and the British agents. 
My children, your conduct has much alarmed the white set- 
tlers near you. They desire that you will send away those 
people, and if they wish to have the impostor with them, they 
can carry him along with them. Let him go to the lakes; 
he can hear the British more distinctly." This message 
wounded the pride of the Prophet, and he prevailed on the 
messenger to inform Governor Harrison that he was not in 
league with the British, but that he was truly speaking the 
words of the Great Spirit. 

In August the Prophet visited Yincennes, and remained at 
that place several weeks, for the purpose of holding interviews 
with Governor Harrison. At one of these interviews the 
Prophet said : " Father, it is three years since I first began 
with that system of religion which I now practice. The white 
people and some of the Indians were against me; but I had 
no other intention but to introduce, among the Indians, those 
good principles of religion which the white people profess. 
The Great Spirit told me to tell the Indians that lie had made 
them, and made the world; that he had placed them on it to 
do good, and not evil. I told all the red skins that the way 
they were in was not good, and that they ought to abandon it; 
that we ought to consider ourselves as one man; but we ought 
to live agreeable to our several customs — the red people after 
their mode, and the white people after theirs — particularly 
that they should not drink whisky; that it was not made for 
them, but the white people, who alone knew how to use it; 
and that it is the cause of all the mischiefs which the Indians 
suffer; that we must always follow the directions of the Great 
Spirit, and we must listen to Him, as it was He that made us. 



140 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Determine to listen to nothing that is bad. Do not take up 
the tomahawk, should it be offered bj the British or Long 
Knives." 

At these interviews Harrison was led to believe that the 




See page 21. 

Prophet's motives were honest, but it w^as not long before he 
discovered that he was designing, cunning, crafty, and unreli- 
able; that both he and Tecumseh were enemies to the United 



GOVEEKOE HAEEISON AISTD THE INDIAITS. 141 

States and friends of the English, in sympathy with them, and 
that in case of a war between the United States and Great 
Britain they would induce the tribes to join the latter. 

In 1809, the Prophet again visited Vincennes, with assur- 
ances that he was not in sympathy with the English, but the 
Governor was not disposed to believe him, and in a letter to 
the Secretary of War, in July, 1809, he stated that he regarded 
the bands of Indians at the Prophet's Town as a combination 
which had been produced by British intrigue and influence, in 
anticipation of a war between them and the United States. 

In the face of all these difficulties. Governor Harrison con- 
tinued to prosecute the work of extinguishing Indian titles to 
the lands in the Indiana territory with very good success. In 
the latter part of the year 1809, the total quantity of land 
ceded to the United States, under treaties which had been 
eft'ected by Governor Harrison, exceeded thirty million acres. 
He prosecuted this work in direct opposition to the influence 
of Tecumseh and the Prophet. 

As a part of the history of Indiana, we should state in this 
connection, that between the summer of 1805 and the spring 
of 1807, the unpatriotic movements of Aaron Burr in the Ohio 
valley, caused considerable excitement in Indiana. The full 
scope of Burr's intentions are not given to us in history, but 
enough is known to warrant the belief that he intended to 
invade Mexico, and meeting with success in this enterprise, to 
found an independent republic composed of States lying west 
of the Alleghany mountains. Walter Taylor, in a letter to 
Governor Harrison, dated Louisville, January, 1807, says: "I 
arrived at Jeflfersonville on Saturday morning last. ^ * * 
The public mind at this place appears to be much agitated on 
account of Colonel Burr's mysterious movements. Conjectures 
are various about his intentions; but nothing certain has 
transpired to throw any light on his views. There is stationed 
at this place about two hundred militia, who examine all boats 
that descend the river. ISTo discoveries have yet been made by 
them, and only two boats have yet been detained, which were 
built by Burr's direction at Jeffersonville, or this place, I am 
not certain which. A large drove of horses, said to be pur- 



142 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

chased for the expedition, will be seized to-day by the civil 
authority of the State. It seems to me that the precautions 
now taken are perfectly useless, because Burr, I believe, has 
got all the force he could raise from this State, and is, probably, 
before this time, at Natchez."* Burr was arrested in the year 
1807, in the Mississippi territory, by authority of the proela 
mation of the President of the United States, but, previous to 
his arrest, he had abandoned his expedition and his followers 
had dispersed. 



CHAPTEK XI. 

STATISTICS LAND TITLES INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

FROM the sources of information at our command, we are 
enabled to give the following statistics of the condition 
of the Indiana territory in 1810: 

Total population 24,520 

Number of grist mills 33 

Number of saw mills 14 

Number of horse mills 3 

Number of tanneries 18 

Number of distilleries 28 

Number of powder mills 3 

Number of looms 1,256 

Number of spinning wheels 1,350 

Yalue of manufactures — woolen, cotton, hempen 

and flaxen cloths $159,052 

Cotton and wool spun in mills 150,000 

Nails, (30,000 lbs.) 4,000 

Leather tanned 9,300 

Products of distilleries, (35,950 galls.) 16,230 

Gunpowder, (3,600 lbs.) 1,800 

Wine, from grapes, (96 bbls.) 6,000 

Maple sugar, (50,000 lbs.) 

♦ Dillon's Early History of Indiana. 



STATISTICAL LAND TITLES INDIAN AFFAIRS. 



143 



This table shows the "extent and magnitude " of the great 
industries of Indiana in 1810. 

Durino- the year 1810, a board of commissioners was estab- 
lished in Indiana to straighten out the confused condition 
into which the " land title controversy " had been carried by 




^A ^c^^ 



See page 21. 

the various conflicting administrations that had previously 
exercised jurisdiction in this regard. This work was attended 
with much labor on the part of the commissioners and great 
dissatisfaction on the part of a few designing speculators, who 
thought no extreme of perjury too hazardous in their mad 



144 HlSTOK\ OF INDIANA. 

attempts to obtain lands IVjiuduleiitly. In closing their report 
the commissioners used the following expressive language: 
" We close this melancholy picture of human depravity b} 
rendering our devout acknowledgment that, in the awful 
alternative in which we have been placed, of either admitting 
perjured testimony in support of the claims before us, or hav- 
ing it turned against our characters and lives, it has, as yet, 
pleased that Divine Providence, which rules over the affairs 
of men, to preserve us both from legal murder and private 
assassination." 

The question of a division of the territory of Indiana was 
discussed in 1806, 1807, and 1808, and, in 1809, Congress 
passed an act declaring that "all that part of Indiana territory 
lying west of the Wabash river and a direct line drawn from 
the said Wabash river and Post Vincennes, due north to the 
territorial line between the United States and Canada," should 
constitute a separate territory, and be called Illinois. This 
occasioned some confusion in the government of the territoi-y 
of Indiana, but in due time the new elections were confirmed 
and the new territory started olf on a journey of prosperity 
which its people are still pursuing with great advantage. 



CHAPTER XII. 



Harrison's campaign. 



DURIIS'G the year 1810, the movements of Tecumseh and 
his brother tlie Prophet, excited considerable alarm 
among the people, and retarded the progress of the settlement 
of Indiana. Tlieir confessed object w^as to unite the tribes 
with a view to pi-event the sale of tlieir lands, but the train 
of circumstances which followed j> roved that English revenge 
was at the bottom of the whole scheme of Tecumseh's cou- 



hajbreson's campaign. 145 

federacy, and that his true motive was to oppose the power of 
the American government. 

In order to counteract the bad influence of the English 
which was being exerted over the Indians, and to promote 
good will between the Prophet's followers and the Americans, 
Governor Harrison exhausted all the means at his command 
to no purpose. There was a power behind this crafty Shaw- 
anee that constantly kept his restless spirit alive to an inten- 
tion of revenge upon the Americans. In the spring of 1810, 
the followers of the Prophet refused to receive their " annuity 
of salt," and the officials who offered it were denounced as 
" American dogs," and otherwise treated in a disrespectful 
manner. Immediately after this Governor Harrison sent a 
succession of messengers to the Prophet's town, in order to 
obtain information concerning the intentions of the hostile 
Indians there, and to warn them of the danger of engaging in a 
war with the Americans. To all of these the crafty Shawanee 
disclaimed any intention of beginning a war, and gave as an 
excuse for assembling the tribes, " that the Indians had been 
cheated out of their lands; that no sale was good unless made 
by all the tribes; that he had settled near the mouth of the 
Tippecanoe by order of the Great Spirit, and that he was like- 
wise ordered to assemble as many Indians as he could collect 
at that place." 

Governor Harrison, in July, 1810, made an attempt to gain 
the friendship of the Prophet by sending him a letter, offering 
to treat with him personally in the matter of his grievances, 
or to furnish means to send him, with three of his principal 
chiefs, to the President at Washington. The bearer of this 
letter was coldly received both by Tecumseh and the Prophet, 
and the only answer he received was that Tecumseh, in the 
course of a few days, would visit Yincennes for the purpose 
of holding an interview with the Governor. Accordingly on 
the twelfth of August, 1810, the celebrated Shawanee chief, 
with seventy of his principal warriors, marched up to the 
Governor's door at Yincennes, in Indian file. They were 
directed to a small grove near the Governor's house, where, 
from that time until the twenty-second of August, Governor 
10 



146 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Harrison was almost daily engaged in holding councils and 
interviews with them. In all of his speeches Tecumseh was 
haughty, and sometimes arrogant. On the twentieth of 
August he delivered his celebrated speech, in which he gave 
the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or 
meeting them in battle. 




ELIJAH HACKLEMAN, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

It was while the Governor was replying to this speech that 

he was interrupted by Tecumseh, who manifested great anger, 

declaring that the United States, through Governor Harrison, 

had "cheated and imposed on the Indians." When Tecumseh 

first rose, a number of his part}'^ also sprung to their feet, 

armed with clubs, tomahawks and spears, and made some 



Harrison's campaign. 147 

threatening demonstrations. The Governor's guards, which 
stood a little way off, were marched up in haste, and the Indi- 
ans, awed by the presence of this small armed force, abandoned 
what seemed to be an intention to make an open attack on the 
Governor and his attendants. As soon as Tecumseh's remarks 
had been interpreted, the Goveruor reproached him for his 
conduct, and commanded him to depart instantly to his camp. 

On the following day Tecumseh repented of his rash act, and 
requested the Governor to grant him another interview, and 
protested against any intention of offense. Governor Harrison 
consented, and the council was re-opened on the twenty -first, 
when the Shawanee chief addressed him in a respectful and 
dignified manner, but remained unmovable in his policy. The 
Governor then requested Tecumseh to state, plainly, whether 
or not the surveyors who might be sent to survey the lands 
purchased at the treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1809, would be 
molested by Indians; and whether or not the Kickapoos would 
receive their annuities. Tecumseh replied: " Brother, when 
you speak of annuities to me, I look at the land, and pity the 
women and children. I am authorized to say that they will 
not receive them. Brother, we want to save that piece of land. 
We do not wish you to take it. It is small enough for our 
purpose. If you do take it you must blame yourself as the 
cause of the trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to 
you. I want the present boundary line to continue. Should 
you cross it, I assure you it will be productive of bad conse- 
quences." This talk terminated the council. 

On the following day the Governor, attended only by his 
interpreter, visited the camp of the great Shawanee, and in 
the course of a long interview, told him that the President 
of the United States would not acknowledge his claims. 
" Well," replied the brave warrior, "as the great chief is to 
determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense 
enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up 
this land. It is true, he is so far off he will not be injured by 
the war. He may sit still in his town, and drink his wine, 
while you and I will have to fight it out." 



CHAPTER XIII. 

HAHRISOn's campaign, CONTrNUED. 

AT the commencement of the session of the new territorial 
legislature, in 1810, Governor Harrison, in his message, 
called attention to the dangerous views which were held and 
expressed by the Shawanee Prophet and his brother, Tecum- 
seh,* " to the pernicious influence of alien enemies among the 
Indians ; to the unsettled condition of the Indian trade ; to the 
defects in the revenue laws, the judiciary system, and the 
militia laws; to the policy of extinguishing Indian titles to 
lands, and to the subject of popular education." The Gover- 
nor further remarked that although much had been done 
toward the extinguishment of Indian titles in the territory, 
much still remained to be done. There was not yet a sufficient 
space to form a tolerable State. The eastern settlements were 
separated from the western by a considerable extent of Indian 
lands; and the most fertile tracts that were within the terri- 
torial bounds were still their property. Almost entirely 
divested of the game from which they had drawn their sub- 
sistence, it had become of little use to them; and it was the 
intention of the government to substitute, for the pernicious 
and scanty supplies which the chase afibrds, the more certain 
suj^port which is derived from agriculture, and the rearing of 
domestic animals. By the considerate and sensible among 
them, this plan was considered as the only one which would 
save them from utter extirpation. But a most formidable 
opposition was raised to it by the warriors, who would never 
agree to abandon their old habits, until driven to it by abso- 
lute necessity. As long as a deer was to be found in their 

* Dillon's Early History of Indiana. 

(148) 



HARRISON S CAMPAIGN, CONTINIIED. 



149 



forests, thej' would continue to hunt. It was, therefore, sup- 
posed that the confining them to narrow limits was the only 
means of producing this highly desirable change, and averting 
the destiny which seemed to await them/-' Are, then," con- 
tinued the Governor " those extinguishments of native title 




LAWRENCE B. STOCKTON, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

which are at once so beneficial to the Indian, the territory and 
the United States, to be suspended upon the account of the 
intrigues of a few individuals? Is one of the fairest portions 
of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few 
wretched savages, when it seems destined, by the Creator, to 

■* Governor Harrison's Messasre- 



150 niSTOET OF INDIAKA. 

give support to a large population, and to be tlie seat of civili- 
zation, of science, and true religion?" 

In the same message the Governor referred to the necessity 
of establishing a popular system of education, in these words: 
" Let me earnestly recommend to you, that, in the system of 
education which you may establish in those schools, the mili- 
tary branch may not be forgotten. Let the masters of the 
inferior schools be obliged to qualify themselves, and instruct 
their pupils in the military evolutions; while the university, 
in addition to those exercises, may have attached to it a pro- 
fessorship of tactics, in which all the sciences connected with 
the art of war may be taught. I can see no reasonable objec- 
tion to this plan ; it will afford healthy exercise and amusement 
to the youth, inspire them with patriotic sentiments, furnish 
our militia with a succession of recruits, all of them habitu- 
ated to the performance of military evolutions, and some of 
them with considerable attainments in the higher branches of 
tactics. The sole additional expense to the ordinary mode of 
education, independent of the additional professorships in the 
university, will be the procuring for each subordinate school a 
number of mock firelocks of wood, a few martial instruments, 
and, for the higher schools, a few hundred real guns, of the 
cheapest manufacture." 

Among the acts passed by this legislature, there was one 
which authorized the president and directors of the Vincennes 
library to raise the sum of one thousand dollars, by lottery. 
A petition was sent to Congress for a permanent seat of gov- 
ernment for the territory, and commissioners appointed to 
select the site. 

With the beginning of the year 1811, the British agent for 
Indian affairs adopted measures calculated to secure the support 
of the savages in the war which, at this time, seemed almost 
inevitable. Meanwhile Governor Harrison did all in his power 
to destroy the influence of Tecumseh and the Prophet, and 
thus break up the Indian confederacy which was being organ- 
ized in the interests of Great Britain. It soon became a diffi- 
cult matter to preserve peace between the pioneer settlers of 
Indiana and the followers of the Prophet. Straggling parties 



haeeison's campaign, continued. 151 

of Indians occasionally committed depradations on the prop- 
erty of the settlers ; now and then an Indian was killed, and 
then a white man was scalped in return. Thus matters con- 
tinued until Governor Harrison sent the following speech to 
Tecumseh and the Prophet: 

"Brothers: Listen to me. I speak to you about matters 
of importance, both to the white people and to yourselves. 
Open your ears, therefore, and attend to what I shall say. 
Brothers : This is the third year that all the white people in 
this country have been alarmed at your proceedings. You 
threaten us with war; you invite all the tribes to the north 
and west of you to join against us. Brothers : Your warriors 
who have lately been here, deny this; but I have received the 
information from every direction. The tribes on the Missis- 
sippi have sent me word that you intended to murder me, and 
then to commence a war upon our people. Fhave also received 
the speech you sent to the Pottawatomies, and others, to join 
you for that purpose; but if I had no other evidence of your 
hostility to us, your seizing the salt I lately sent up the Wabash 
is sufficient. Brothers: Our citizens are alarmed, and my 
warriors are preparing themselves, not to strike you, but to 
defend themselves and their women and children. You shall 
not surprise us, as you expect to do. You are about to under- 
take a very rash act. As a friend, I advise you to consider 
well of it; a little reflection may save us a great deal of 
trouble, and prevent much mischief; it is not yet too late. 
Brothers: What can be the inducement for you to undertake 
an enterprise when there is so little probability of success 1 
Do you really think that the handful of men you have about 
you are able to contend with the Seventeen fires? or even that 
the whole of the tribes united could contend against the Ken- 
tucky fire alone? Brothers: I am myself of the Long Knife 
fire. As soon as they hear my voice you will see them pouring 
forth their swarms of hunting-shirt men, as numerous as the 
musquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Brothers, take care 
of their stings. Brothers, it is not our wish to hurt you. If 
we did, we certainly have power to do it. Look at the num- 
ber of our warriors to the east of you, above and below the 



152 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Great Miami; to the south, on both sides of the Ohio, and 
below you also. You are brave men, but what could you do 
against such a multitude? But we wish you to live in peace 
and happiness. Brothers, the citizens of this country are 
alarmed. They must be satisfied that you have no design to 
do them mischief, or they will not lay aside their arms. You 




MOSES FOWLER, ESQ. 
See page 21. 



have also insulted the government of the United States, by 
seizing the salt that was intended for other tribes. Satisfac- 
tion must be given for that also. Brothers, you talk of coming 
to see me, attended by all of your young men. This, how- 
ever, must not be so. If your intentions are good, you have 



Harrison's campaign, continued. 153 

no need to bring but a few of your young men with you. I 
must be plain with you. I will not suffer you to come into 
our settlements with such a force. Brothers, if you wish to 
satisfy us that your intentions are good, follow the advice that 
I have given you before — that is, that one or both of you 
should visit the President of the United States, and lay your 
grievances before him. He will treat you well, will listen to 
what you say, and, if you can show him that you have been 
injured, you will receive justice. If you will follow my advice 
in this respect it will convince the citizens of this country, and 
myself, that you have no design to attack them. Brothers, 
with respect to the lands that were purchased last fall, I can 
enter into no negotiations with you on that subject. The affair 
is in the hands of the President. If you wish to go and see 
him, I will supply you with the means. Brothers, the person 
who delivers this is one of my war officers. He is a man in 
whom I have entire confidence. Whatever he says to you, 
although it may not be contained in this paper, you may 
believe comes from me. My friend Tecumseh! the bearer is a 
good man, and a brave warrior. I hope you will treat him 
well. You are, yourself, a warrior, and all such should have 
esteem for each other." 

The messenger who bore this speech was politely received 
by Tecumseh, who sent by him to Governor Harrison a brief 
reply, stating that he would visit Yincennes in a few days. 
He arrived, accordingly, on the twenty-seventh of July, 1811. 
He brought with him a considerable force of Indians, which 
created much alarm among the inhabitants. On the day of 
the arrival of Tecumseh, Grovernor Harrison, in adopting vari- 
ous precautionary measures, reviewed the militia of the county 
— about seven hundred and fifty well armed men — and sta- 
tioned two companies of militia and a detachment of dragoons 
on the borders of the town. In the course of the interview 
which took place, at this time, between Governor Harrison 
and Tecumseh, the latter declared that it was not his intention 
to make war against the United States — that he would send 
messengers among the Indians to prevent murders and depre- 
dations on the white settlements — that the Indians, as well as 



154 mSTOEY OF LNDIANA. 

the whites, who had committed murders, ought to be forgiven; 
that he had set the white people an example of forgiveness, 
which they ought to follow; that it was his wish to establish 
a union among all the Indian tribes; that the northern tribes 
were united; that he was going to visit the Southern Indians, 
and that he would return to the Prophet's Town. He said 
that he would, on his return from the south, in the next spring, 
visit the President of the United States, and settle all causes 
of difficulty between the Indians and him. He said, farther, 
that he hoped no attempts would be made to make settlements 
on the lands which had been sold to the United States, at the 
treaty of Fort Wayne, because the Indians wanted to keep 
those lands for hunting grounds. 

Immediately after his interview with Governor Han-ison, 
Tecumseh, with about twenty of his followers, departed for 
the south, for the purpose of inducing the tribes in that quar- 
ter to join his confederacy. 

"In the year 1811,'- says Dillon,* "a law-suit, in which 
Governor Harrison was plaintiff, and a certain William Mc- 
intosh was defendant, was determined in the supreme court of 
the territory, at Vincennes, The jury, in the ease, found a 
verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and assessed his damages at 
the sum of four thousand dollars." The defendant, Mr. Mcin- 
tosh, was a wealthy resident of Vincennes, a native of Scot- 
land, well educated, and a man of considerable influence among 
those who were opposed to the treaty-making policy which had 
distinguished the administration of Governor Harrison. The 
suit at law was instituted against Mcintosh, for asserting 
" that Governor Harrison had cheated the Indians out of their 
lands; and that, by his conduct in so doing, he had made them 
enemies to the United States." To satisfy the verdict of the 
jury in this case, a large quantity of land, owned by the 
defendant, was sold, in the absence of Governor Harrison. 
The Governor, some time afterward, caused about two-thirds 
of the property to be restored to Mr. Mcintosh, and the 
remainder was given to some orphan children. 

* Dillon's Early History of Indians — Davison's Life of Harrison. 



CHAPTEE XIY. 

HAEEISON's CA]VrrAIGN, CONTINUED. 

AFTER exhausting every possible endeavor to maintain 
peace with the Prophet and his followers, Governor Har- 
rison determined to resort to military measures. Such were 
his instructions from the President. His first movement was 
to erect a new fort on 'the Wabash river, and to break up the 
assemblage of hostile Indians at the Prophet's Town. Por 
this purpose he ordered Colonel Boyd's regiment of infantry 
to move from the falls of the Ohio to Yincennes. On the 
twenty-fifth of September, 1811, when the military expedition 
that had been organized by Governor Harrison, was nearly 
ready to march to the Prophet's Town, several Indian chiefs 
arrived at Yincennes from that place, and declared that the 
Indians would comply with the demands of the Governor and 
disperse. This, however, did not check the military proceed- 
ings. The army, under the command of Harrison, moved 
from Yincennes on the twenty-sixth of September, 1811, and 
on the third of October, having encountered no opposition 
from the enemy, encamped at the place where Ft. Harrison 
was afterwards built, and near where the city of Terre Haute 
now stands. On the night of the eleventh of October, a few 
hostile Indians approached the encampment and wounded one 
of the sentinels. This caused considerable excitement. The 
army was immediately dra^vn up in line of battle, and small 
detachments were sent in all directions, but the enemy could 
not be found. 

At tliis point the Governor sent a message to the Prophet's 
Town, requiring the Shawanees, Winuebagoes, Pottawatomics 
and Kickapoos, who were at that place, to return to their 

(155) 



156 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

respective tribes. It also required the Prophet to restore all 
the stolen horses in liis possession, and to deliver up the mur- 
derers of white people, or to give satisfactory proof that such 
persons were not there, '' nor had lately been " under his 
control. To this message the Governor received no answer, 
unless that answer was delivered in the battle of Tippecanoe. 




HON. WM. T. ROSS. 
See page 31. 

The new fort on the Wabash was finished on the twenty-eighth 
of October, and on that day, at the request of all the subordi- 
nate ofiicers, it was called Fort Harrison. This fort was gar- 
risoned with a small number of men, under Lieutenant Colonel 
Miller, and on the twenty-ninth the remainder of the army 
moved toward the Prophet's Town. This force amounted to 



Harrison's campaign, continued. 157 

about nine hundred and ten men, and it was composed of two 
hundred and fifty regular troops, under the command of 
Colonel Boyd, about sixty volunteers from Kentucky, and 
about six hundred citizens of the Indiana territory. About 
two hundred and seventy of the troops were mounted. 

With this army the Governor marched to within half a mile 
of the Prophet's Town, when a conference was opened with a 
distinguished chief who was in the esteem of the Prophet. 
He informed Harrison that the Indians were much surprised 
&,t the approach of the army, and had already dispatched a 
message to him by another route. Harrison replied that he 
would not attack them until he had satisfied himself that they 
would not comply with his demands; that he would go on and 
encamp on the Wabash, and on the following morning would 
have an interview with the Prophet. Harrison then resumed 
his march, and after some difficulty selected a place to encamp. 

The spot where the troops encamped M^as not altogether 
what could have been wished, as it afforded great facilities to 
the approach of savages. It was a piece of dry oak land, 
rising about ten feet above the marshy prairie in front (toward 
the Indian town), and nearly twice that height above a sim- 
ilar prairie in the rear, through which, and near to this bank, 
ran a small stream, clothed with willows and brushwood. 
Toward the left flank this high land widened considerably, but 
became gradually narrower in the opposite direction, and at a 
distance of one hundred and fifty yards from the right flank, 
terminated in an abrupt point. The two columns of infantry 
occupied the front and rear of this ground, at the distance of 
about one hundred and fifty yards from each other on the left, 
and a little more than half that distance on the right flank. 
These flanks were filled up, the first by two companies of 
mounted riflemen, amounting to about one hundred and 
twenty men, under the command of Major-General Wells, of 
the Kentucky Militia; the other by Spencer's company of 
mounted riflemen, consisting of eighty men. The front line 
was composed of one battalion of United States infantry, 
under the command of Major Floyd, flanked on the right by 
two companies of militia, and on the left by one company. The 



158 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

rear lino was composed of a battalion of United States troops, 
under the command of Captain Bean, acting as Major, and 
four companies of militia infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
Decker. The regular troops of this line joined the mounted 
riflemen under General Wells, on the left flank, and Colonel 
Decker's battalion formed an angle with Spencer's company 
on the left. Two troops of dragoons, amounting, in the 
aggregate, to about sixty men, were encamped in rear of the 
left flank, and Captain Parke's troop, which was larger than 
the other two, in rear of the right line. 

For a night attack the order of encampment was the order 
of battle, and each man slept immediately opposite to his post 
in the line. In the formation of the troops, single file was 
adopted, in order to get as great an extension of the lines as 
possible. 

At this place they remained until the seventh ol JS'ovember, 
when, about four o'clock in the morning, just after the Gover- 
nor had risen, the left flank was attacked by the enemy. But 
a single gun was fired by the sentinels or by the guard in thai 
direction, which made no resistance, abandoning their posts 
and fleeing into camp; and the first notice which the troops 
of that flank had of the danger, was from the yells of the sav- 
ages within a short distance of the line. But even under 
these circumstances the men were not wanting in courage and 
discipline. Such of them as were awake, or were easily 
awakened, seized their arms and took their stations; others, 
who were more tardy, had to contend with the enemy in the 
doors of their tents. The storm first fell upon Captain Bar- 
ton's company of the Fourth United States regiment, and 
Captain Geiger's company of mounted riflemen, wliich formed 
the left angle of the rear line. The fire from the Indians was 
exceedingly severe, and men in these companies suffered con- 
siderably before relief could be brought to them. Some few 
Indians passed into the encampment near the angle, and one 
or two penetrated to some distance before they were killed. 
All the companies formed for action before they were fired on. 

The morning was dark and cloud}', and the fires of the 
Americans, afibrded only a partial light, which gave greater 



160 HISrOBT OF INDIANA. 

advantage to the enemy than to the troops, and they were 
therefore extinguished. As soon as the Governor could mount 
his horse he rode to the angle that was attacked, where he 
found that Barton's company had suffered severely, and the 
left of Geiger's entirely broken. He immediately ordered 
Cook's and Wentworth's companies to march up to the centre 
of the rear line, and form across the angle in support. His 
attention was then attracted by a heavy lire upon the left of 
the front line, where were stationed the small company of 
United States riflemen and the companies of Bean, Snelling, 
and Prescott. As the General rode up he found Major 
Daviess forming the dragoons in the rear of these companies, 
and having ascertained that the heaviest fire proceeded from 
some trees about fifteen or twenty paces in front of these com- 
panies, he directed the Major to dislodge them with a part of 
the dragoons. Unfortunately, the Major's gallantry caused 
him to undertake the execution of the order with a smaller 
force than was required, which enabled the enemy to avoid 
him in front, and attack his flanks. The Major was mortally 
wounded, and his dragoons driven back. 

The Indians were, however, immediately and gallantly dis- 
lodged from their position by Captain Snelling, at the head 
of his company. In the course of a few minutes after the 
commencement of the attack, the fire extended along the left 
flank, the whole of the front, the right flank, and part of the 
rear line. Upon Spencer's mounted riflemen and the right of 
the rear line, it was exceedingly severe. Captain Spencer and 
his First and Second Lieutenants were killed, and Captain 
Warwick was mortally wounded. The companies, however, 
still bravely maintained their posts, but Spencer's had suflered 
80 severely, and having originally too much ground, Harrison 
reinforced them with a company of riflemen, which had been 
driven from their position on the left flank. 

The General's great object was to keep the lines entire, to 
prevent the enemy from breaking into the camp until daylight, 
which would enable him to make a general and effectual 
charge. With this view he had reinforced every part of the 
line that had suffered much, and with the approach of morn- 



HAKEISON's CAMPAIGIil, CONllNUED. 161 

ing he withdrew sev^eral companies from the front and rear 
lines and reinforced the right and left flanks, foreseeing that 
at these points the enemy would make their last effort. 
Major Wells, who commanded the left flank, charged upon 
the enemy, driving them at the point of the bayonet into the 
marsh, where they could not be followed. Meanwhile Captain 
Cook and Lieutenant Barabes marched their companies to the 
right flank and formed under the fire of the enemy, and being 
there joined by the riflemen of that flank, charged upon the 
enemy, killing a number of the Indians and putting the rest 
to a precipitate flight. 

In this battle General Harrison commanded only about 
seven hundred efficient men, while the Indians numbered 
about one thousand. The loss of the Americans was thirty- 
seven killed on the field, and twenty-five mortally wounded, 
and one hundred and twenty-six wounded; that of the Indi- 
ans, about forty killed on the spot, the number of wounded 
being unknown. The battle of Tippecanoe was fought on the 
seventh of ITovember, 1811. It was a decisive victory for 
Indiana, as for some time after her settlements enjoyed peace. 

Standing on a small piece of elevated ground near by, the 
Prophet encouraged his warriors to battle by singing a favorite 
war song. He told them that they would gain an easy victory, 
and that the bullets of their enemies would be made harmless 
by the Great Spirit. Immediately after their defeat the sur- 
viving Indians, having lost their faith in the power of their 
leader, returned to their respective tribes, and thus the con- 
federacy was destroyed; and the Prophet, thus left without 
followers, took up his residence among a small band of Wyan- 
dotts, who were encamped on Wildcat creek. His famous 
town, with all that it possessed, was destroyed on the eighth of 
^November. 

Harrison's army returned to Yincennes on the eighteenth 
of November, 1811, where most of the troops were discharged, 
and when, on the same day, the Territorial Legislature adopted 
the following preamble and resolution complimentary to Gov- 
ernor Harrison, and the officers and men who served under him : 
11 



162 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

" "Whereas, The services of" liis Excellency, Governor Har- 
rison, in conducting the army — the gallant defense made by 
the band of heroes under his immediate command, and the 
fortunate result of the battle fought with the confederacy of 
the Shawanee prophet, near Tippecanoe, on the morning of the 
seventh instant, highly deserve-- tlie congratulations of every 




DAVID DANALDSON, 'ESQ. 

See page 31. 

true friend to the interests of this Territory and the cause of 
humanity; 

" Resolved, therefore. That the members of the Legislature, 
Council, and House of Tlepresentatives will wait upon his 
Excellency, Governor Harrison, as he returns to Vincennes, 



haekison's campaign, continued, 163 

and in their own names, and in those of their constituents, 
welcome him home; and that General W. Johnston be, and he 
is hereby appointed a committee to make the same known to 
the governor, at the head of the army, should unforeseen 
circumstances not permit." 

Perhaps we ought to record, in this connection, that the 
sentiments of the legislature and citizens of the territory were 
somewhat divided on this resolution. There were those who 
had all along opposed Governor Harrison's administration, and, 
through some reason, were inclined to award to Colonel Boyd, 
and his small regiment of regular troops, the honor of saving 
the army from defeat. This, however, had no foundation 
outside of partisan spirit, if, indeed, it was not entirely con- 
fined to those who, from good reasons, were suspected of being 
friends of the British government. This feeling of prejudice 
was considerably augmented by the following joint address 
of the two houses of the territorial legislature, which was 
delivered to Governor Harrison on the fifth of December, 
1811. The address was prepared by the legislative council, 
and was adopted in the House by a vote of four to three: 

^' Tq His Excellency, William Henry Harrison, Governor 
and Commander -in-Ghief in and over the Indiana Ter- 
ritory: 

"• When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for a nation to unsheath the sword in defense of any 
portion of its citizens, and any individual of society becomes 
intrusted with the important charge of leading the army of his 
country into the field to scourge the assailants of its rights; 
and it is proved by the success of their arms, that the indi- 
vidual possesses superior capacity, accompanied by integrity 
and other qualities of mind which adorn the human character 
in a superlative degree, it has a tendency to draw out the 
affections of the people in a way that must be grateful to the 
soldier and the man. Such is the light, sir, in which you have 
the honor to be viewed by your country, and one which the 
legislative council and House of Representatives of this terri- 
tory think you justly entitled to. And, sir, in duly appreci- 



164 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ating your services, we are perfectly sensible of the great 
benefits and important services rendered by the officers and 
soldiers of the United States infantry under your command; 
and it is with pleasure we learn that the officers and militia 
men of our country acted with a heroism more than could be 
reasonably calculated upon from men, (such as they generally 
were) undisciplined and unaccustomed to war." 

To this General Harrison made an a|>[)ropriate reply on the 
ninth of December. 

This triumph over the Indians broke up the power of the 
Prophet for the time being, and temporarily relieved the 
frontier settlements from Indian depredations. This tempo- 
rary relief, however, was fully ended when, in June, 1812, the 
United States declared war against Great Britain. This event 
was not unexpected by the citizens of the Indiana territory; 
and from the hour that it occurred, or was made known in the 
northwest, scattering bands of hostile Indians began to commit 
depredations on the frontier settlements. Tecum seh had for- 
saken the soil of the United States, and settled in Maiden, 
Ontario, where, counciled by the English, he continued to 
excite the tribes against the Americans. 

In the early part of the month of September parties of hos- 
tile Indians began to assemble in considerable numbers in the 
vicinity of Fort Wayne,* and about the same time a large 
force attacked Fort Harrison, while other bands of Indians 
passed through the territory of Indiana to the counties of 
Clark and Jefferson, where they massacred twenty-four persons 
at a place which was called " the Pigeon-roost Settlement. "f 

The attack on Fort Harrison, which at that time was com- 
manded by Captain Zachary Taylor, is described by that hero 
in his report as follows: 

" About eleven o'clock I was awakened by the firing of one 
of the sentinels. I sprung up, ran out, and ordered the men 
to their posts — when my orderly sergeant, who had charge of 
the upper blockhouse, called out that the Indians had fired the 

* See more complete account in History of Allen County. 

f See complete account of this massacre in History of Scott County. 







V'i^V^ 



4 



166 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

lower blockhouse. * * * The guns had begun to lire pretty 
smartly from both sides. I directed the buckets to be got 
ready, and water brought from the well, and the fire extin- 
guished immediately, as it was perceivable at that time; but, 
from debility, or some other cause, the men were very slow in 
executing my orders. The word ' Fire!' appeared to throw the 
whole of them into confusion, and by the time the}' had got 
the water and broken open the door, the fire had, unfortu- 
nately, communicated to a quantity of whisky, * * * and, 
in spite of every exertion we could make use of, in less than a 
moment it ascended to the roof, and bafiled every effort we 
could make to extinguish it. As that blockhouse adjoined the 
barracks that make part of the fortifications, most of the men 
immediately gave themselves up for lost, and I had the 
greatest difficulty in getting my orders executed. And, sir, 
what from the raging of the fire — the yelling and howling 
of several hundred Indians — the cries of nine women and 
children, (a part soldiers' and part citizens' wives, who had 
taken shelter in the fort,) and the desponding of so many of 
the men, which was worse than all — I can assure you that my 
feelings were unpleasant. And, indeed, there were not more 
than ten or fifteen men able to do a good deal; the others 
being sick, or convalescent; and, to add to our other misfor- 
tunes, two of the strongest men in the fort, and that I had 
every confidence in, jumped the pickets and left us. But my 
presence of mind did not for a moment forsake me. I saw, 
by throwing ofl:" a part of the roof that joined the blockhouse 
that was on fire, and keeping the end perfectly wet, the whole 
row of buildings might be saved, and leave only an entrance 
of eighteen or twenty feet for the entrance of the Indians, after 
the house was consumed; and that a temporary breastwork 
might be erected to prevent their even entering there. I 
convinced the men that this might be accomplished, and it 
appeared to inspire them with new life; and never did men 
act with more firmness and desperation. Those that were 
able (while the others kept up a constant fire from the other 
blockhouse and the two bastions) mounted the roofs of the 
houses, with Dr. Clark at their head, (who acted with the 



HAKKISON's campaign, CONTINUEp. 167 

greatest firmness and presence of mind the whole time the 
attack lasted, which was about seven hours,) under a shower 
of bullets, and in less than a moment threw off as much of the 
roof as was necessary. * * * Although the barracks were 
several times in a blaze, and ar. immense quantity of fire 
against them, the men used such exertions that they kept it 
under, and before day raised a temporary breastwork as high 
as a man's head, although the Indians continued to pour in a 
heavy fire of ball and an immense quantity of arrows during 
the whole time the attack lasted. * -^ * After keeping up 
a constant fire until about six o'clock the next morning, which 
we began to return with some effect after daylight, they 
removed out of the reach of our guns. A party of them 
drove up the horses that belonged to the citizens here, and, as 
they could not catch them very readily, shot the whole of them 
in oiir sight, as well as a number of their hogs. They drove 
off the whole of the cattle, which amounted to sixty-five head, 
as well as the public oxen." 

Mr. Dillon informs us in his history of the Indiana terri- 
tory that "• when information of the attack on Fort Harrison 
was received at Vincennes, about twelve hundred men, under 
the command of Colonel William Eussell, of the seventh Regi- 
ment United States Infaiitry, marched from that place for the 
purpose of punishing the Indians, and carrying relief to the 
besieged fort. Tlie force under the command of Colonel Rus- 
sell was composed of Colonel Wilcox's Regiment of Kentucky 
volunteers, three companies of rangers, and two regiments of 
Indiana militia, commanded respectively by Colonel Jordan 
and Colonel Evans. When these troops, withoiit meeting with 
any opposition on their march, reached Fort Harrison on the 
sixteenth of September, the Indians had retired from the 
neighborhood of that place. On the fifteenth of September, 
however, a small detachment composed of eleven men, under the 
command of Lieutenant Richardson, and acting as an escort of 
provisions sent from Vincennes to be delivered at Fort Harri- 
son, was attacked by a party of Indians at a place which was 
then called " the Narrows," and which lies within the present 
limits of Sullivan county. It was reported that seven of the 



168 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

men composing the escort were killed and one wounded. The 
provisions fell into the hands of the Indians. The regiment 
of Kentucky volunteers, under the command of Colonel Wilcox, 
remained at Fort Harrison. The two regiments of Indiana 
militia, and the three companies of rangers, which had marched 
to the relief of the fort, returned to Vincennes." 

In this connection we do not enter into any account of Gen- 
eral Harrison's second campaign against the British and Indi- 
ans in the war of 1812, partly because that part of the war 
which directly concerns Indiana is noticed in the history of 
the county where it took place, and partly because we desire 
to include in this volume only the history of Indiana., and 
not the history of the States around it. 



CHAPTER XY. 



CIVIL MATTERS. 



THE history of the Indiana territory closes with an account 
of the administration of Acting Governor Gibson, and 
Governor Posey. William Henry Harrison was appointed 
Governor of the territory at its organization, in 1800, but in 
1812, owing to General Harrison's absence on military duty, 
the functions of the executive devolved on John Gibson, the 
secretary of the territory. 

On the first of February, 1813, the legislature of the terri- 
tory was convened at Vincennes. In his message on the 
occasion. General Gibson used the following language: "The 
Governor of the territory having been for some time absent 
from us, the gubernatorial functions consequently devolving 
upon, have been exercised by me. In my discharge of this 
important trust, I have been actuated by none other than a 
wish to preserve public rights and protect private property. 
If I have, at any time, failed in my official duties, or erred in 



CIVIL AFFAIRS. 



169 



my plans, you must attribute in to the head and not the heart. 
My address to you, gentlemen, shall be laconic, for I am not 
an orator, nor accustomed to set speeches; and did I possess 
the abilities of Cicero or Demosthenes, I could not portray in 




See page 21. 



more glowing colors, our foreign and domestic political situa- 
tion, than it is already experienced within our own breasts. 
The United States have been latterly compelled, by frequent 
acts of injustice, to declare >var against England. I say com- 



170 IIISTOIJY OF INDIANA. 

pelled; for I am convinced, from tlie pacific and agricultural 
disposition of her citizens, that it must be a case of the last 
necessity that would induce such a measure. For the detailed 
causes of the war, I beg leave to refer you, gentlemen, to the 
message of his excellency, the President, to Congress, at the 
commencement of the present session. It is highly worthy 
the serious perusal of the sage and the patriot. It does honor 
to the head and heart of Mr. Madison, xll though I am not 
an admirer of M^ars in the general, yet. as Me are now engaged 
in a necessary and justifiable one, I can exultingly say that I 
am happy to see, in my advanced days, onr little but inimit- 
able navy riding triumphant on the seas ; but chagrined to 
find that our armies by land are so little successful. The spirit 
of '76 appears to have fled from our continent; or, if not fled, 
is at least asleep, for it appears not to pervade our armies gen- 
erally. On the contrary, lassitude — and, too often, schisms — 
have crept in and usurped the place of patriotic ardor. 

"At your last assemblage, gentlemen, our political horizon 
seemed clear; our infant territory bid fair for rapid and rising 
grandeur; our population was highly flattering; our citizens 
were becoming prosperous and happy; and security dwelt 
everywhere, even on our frontiers. But, alas! the scene has 
changed; and whether this change, as it respects our territory, 
has been owing to an over anxiety in us to extend our domin- 
ions, or to a wish for retaliation by our foes, or to a foreign 
influence, I shall not pretend to decide. But that there is a 
change, and that, too, a distressing one, is evident. For the 
aboriginees, our former neighbors and friends, have become 
our most inveterate foes. They have drawn the scalping knife 
and raised the tomahawk: and shouts of savage fury are heard 
at our threshholds. Our former frontiers are now our wilds, 
and our inner settlements have become frontiers. Some of our 
best citizens, and old men worn down with age, and helpless 
women, and innocent babes, have fallen victims to savage cru- 
elty. Our citizens, even in our towns, have frequent alarms 
and constant apprehensions as to their preservation. I have 
not been inattentive to my duty, gentlemen; but have hith- 
erto, and shall continue to exert every nerve to afford to our 



CIVIL AFFAIRS. 171 

citizens all possible protection; and it is to be hoped that the 
all-wise and powerful Creator and Governor of the Universe 
will not forget his people, but cover us from our savage and 
sanguinary foe by His benign interposition." 

During the session the seat of government of the territory 
was declared to be at Corydon. This session was prorogued 
by Governor Gibson to meet at Corydon, the new capital, on , 
on the jSrst Monday of December, 1813. During this year the 
territory was almost defenseless. Indian outrages were of 
common occurrence, but no general outbreak was experienced. 
The militiamen that were called into service during this year 
were each armed with a rifle and a long knife, and many of 
the rangers carried tomahawks. 

In 1813, Mr. Thomas Posey, who was at that time a senator L 5 
in Congress from the State of TeHiies^ee,^an(i' who had been 
an officer of the army of the Revolution, was appointed Gov- 
M'nor of the territory of Indiana, to succeed General Harrison. 
The new Governor arrived at Yincennes, and entered upon the 
discharge of his official duties, on the twenty-fifth of May, 
1813. During this year there were several expeditions set on 
foot in the Indiana territory, against the Indian settlements, 
but these will be considered so fully in the Second Part of 
this work as to make a reference to them here inexpedient. 

The general assembly of the Indiana territory met at Cory- 
don, in December, 1813, where the new Governor delivered 
his first message, in which he remarked : " The present crisis 
is awful, and big with great events. Our land and nation is 
involved in the common calamity of war. But we are under 
the protecting care of the benificent Being, who has, on a 
former occasion, brought us safely through an arduous struggle 
and placed us on a foundation of independence, freedom, and 
happiness, He will not suffer to be taken from us what he, in 
his great wisdom, has thought proper to confer and bless us 
with, if we make a wise and virtuous use of his good gifts. * * 
Although our affairs, at the commencement of the war, wore 
gloomy aspect, they have brightened, and ])romised a certainty 
of success, if properly directed and conducted, of which I have 
no doubt; as the president and heads of departments of the 



172 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



General Government are men of undoubted patriotism, talents 
and experience, and who have grown old in the service of their 
country. * * * It must be obvious to every thinking man, 




r^ cy^ctz^^jc^ 



bee page 21. 



that we were forced into the war. Every measure consistent 
with honor, both before and since the declaration of war, has 
tried to be on amicable terras with our enemy. ^' * * You 



CIVIL AFFAIRS. 173 

who reside in various parts of the territory have it in your 
power to understand what will tend to its local and general 
advantage. The judiciary system would require a revisal and 
amendment. The militia law is very defective, and requires 
your immediate attention. It is necessary to have good roads 
and highways in as many directions through the territory as 
the circumstances and situation of the inhabitants will admit 
of — it would contribute very much to promote the settlement 
and improvement of the territory. Attention to education is 
highly necessary. There is an appropriation made by Con- 
gress, in lands, for the purpose of establishing public schools. 
It comes now within your province to carry into operation the 
design of the appropriation." 

During this session of the territorial legislature several laws 
were passed, and the general welfare of the settlements pro- 
vided for. In the following year owing, principally, to the 
great success of the army under General Harrison, in the 
northwest, the settlements in Indiana began to improve. The 
fear of danger from the incursions of the hostile Indians had, 
in a great measure, subsided, and the tide of eastern emigra- 
tion again began to flow into the territory. In January, 1814, 
about one thousand Miamis, in a state of great destitution, r^ , 

assembled at Fort Wayne for the purpose of obtaining food to / 
prevent starvation. They met with ample hospitality, 
and their example was speedily followed by others. These, 
with other acts of kindness, won the lasting friendship of the 
Indians, many of whom had fought in the interests of G-reat 
Britain. General treaties between the United States and the 
northwestern tribes were subsequently concluded, and the way 
was fully opened for the improvement and settlement of the ^" 

lands. 



CHAPTER XYI. 

REVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EVENTS, 

LET US review, in this short chapter, some of the aftairs ol 
the Indiana territory — which, owing to the press of mili- 
tary operations, we have neglected in the previous chajjter — 
and then pass on to the events in the history of the State of 
Indiana. The well known ordinance of 1787 was designed for 
the government of the territory of the United States northwest 
of the Ohio, and when, in 1800, this large territory was divided 
for the purpose of forming the Indiana territory, Congress 
declared that there should be established in Indiana a govern- 
ment similar in all respects to that provided by the ordinance 
of 1787, and that the inhabitants of the territory should be 
"entitled to and enjoy all the rights and privileges, and 
advantages granted and secured to the people by the said 
ordinance." And yet, with all these privileges and rights, 
the people of Indiana, at that time, did not enjoy the full 
blessings of a republican form of government. " I find, how- 
ever," says Mr. Dillon, " that these general terms did not 
confer upon the people of the territory a right to exercise any 
great degree of political power. The authority to appoint 
territorial governors, territorial secretaries, and judges of the 
superior court of the territory, was vested in the President of 
the United States and the national Senate. The organization 
of a territorial legislature or general assembly, depended upon 
the vote of a majority of the freeholders of the territory 
Before the organization of such a legislature, the governor and 
the judges of the territory, or a majority of them, were invested 
with power to adopt and publish such laws, civil and criminal, 
of the original States as might be best suited to the circum 

(174) 



KEVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EVENTS. 



175 



stances of the 2Deople; but laws thus adopted and published 
were subject to the disapproval of Cona^ress. A freehold estate 
in five hundred acres of land, was one of the necessary qualifi- 
cations of each member of the legislative council of the terri- 
tory; every member of the territorial house of representatives 




JA,.J/--^^.~^.f-C.U^ 



See page 21. 

was required to hold, in his own right, two hundred acres of 
land; and the privilege of voting for members of the house 
of representatives was restricted to those inhabitants who, in 
addition to other qualifications, owned, severally, at least fifty 



176 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

acres of land." The governor of the territory was vested 
with the power of appointing officers of the territorial militia, 
judges of the inferior courts, clerks of the courts, justices of 
the peace, sheriflPs, coroners, county treasurers, and county 
surveyors. He was also authorized to divide the territory 
into districts; to apportion among the several counties the 
members of the house of representatives; to prevent the 
passage of any territorial law; and to convene, prorogue, and 
dissolve the general assembly of the territory, whenever, in 
his opinion, it might be deemed expedient to exercise such 
authority. It may now be stated, to the honor of the territo- 
rial governors of Indiana, that neither of them ever exercised 
these extraordinary powers arbitrarily. Nevertheless the peo- 
ple were constantly agitating the question of the extension of 
the right of suffrage. Five years after the organization of the 
territory, the legislative council, in reply to the governor's 
message, said: " Although we are not as completely independ 
ent in our legislative capacity as we would wish to be, yet we 
are sensible that we must wait with patience for that period 
of time when our population will burst the trammels of a 
territorial government, and we shall assume the character 
more consonant to republicanism. * * * The confidence 
which our fellow citizens have uniformly had in your adminis 
tiation has been such that they have hitherto had no reason to 
be jealous of the unlimited power which you possess over our 
legislative proceedings. We, however, can not help regretting 
that such powers have been lodged in the hands of any one, 
especially when it is recollected to what dangerous lengths the 
exercise of those powers may be extended." 

After repeated petitions the people of Indiana were empow- 
ered by Congress to elect the members of the legislative council 
by popular vote. This act was passed in 1809, and defined 
what was known as the property qualification of voters. 
These qualifications were abolished by an act of Congress in 
1811, which extended the right of voting for members of the 
general assembly and for a territorial delegate to Congress to 
every free white male person who had attained the age of 
twenty-one years, and who, having paid a county or territorial 



KEVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EV>:NTS. 177 

tax, was a resident of the territory, and had resided m it for 
the period of one year. In 1814, the voting qualification in 
Indiana was defined by an act of Congress, "to every free 
white male person having a freehold in the territory, and being 
a resident of the same." The house of representatives of the 
Indiana territory was authorized, by an act of Congress of the 
fourth of March, 1814, to lay off the territory into five districts, 
in each of which, the qualified voters were empowered to elect 
a member of the legislative council. The members of the 
house convened at Corydon, in the month of June, 1814, and 
divided the territory into districts. According to this division 
the counties of Washington and Knox constituted one district; 
the counties of Gribson and Warrick one district; the counties 
of Harrison and Clark one district; the counties of Jefferson 
and Dearborn one district; and the counties of Franklin and 
Wayne one district.* 

At the session of the general assembly held at Corydon, in 
August, 1814, an act was passed dividing the territory into 
three judicial circuits, and making provisions for the holding 
of courts in these circuits, and defining the jurisdiction of 
such courts, and investing the governor with power to appoint 
a presiding judge in each circuit, and two associate judges of 
the circuit court in each county. The compensation of these 
judges was fixed at seven hundred dollars per annum. 

In the same year the general assembly of Indiana granted 
charters to two banking institutions, viz., the Farmers' and 
Mechanics' Bank of Madison, and the Bank of Yincennes. 
The former was authorized to raise a capital of seven hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars; the latter the sum of five hundred 
thousand dollars. As we shall see, these banks, upon the 
organization of the State, were merged into the State Bank 
ind its branches. 



Our history of the Indiana Teeritoey, which closes with 
tliis chapter, is not so full as it could have been with the 

* Dillon's History of Indiana Territory. 
12 



178 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

materials at hand, but. as Mr. Joliu B. Dillon has already 
edited a large volume concerning this period, which was pub- 
lished in 1859, we have thought proper to devote most of the 
space in this work to a history and description of the State 
OF Indiana, which covers a period from 1816 to 1875. Tlius 
we take up the work where Mr. Dillon laid it down, and to 
the best of our ability, carry out a literary enterprise which 
he so ably commenced. It will be proper, at this point, to 
state that in some of the preceding chapters we have quoted 
freely from Mr. Dillon's work, and that the completeness of 
this part of our history is due, in a considerable measure, to 
his compilations. 



CHAPTEK XYII 



organization of the state. 



THE last regular session of the territorial legislature of 
Indiana was held at Corydon, convening in December, 
1815. Owing to the sickness of Governor Posey, who lived 
at Jeifersonville, he was unable to be present, but his regular 
message was delivered to both houses in joint session by his 
private secretary, Colonel Allen D. Thorn. In this message 
he congratulated the people of the territory upon the general 
success of the settlements, upon the great increase of immi- 
gration to the territory; recommended light taxes, and a 
careful attention to the promotion of education and the 
improvement of the State roads and highways. He also 
recommended a revision of the territorial laws, and an amend- 
ment of the militia system. During this session, which lasted 
only a month, several laws were passed, and measures adopted, 
most of which were calculated to promote the desired change 
from a territorial to a State government. On the fourteenth 



ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 



179 



of December a memorial was adopted praying for the authority 
to adopt a constittition aud State government. This was laid 
before Congress by the territorial delegate, Mr. Jennings, on 
the twenty-eighth of the same month, and on the nineteenth 
of April, 1816, the President approved the bill, enabling the 




JUDGE WM. P. EDSON. 

See page 21. 

people of Indiana territoiy to form a constitution and State 
government, and providing for the admission of such State 
into the Union on an equal footing with the oi'iginal States. 
Agreeably to the provisions of this law an election for mem- 



180 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

bers of a convention to form a State cf>ustitution, was held in 
the several counties of the territory on Monday, the thirteenth 
day of May, 1816, with the following result: 

Wayne county: Jeremiah Cox, Patrick Baird, Joseph Hol- 
man, and Hugh Cull. 

Franklin county: William H. Eads, James Brownlee, Enoch 
McCarty, Robert Hanna, Jr., and James Noble. 

Dearborn connty: James Dill, Solmnon Man waring, and 
Ezra Ferris. 

Switzerland county: William Cotton. 

Jefferson connty : David H. Maxwell, Samuel Smock, and 
Nathaniel Hunt. 

Clark county: Jonathan Jennings, James Scott, Thomas 
Carr, Jno. K. Graham, and James Lemon. 

Harrison county: Dennis Pennington, Davis Floyd, Daniel 
C. Lane, John Boone, and Patrick Shields. 

Washington county: John DePauw, Samuel Milroy, Robert 
Mclntire, William Lowe, and William Graham. 

Knox coimty ; John Johnson, John Badollet, William Polke, 
Benjamin Polke, and John Benefiel. 

Gibson county: David Robb, James Smith, Alexander Devin, 
and Frederick Rappe. 

Warrick county : Daniel Grass 

Perry county: Charles Polke. 

Posey county: Dann. Lynn. 

The population of the territory of Indiana, as given in the 
official returns, certified by the clerks of the various counties 
and transmitted to the territorial legislature of 1815, was as 
follows : 

Counties. White males of 31 and over. Total. 

Wa^me 1,225 6,407 

Franklin 1,430 7,370 

Dearborn 902 4,424 

Switzerland 377 1,832 

Jefferson 874 4,270 

Clark 1,387 7,150 

Washington 1,420 7,317 

Harrison 1,056 6,975 



OEGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 181 

Counties, White males of 31 and over. Total. 

Knox 1,391 8,068 

Oibsoii 1,100 5,330 

Posey 320 16,19 

Warrick 280 1,415 

Perry 350 1,720 

Total 63,897 

Tlie first constitutional convention convened at Corydon on 
the tentli of Jnne, 1816, and continned its session until the 
twenty-ninth, when, having ably completed the important 
work assigned to it, it adjourned. Jonathan Jennings pre- 
sided over the deliberations of the convention, and William 
Hendricks acted as secretary. 

In reference to the lirst State constitution, and the honorable 
gentlemen who constituted the convention that framed it, Mr. 
Dillon, in his history of the Indiana territory, says: "The 
convention that formed the first constitution of the State of 
Indiana was composed, mainly, of clear-minded, unpretending 
men of common sense, whose patriotism was unquestionable, 
and whose morals were fair. Their familiarity with the theo- 
ries of the Declaration of American Independence, their ter- 
ritorial experience under the provisions of the ordinance of 
1787, and their knowledge of the principles of the constitu- 
tion of the United States, were sufficient, when combined, to 
lighten, materially, their labors in the great work of forming 
a constitution for a new State. With such landmarks in view, 
the labors of similar conventions in other States and territories 
have been rendered comparatively light. In the clearness and 
conciseness of its style, in the comprehensive and just provis- 
ions which it made for the maintenance of civil and religious 
liberty, in its mandates, which were designed to protect the 
rights of the people, collectively and individually, and to pro- 
vide for the public welfare, the constitution that was formed 
for Indiana in 1816, was not inferior to any of the State con- 
s=titutions which were in existence at that time." 

The first State election took place on the first Monday of 
August, 1816, and Jonathan Jennings was elected Governor, 




182 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Christopher Harrison, Lieutenant-Governor, and William 
Hendricks was elected to represent the new State in the House 
of Representatives of the United States. 

The iirst general assembly elected under the authority of 
the State constitution, commenced its session at Corydon on 
the fourth of November, 1816. John Paul was called to the 
chair of the Senate ^o tem.^ and Isaac Blackford was elected 
Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. On the seventh of 
November the oath of office was administered to Governor 
Jennings and Lieutenant-Governor Harrison, in the presence 
of"both houses. On this occasion Governor Jennings delivered 
liis first message to the general assembly, in which, among 
other things, he remarked : " The result of your deliberation 
will be considered as indicative of its future character, as well 
as of the future happiness and prosperity of its citizens. The 
reputation of the State, as well as its highest interest, will 
require that a just and generous policy toward the general 
government, and a due regard to the rights of its members 
respectively, should invariably have their proper influence. In 
the commencement of the State government the shackles of the 
colonial should be forgotten in our united exertions to prove, 
by happy experience, that a uniform adherence to the first 
principles of our government, and a virtuous exercise of its 
powers, will best secure efficiency to its measures and stability 
to its character. Without a frequent recurrence to those 
principles, the administration of the government will imper- 
cej)tibly become more and more arduous, until the simplicity 
of our republican institutions may eventually be lost in dan- 
gerous expedients and political design. Under every free gov- 
ernment the happiness of the citizens must be identified with 
their morals; and while a constitutional exercise of their rights 
shall continue to have its due weight in the discharge of the 
duties required of the constituted authorities of the State, too 
much attention can not be bestowed to the encouragement and 
promotion of every moral virtue, and to the enactment of laws 
calculated to restrain the vicious, and prescribe punishment 
for every crime commensurate to its enormity. In measuring,, 
however, to each crime its adequate punishment, it will be 



OEGAOTZATION OF THE STATE. 



183 



well to recollect that the certaintj of piTnishment has generally 
the surest eifect to prevent crime; while punishments unneces- 
sarily severe, too often produce the acquittal of the guilty, and 




See page 21. 

disappoint one ol the greatest objects of legislation and good 
government. " '"'' * The dissemination of useful knowledge 
will be indispensably necessary as a support to morals, and as 



184 IIISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

a restraint to vice; and, on this subject, it will only be neces- 
sary to direct your attention to the plan of education as pre- 
scribed by the constitution. * * * X recommend to your 
consideration the propriety of providing by law, to prevent 
more effectually any unlawful attempts to seize and carry into 
bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom; 
and, at the same time, as far as practicable, to prevent those 
who rightfully own service to the citizens of any other State 
or teri'itory from seeking within the limits of this State, a 
refuge from the possession of tjieir lawful owners. Such a 
measure will tend to secui'e those who are free from any 
unlawful attempts (to enslave them) and secures the rights of 
the citizens of the other States and territories as fai* as ought 
resonabl}^ to be expected." 

Thus was the territorial government of Indiana exchanged 
ffjr a State government on the seventh of November, 1816. 
During the session of the legislature, James Noble and waiter) 
Taylor were elected to represent the State of Indiana m—tKe 
Senate of the United States. Robert A. New was elected Sec- 
retary of State; W. H. Lilley, Auditor of State; and Daniel 
C'. Lane, Treasurer of State. The session was adjourned sine 
die on the third of January. 1817. 

If, in their progress from one event to another, along the 
(current of the civil and political history of the State, readers 
should wish to learn more of the incidents of pioneer life, the 
progress of the settlements, the social condition of the people, 
and the like, it will only be necessary to remind them that 
these things are treated in detail in the second part of this 
volume, under the head of "County Histories," to relieve 
them of their impatience. 



CHAPTEE XYTII. 

OOVEEOSOR JENNINGS' ADMINISTRATION. 

TT"^E now come to a consideration of the history of the 

* ' State of Indiana, which extends over a period from 1816 
to 1875. The contemplation of events within this period is a 
source of pleasure to every Indianian. There are only the 
fresli memories of tlie civil war to mar this pleasure. All 
else is calculated to awaken the highest enthusiasm and the 
loftiest patriotism. Amazing progress! are the only words 
that seem to convey the idea which this contemplation brings 
most vividly to the mind. To what quarter of the globe can 
A\-e point, where, in the short space of fifty years, material 
progress has been greater? Certainly there is no place on the 
broad earth to which the Indianian can emigrate with a hope 
of bettering his present condition and prospects. 

Within the short space of fifty years the pojjulation of 
Indiana has increased from sixty thousand to over two 'mil- 
lions/ Within tlie same period the valuation of personal 
and real property within the State has increased beyond all 
possibility of computation; great and prosperous c-onimercial 
industries have been established, and the educational and 
benevolent institutions have become useful in shaping the des- 
tiny of other countries. It now becomes our pleasant duty to 
note this wonderful progress step by step. 

The inhabitants of the new State first turned their attention 
to fai'ming — to agricultural pursuits, which are still the lead- 
ing industry of Indiana. J^ew farms were opened, new 
settlements were founded, rn-chards were planted, log and 
frame schofd houses were erected, churches were built, towns 
and cities began to fiourish, find battle for the leading position. 

(185) 



186 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Thus was inaugurated that great era of prosperity whicli can 
only terminate in future greatness. Withal, a sense of secur- 
ity pervaded the minds of the people. The hostile Indians, 
as we have seen, had been humbled. Their power and pride 
had been broken, and the tomahawk no longer excited the 
fears of the pioneer settler of Indiana. The settlers dwelt in 
safety in their little, plain log cabins, and, actuated by a faith 
in that future prosperity which they have lived to enjoy, they 
cultivated their small fields without the aid of armed senti- 
nels. The numerons forts and block houses which had once 
been made desolate by merciless slaughters, were now coiv 
verted into storehouses, dwellings, or in some way made to 
serve the purpose of trade. 

But it must not be supposed that this great prosperity has 
been attained without difficulty. Indiana has had her internal 
improvement troubles; her financial embarrassment; a cur- 
rency panic; a commercial depression; her dark days; but 
these have all passed. They were unequal to the persistent 
energies of a free people. 

In 1816-17, when the State was in its infancy, and the citi- 
zens were not wealthy, and when the number and value of the 
objects of taxation were miserably small, and the inexhaust- 
able resources undeveloped, it was difficult to raise the revenue 
necessary for the support of the government. The burden 
upon landholders was indeed heavy; the funds for county 
purposes were derived mostly from a poll-tax, taxes on lands, 
town lots, horses, carriages, clocks, watches, and license venders 
of merchandise. 

For State revenue purposes the taxable lands were divided 
into three classes, and taxed per hundred acres, as follows, for 
several years : 



Years. 


First Rate. 


Second Rate. 


Third Rate. 


1817 


$1.00 
1.00 
1.50 
1.50 
0.80 


$0.87i 
0.87i 
1.25 
1.00 
0.60 


$0.50 
62^ 


1818 


1821 


75 


1824 

1831 


0.75 
1.40 



GOVERNOR JENNINGS ADMINISTRATION. 



187 



In his first annual message, Governor Jennings called, / 
attention to the need of greater educational facilities, the 
revision of the statutes, the organization of the judiciary, and { 
the need of a law to prevent the carrying into bondage per- i 
sons of color residing in the State and legally entitled to their 




See page 21. 

freedom. He also urged the necessity of raising a revenue 
sufficient to meet the expenses of that year, and to liquidate 
the debt consequent upon the constitutional convention of 
the previous year. In this undertaking the government met 
with many difficulties. The objects of taxation were not 



188 mSTOKV OF INDIANA. 

iiuuieroiis, and the great scarcity of money within the State. 
made it difficult for the collector to realize on the demands ui' 
the State npoii the property assessed. This difficulty was 
urged upon the attention of the legislature, in IS 18, when 
Governor Jennings remarked that in order to " enforce the 
payments of the revenue of the State, on the part of those 
charged with collections, it is recommended that all suits con- 
nected therewith be instituted in the Harrison Circuit Court, 
and that the appointment of an Attorney G-eneral be author- 
ized by laM'. whose duty it shall be to prosecute thereon, and 
in the Supreme Court when the State may be a party." 
J f During GoNcrnor Jennings' administration the subject of 
/ internal improvements was agitated. As early as 1818, in liis 
message to tlie legislature, he used these words: '' The internal 
improvement of the State forms a subject of the greatest 
importance and deserves the most serious attention. Roads 
and canals ai-e calculated to afford facilities to the commercial 
transactions connected with the exports and imports of the 
country, by lessening the expenses and time attendant, as well 
on the transportation of the bulk}' articles which compose our 
exports as on the importation of articles the growth and nian- 
ufactui-e of foreign countries, which luxury and habit have 
rendered too common and almost indispensable to our con- 
sumption. They enhance the value of the soil, by affording 
the agricultui'alist the means of deriving greater gain fron; it> 
cultiviition, with an equal proportion of labor, thereby pre- 
senting stronger inducements to industry and enter])rise. and 
at the same time, by various excitements, invite to a more 
general intercourse between the citizens. * * * The success 
which has attended the exertions of the Jeffei'sonville an<l 
Ghio Canal Company affords the flattering prospect of a 
speedy commencement upon the great object for wliich the 
corporation was created, and presents still stronger ciaim- 
upon the general aSvSembly to aid its ultimate execution." 

In Xovember, 1821. Governor Jennings convened the legis- 
lature in extra session, to provide for the payment of the 
interest on the State debt, and a part of the principal, amount- 
ing to twenty thousand dollars. It was then believed that an 



GOViniNOR JENNINGS' ADMINISTRATION. 189 

amount sufficient for these purposes would be realized by the 
State treasurer, in the notes of the State bank and its branches, 
and it was urged upon the legislature, by the Governor, that 
the public debt could be conscientiously discharged with these 
depreciated notes. In support of this view he said: "It will 
be oppressive if the State, after the paper of this institution 
was authorized to be circulated in revenue, should be prevented 
by any assignment of the evidences of the existing debt, from 
discharging at least so much of that debt with the paper of 
the bank, as will absorb the collections of the present year; 
especially, when their notes, after being made receivable by 
the agents of the State, because greatly depreciated by great 
mismanagement on the part of the bank itself. It ought not 
to be expected that a public loss to the State should be avoided 
by resorting to any measures which would not comport with 
correct views of public justice; nor should it be anticipated 
that the treasury of the United States would ultimately adopt 
measures to secure an uncertain debt, which would interfere 
with arrangements calculated to adjust the demand against 
the State, without producing any additional embarrassment." 
The condition of public affairs that called for these senti- 
ments from the Executive was not flattering. An assignment 
of the bonds executed in behalf of the State had been eftected 
and the general credit of the State greatly embarrassed. The 
State bank — a history of which will be found further on — 
owing to bad management had depreciated the bank paper of 
the State, and injured the public credit. The means employed 
to produce this result are said to have been designed by 
unprincipled speculators. The Governor, in reference to this 
painful phase of the question, held that " whatever disposition 
the principal bank may have made of the funds deposited by 
the United States, it must be admitted that the connection of 
interest between the steam mill company and the bank, and 
the extraordinary accommodations, on account of the manner 
in which they were obtained, as well as their amount, effected 
by arrangements of the steam mill agency and some of the 
ofKcers of the bank have been among the principal causes 
which have prostrated the paper circulating medium of this 



190 UISTOEY OF INDIANA. 

State, so far as it was dependent on the State bank and its 
branches. And from the direction which for a time past has 
been given to the funds as well as to the credit of the State 
bank, it would seem as if it liad been an object to produce 
depreciation of her own credit, as well as that of her branches, 
producing thereby, among other mischievous consequences, the 
means of direct gain to a certain portion of the community, 
equal to the loss which the innocent and disinterested holder 
1 of the paper inevitably sustains." 

It is undoubtedly true that the panic of 1821, which cast a 
gloom over the infant industries of the State of Indiana, was 
in a great measure the result of dishonest speculation, as well 
as of an unwise financial policy. At all events the public 
aifairs were in a very unsettled condition when Governor Jen- 
nings, at the summons of the popular voice, handed the gov- 
ernment of the young State over to his successor, Hon. 
William Hendricks.* 



CHAPTER XIX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENDRICKS. 

IN 1822, in his first message to the legislature. Governor 
Hendricks, notwithstanding the discouraging state of the 
public afiairs, was disposed to regard every prospect full of 
promise for the new State. He regretted the unsettled condi- 
tion of the pecuniary afiairs of the State and citizens, but in 
a bappy mood, congratulated the people upon " the agricultural 
and social happiness of the State." At no period in the 
previous history of the State had the productions of the soil 
been more abundant in the necessaries and comforts of life 

* Grovernor Jennings having been elected to Congress, in 1822, Lieuten- 
ant-Governor Boone was acting Governor of the State of Indiana for 
several months previous to the election of Governor Hendricks. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENDRICKS. 



191 



At this time emigration was 



than during the year 1822. 
aiFording the State considerable accessions to her population, 
and despite the financial troubles which engaged the atten tion 
of the legislature, the people who for the most part depended 
wholly upon agricultural products, were enjoying moderate 




HON". WM. MITCHELL. 

See page 21. 

prosperity. ISTevertheless, the payment for the lands, the 
extensive consumption of European goods in Indiana, and the 
want of a market for the surplus produce, had placed the 
balance of trade largely against the people, and produced 
general and individual distress; but the subsequent develop- 



192 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ment of the resources of the State, the steady pursuit of agricul- 
ture, the resort to domestic fabrics to the exclusion of foreign 
merchandise, combined to produce the most favorable results. 

On the question of internal improvements, Governor Hen- 
dricks, in his first message to the legislature, said: " We ought 
to leave free and unshackled, as far as we can, our resources 
for improvement and purposes which the interests of the State 
may hereafter require, if not at our hands, at the hands of 
those who succeed us. * * - Let us not lose sight of those 
great objects to which the means of the State should, at some 
future day, be devoted — the navigation of the falls of the Ohio, 
the imprtjvement of the Wabash, the White river, and other 
streams, and tlie construction of the National and other roads 
through the State." 

Governor Hendrick's administration extended over a pei'iod 
from December 1822, to February 1825, during which the 
several industries of the State enjoyed considerable prosperity. 

Although a complete history of the educational institutions 
of the State is given in other parts of this volume, it will not 
be improper to note, in this connection, the condition and 
prospects of the educational tacilities of the State as they 
existed at the close of the administration of Governor Hen- 
dricks in 1825. By a grant of Congress, a section of land in 
each township in the State was invested in the inhabitants of 
such townships for the support of common schools; two entire 
townships were invested in the legislature for the use of a 
" State Seminary," and by a provision of the State constitu- 
tion, all fines assessed for a breach of the penal laws, and all 
commutations for militia service, were appropriated to the use 
of tlie '' (Jounty Seminaries." The common school lands were 
estimated, at this date, at six hundred and eighty thousand 
two hundred and seven acres, which, at two dollars an acre, 
(their value in 1825,) would produce a fund of one million 
two hundred and sixteen thousand four hundred and forty-four 
dollars. Such were the facilities for establishing common 
scliools, viewed from the standpoint of 1825. 

At this time the seminary at Bloomington, supported in 
part by one of these township gi-ants, was in a flourishing con- 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 193 

dition. Tuition was clieap, and "no pains were spared to 
make the institution respectable." But the common schools 
then existing in the youthful settlements of the State were in 
a poor condition. 



CHAPTEE XX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAT. 

IN the year 1826, the State of Indiana had already a history 
of State progress. The foundation for the magnificent 
public school system which the State now enjoys was being 
carefully laid. The State government had reached a better 
policy, and confidence in business circles was in a great meas- 
ure restored. In short the State seems here to have reached 'a 
point when its inhabitants could look back over the events in 
its histpry, observe their results, and shape a policy consistent 
with the probable future demands of prosperity. The increase 
of population was made noticeable. At this date, 1825-6, the 
population exceeded 250,000 souls; in 1820, it was 147,178; 
in 1815, it was 68,780; in 1810, it was 24,000; in 1805, it was 
11,000; and in 1800, the date of the organization of the terri- 
tory, it was only 5,000. Thus the people could perceive the 
increase, during the twenty-five years of their history. Begin- 
ning in 1800, with but five thousand, and reaching, in the 
short space of twenty-five years, the respectable number of 
two hundred and fifty thousand, there was every reason to 
take courage. 

Aside from the growth in population, this year afibrded a 
view from another standpoint. The infiuence ol national 
policy from without, and the prospective effects upon the future 
of the State^ its commerce and agricultural pursuits, were to 
be seen and measured. For a long period previous to the war 
13 



194 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

of 1812, the continued struggle for power in Europe called 
immense numbers of their people from the plow to fill their 
armies. In consequence agriculture was neglected. Whole 
countries were overrun, and the people, as well as the 
armies, were in a measure compelled to look to the United 
States for a considerable portion of their subsistence. Ameri- 
can produce found a ready market in every port in Europe, 
and the high prices which it commanded enabled the farmers 
in every part of the country to incur the expense of a tedious 
and difficult transportation, and yet to realize handsome profits. 
JS^or was this prosperous state of affairs changed by the war 
of 1812, for in consequence of this war, large disbursements 
of public money were made by the general government in 
every part of the Union; consequent upon this came a general 
rage for speculation; numerous banks with fictitious capital 
were established; immense issues of paper were made, and 
the circulating medium of the country was increased four fold 
in the course of two or three years. It will not be diflficult 
for the intelligent reader of the day to predict the consequences 
of all this. The great increase of what was then deemed 
equivalent to money was the cause of a corresponding increase 
equally as fictitious in the value of labor and every species of 
property; the established value of every thing was a deception, 
a species of fraud upon the world ; money — the money of those 
days — was easily acquired, and the people too generally and 
too easily indulged in visionary dreams of wealth and splendor. 
But this state of things could not always last. The general 
pacification of the old world, and the consequent disbandment 
of their numerous armies again tenanted their long unculti- 
vated fields; agriculture was so far encouraged that every 
nation on the continent produced an ample supply of the 
necessaries of life for their own consumption, and American 
produce could no longer find an extended market in that hem- 
isphere. About the same time that peace was concluded in 
Europe, war was brought to a close in this country, and of 
course the extraordinary flow of money from the treasury of 
the United States was discontinued; the American army was 
reduced, and the newly created banks, no longer supported by 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOR RAY. 



195 



reckless si>eculation, began to fail. Specie disappeared, and 
the fictitious paper trash became worthless in the hands of the 
people. As a consequence wages and all kinds of property 
suiFered an unprecedented depression in value, and the industry 
of the whole country was shocked. The evils and einbarrass- 




See page 21. 



ments of this sudden change were felt severely among the 
farmers of Indiana. Then followed the " dark days " of Indi- 
ana. Who that lived in the State at the time will ever forget 
the winter of 1821 ? 

To find a remedy for this depression in trade began to engage 



196 HISTORY OF IXDIANA. 

the attention <»t' the people of Indiana, as well as those of the 
other States, in 1822-3, and many measures were adopted, all 
of which worked successfully in the long run, although many, 
for a time, were *' eye-sores " to the people. In the first place 
tiie capital which was no longer needed in commercial enter- 
prise was employed in manufacturing establishments. This 
not only gave employment to thousands whose services were 
hitherto valueless, but created a market for a great portion of 
the surplus produce of the farmers. Tins measure was com- 
pletely successful in Indiana. 

In addition to the establishment of factories, large portions 
of the dormant capital of the State and country which had 
been withdrawn from mercantile pursuits, now no longer 
profitable, was invested and circulated among the people in 
works of internal improvement. Some of these works were, 
as we shall see, for a time unsuccessful, yet it is now apparent 
that all worked out, in a measure, the ultimate prosperity of the 
State. 

Such were the views which the people of Indiana were 
enabled to take of the past in 1825. In this year Governor 
Ray, in his message to the legislature, urged upon them the 
necessity of adopting that system of internal improvements 
which was not fully entered upon as a policy until 1836. He 
said: "On the construction of roads and canals, then, we must 
rely as the safest and most certain State policy to relieve our 
situation, place us among the first States in the Union, and 
change the cry of ' hard times ' into an open acknowledgment 
of contentedness. * * * We must strike at the internal 
improvement of the State, or form our minds to remain pot»r 
and unacquainted with each other." In the following year he 
urged the same policy, and in 1829 he added: ''This .subject, 
(State internal improvement,) though more than once ])ressed 
upon the attention of the legislature, can never grow irksome, 
since it must be the source of the blessings of civilized life; 
to secure its benefits is a duty enjoined upon the legislature 
by the obligations of the social compact." 

It was in the year 1825, and during the administration of 
Governor Ray, that the State of Indiana had the honor of 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEENOK KAY. 197 

welcoming the illustrious General Lafayette within its borders. 
The reception of this £preat friend of American and national 
liberty was extended by the Executive of Indiana in true and 
genuine republican simplicity; and that so many of the 
pioneers of the State had the honor to greet the presence of 
this illustrious veteran in the cause of our liberty and country, 
and to express to him as far as possible, their unutterable 
sentiments of gratitude and admiration, will ever be a source 
of the most greatful recollection. 

On the important question of asylums, it was urged by the 
Executive in 1825, that radical changes should be made in the 
law for the support of the poor, and measures adopted " to 
provide by law for a general system of education, ascending in 
a regular gradation from township schools to a State univer- 
sity, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and equally open to all." 

In 1826, Governor Ray expressed the sentiments of the 
people of Indiana when, in his message to the legislature he 
used this exciting language: "All that the most ardent could 
rationally Avish for has fallen within the lap of the State. The 
history of other nations furnishes us with no parallel for our 
gigantic growth. ' A Avonder among wonders,' our amazing 
young State, with each annual revolution of the earth, seems 
destined, by the force of circumstances and the energies of her 
people, to outstrip the geographer with all his sagacity; to 
develop some dormant treasure, and exhibit to public view 
some facinating projects eminently calculated to attach our 
citizens to their homes and country, and to enable us to look 
prospectively to the period when we shall be among the first 
in power, wealth, and respectability in the grand confederation 
of North American States." And in the year 182T, in the 
same official capacity, he added : " When we bring in review 
before us the successive currents of emigration which annually 
penetrate the deep recesses of the western forests; when we 
beliold the generous efforts of the enlightened statesman and 
philanthropist for the establishment of primary and highei 
schools that education may be equal and universal; when we 
witness the enterprise and industry of the people, their moi-al- 
itv iivA order, the conclusion follows that all the essential 



198 illSTORT or INDIANA. 

elements are concentrating to prosecute and consummate the 
great design of the social compact." And again in 1828, 
Governor Ray reflects the steady flow of prosperity in his 
usual style: "Peace, plenty, and an increase of moral feeling 
have blessed our growing community; * * * and if a dense 
population is in any respect essential to the happiness of the 
peo])le, or the prosperity of the State, the continuous influx 
of emigration which we are now experiencing without a 
jiarallel, augur the most auspicious to both.'' 

It was in this year, 1828, that the disafi:ection of the Southern 
States first became a subject for executive or legislative atten- 
tion in Indiana. In this year Governor Ray, little suspecting 
the terrible results that would grow out of the subject of his 
remarks, observed to the legislature: "Since our last separa- 
tion, while we have witnessed with anxious solicitude the 
belligerent operations of another hemisphere, the cross con- 
tending against the cresent, and the prospect of a general 
rupture among the legitimates of other quarters of the 
globe, * * * our attention has been arrested by proceedings 
in our own country truly dangerous to liberty, if seriously 
premeditated, and disgraceful to its authors if agitated only 
to tamper with the American people. If such experiments as 
we see attempted in certain deluded quarters, do not fall with 
a burst of thunder upon the heads of their seditious projectors, 
then, indeed, the republic has begun to experience the days 
of its degeneracy. * * * The Union of these States is the 
people's only sure charter for their liberties and independ- 
ence. Dissolve it and each State will soon be in a condition 
as deplorable as Alexandria's conquered countries after they 
were divided amongst his victorious military captains." i 



It should be borne in mind by the reader that this part of 
the history, extending from the organization of the State in 
1816, to 1875, treating of the administrations of the various 
governors, is not supposed to include, as it advances, a history 
of the educational institutions, beneyolent institutions, and 
settlements. These chapters are designed to cover merelv a 



ADMINISTKATION OF GOVERNOK EAT. 199 

political and exceedingly condensed documentary history of 
the State, and the reader is directed to look elsewhere for a 
complete history and description of those special features and 
institutions of the State, as well as of the cities, towns and 
villages, all of which date their commencement in some one 
of these administrations, and receive only a passing notice in 
this connection. It is also desirable to state, in this place, 
that our political history is necessarily condensed in order that 
these special features of the State may receive the space which 
their importance demands. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

^DMHsISTKAXION OF GOVEBNOE EAT, COISTINUED. 

IN 1830 the current of emigration was still flowing into the 
State and spreading itself throughout the limits of the 
territory, affording the surest indications of a continued 
growth and prosperity. These assurances were considerably 
supported by the great increase of agricultural productions, 
facilities for transportation, and increasing wealth, enterprise, 
intelligence, temperance and morality; and of the general and 
rapidly accumulating masses of the people. During these 
months, the people were daily cheered by witnessing from 
twenty to fifty wagons, containing families, moving through 
Indianapolis and other large towns, on their way to the val- 
leys of the White and Wabash rivers. It was estimated that 
every day, during the year 1826, over thirty families settled in 
the State of Indiana. It is only from a contemplation of 
these facts that the reader can form any correct idea of the 
rapid growth of the State. 

At no former period within the history of the State had the 
people enjoyed a more ample reward for the various agricul- 
tural products than in 1830. This market was created from 



200 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



many causes — principallj from chc wars existing at tliat 
time. 

Tn the same year the farmer, the mechanic and the merchant 
of Indiana were excited by the "gigantic purpose of wedding 
the extremes of onr vast conntry by one of the most approved 




HON. PLINEY HOAGLAND 

See page 21. 



methods of conveyance"— a railroad, notably the "National, 
New York and Mississippi Railroad." 

The "National Eoad," and the "Michigan and Ohio Turn- 
pike " were enterprises in which the people and legislature of 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 201 

Indiana were deeply interested, in 1830. The latter had 
already been the cause of mncli bitter controversy, and its 
location was then the subject of contention. 

In his message to the legislature, in 1830, Governor Ray, on {y' 
the delicate question of excluding a certain class of colored 
people from the State, remarked: " A non-productive and, in 
many instances, a superanuated colored population, is pouring 
in upon us, possessing all the affirmative bad qualities of the 
uneducated, immoralized bondsman, without affording any of 
his advantages, living without visible means, or labor, most of 
whom are paupers on society. * ^ * While our laws and 
institutions proclaim the State an asylum for the good, virtu- 
ous and useful of all nations and colors, it is due to ourselves 
and to the rights of posterity that we should not tamely sub- 
mit to any imposition which is the direct effect of foreign 
legislation. Though it might savor somewhat of injustice to 
interfere with any that are already here, it will still become 
your province, as it is your right, to regulate for the future, 
b}^ prompt correctives, the emigration into the State, and the 
continuance of known paupers thrown upon us from any 
quarter.'' 

In 1830 there were still two tribes of Indians living within 
the borders of Indiana, but their growing indolence, their 
intemperate habits, their primitive ignorance, their increasing 
dependence upon their neighbors for the bread of life, their 
diminished prospects of living by the chase, their perpetration 
of murders and other outrages of dangerous precedent, their 
unrestrained exhibitions of their own savage customs before 
the children of the settlers, combined to make them subjects 
for a more rigid government. 

One of the features of interest in the history of Governor V/ 
Ray's last term of office was the part taken by Indiana in the 
election of a President of the United States, which effected a 
considerable change in the national policy. 

In the same period the task of preparing a civil code of 
laws for the State was commenced. In 1830 a question of 
jurisdiction was presented for the consideration of the legisla- 
ture. The trial and acquittal of William Rothwell, in Perrj 



V 



202 HJSTOBY OF INDIANA, 

county, on a charge of murder, gave rise to great dissatisfac- 
tion. The alleged crime was committed on the Ohio river, 
and it was successfully claimed by the counsel for the defend- 
ant that the State of Indiana had no jurisdiction over acts 
committed on that river. This defect in the laws was promptly 
adjusted. 

It would appear that the legislature of Indiana was pain- 
fully backward in establishing an asylum for the poor. Gov- 
ernor Ray, in his last message to the legislature used these 
remarks: "Let the philanthropical but look at home for 
opportunities to display his pious benevolence, and his eye 
will recognize many a friendless, moneyless orphan child, 
whose soul only waits to be kindled into flame upon educa- 
tion's heavenly altar, that he may leave his rags and wretch- 
edness behind him, and, wielding the sword of the hero, or 
the pen of the statesman, by the force of moral precept in the 
pulpit, or of eloquence at the bar, or in the senate, rise to the 
noblest summit of fame and become a pillar of support to his 
country — but without some aid is doomed to die unseen. * * 
Whilst our own unfortunate poor are sold in the public streets 
to the lowest bidder, many of whom have seen days that pos- 
sessed them with the means and rank far above their pur- 
chasers, now compelled to feed upon the crumbs of a scanty 
meal, and to experience, after a life well spent, just as their 
sun is setting, their worst days, and even the degradation of 
mastery, and the separation of kindred ties — and while 
thousands of families are without the word of truth — and 
tens of thousands of youths, who must soon take the reins of 
this mighty Republic into their hands, are fast rising to 
maturity, without sufficient intelligence for the stupenduous 
business of self-government, we are admonished by everything 
sacred and dear to look first to the deranged concerns at 
home." 

Governor James B. Ray served the people of the State of 
Indiana in the high and responsible position of Chief Magis- 
trate of the State, from 1725 to 1831 — a period of special 
prosperity — and in December of the latter year was succeeded 
by Hon. Noah Noble. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEENOE NOBLE. 

HOi:^. NOAH ITOBLE assumed the duties of the high 
office of Governor of Indiana, in December, 1831, in 
which capacity he served until the close of 1837. 

In the year 1832 the farmers of Indiana were not crowned 
with usual success, nor was the partial failure in agriculture 
the only affliction with which the Indiauians were visited 
during that year. Cholera came in a terrible march among 
the settlements along the Ohio, sweeping hundreds from time 
into eternity. 

This term is also memorable on account of the Black Hawk 
War, which, raging in Illinois, sent its terrifying effects into 
the western borders of the State. Several war parties invaded 
the western settlements, causing a vast amount of alarm, and 
a considerable degree of suffering. 

During the first year of G-overnor ISToble's administration i / 
the work of internal improvement was begun. In his mes- 
sage to the legislature, in 1832, the Governor remarked : " The 
agents of the State entrusted with the administration of the 
affairs of the canal, have, it is believed, faithfully discharged 
every duty enjoined by law. The Fund Commissioners during 
the last summer made a sale of canal stock, in the city of 
Kew York, to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars, 
at a premium of thirteen and one-quarter per cent., terms 
honorable to the character of the State and advantageous to 
the work. Having embarked in the undertaking, it is our 
imperious duty to maintain our credit, by the adoption of 
certain and efficient measures promptly to meet all our 
engagements." / 

(303) 



204 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



In 1832 we find the Michigan Road in a state of progress. 
In that year Hfty-four thousand dollars were spent for its 




a..x. 



See page 21. 
improvement, and fifty-two thousand dollars realized from the 
sale of lands appropriated for its construction. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GGVEKNOE NOBLE. 205 

Jn May, 1832. the remainder of the Indianapolis donation 
belonging to the State, was valued by the commissioners 
selected for that purpose, and, in compliance with the direction 
of the legislature, it was offered at public sale, by the agent 
of the State. The sale amounted to upwards of thirteen 
thousand dollars, leaving unsold lots, at valuation, to the 
amount of about four thousand dollars. We learn from Gov- 
ernor ISToble's message of 1832, that " at the suggestion of the 
architect who is to build the State house, with the concurrence 
of the commissioners, the block north of the State house 
square was reserved from sale, to await the determination of 
the legislature as to the propriety of adding it to the public 
ground, making it an oblong square, corresponding to the form 
of the edifice to be erected. The commissioners appointed 
to contract for the building of the State house and superintend 
its erection, have made an agreement with Mr. Town, the 
artist, whose plan was adopted by the legislature, by which he 
is to complete the building for fifty-eight thousand dollars. 
The work in all its parts is to be strictly conformable to the 
plans and specifi^tions presented to the legislature, and in its 
construction, a^ regards ornament, neatness, strength and 
durability no0iing is to be omitted. The whole is to be com- 
pleted by l^vember, 1837. 

In 183lYa joint resolution of the legislature of Indiana, U 
requesting an appropriation by Congress for the extinguish- 
ment of the Indian title to lands within the State, was for- 
warded to that body, and, in compliance with the request, the 
necessary provision was made. Three citizens were designated 
by the Secretary of War, to constitute a commission to carry 
into effect the object of the appropriation. It was considered 
an obje^ of great importance to extinguish the title of the 
Miamis to their lands, at that time surrounded on all sides by 
American settlers, situated almost in the heart of the State, 
and immediately on the line of the canal, then under con- 
struction. The prompt and cheerful manner in which the 
chiefs of the tribe obeyed the summons to the treaty, induced 
the belief that the negotiation would prove successful ; but in 
their response to the propositions of the commissioners, they 



206 HISTORY OK INDIANA. 

positively i-efnsed to go westward, or sell th^-a-emains of their 
lands. ^ 

The negotiation with the Pottawatomies was more success- 
ful. This tribe sold about six millions of acres in Indiana, 
Illinois and Michigan, including their entire claims in this 
State. 
\ / During Governor Noble's government the Wabash and Erie 
canal was commenced, and a portion completed. In 1832, 
thirty-two miles of this canal were placed under contract. 
During this year a communication was addressed to the Gov- 
ernor of Ohio, requesting him to call the attention of the 
legislature of that State to the subject of the extension of the 
canal, from the Indiana line through the territory of Ohio to 
the lake. In compliance with this request. Governor Lucas 
promptly laid the subject before the legislature of his State, 
and, in a spirit of courtesy, resolutions were adopted by that 
body, stipulating that if Ohio should ultimately decline to 
undertake the completion of that portion of the work within 
her KmitSi before the time fixed by the act of Congress for the 
completion of the canal, she would, on just and equitable 
terms, enable Indiana to avail herself of, the benefit of the 
lands granted, by authorizing her to sell them and invest the 
proceeds in the stock of a company to be incorporated by 
Ohio; and that she would give Indiana notice of her final 
determination, on or before the first day of January, 1838. 
The legislature of Ohio also authorized and invited the agent 
of the State of Indiana to select, survey and set apart the 
lands lying within that State. 

In 1834, Governor Noble, grasping at the system of public 
works that was adopted in 1836, of which he should be 
regarded, in a great degree, the author, remarked: "With a 
view of engaging in works of internal improvement, the pro- 
priety of adopting a general plan or system, having reference 
to the several portions of the State, and the connection of one 
with the other, naturally suggests itself. No work should be 
commenced but such as would be of acknowledged public 
utility, and when completed would form a branch of some 
general system. * * * In view of this object, the policy 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOK NOBLE. 



2or 



of organizing- a board of public works is again respectfully 
suggested." The attention of the legislature, in 1834, was 
also directed to the " praiseworthy and public spirited enter- 




^^ J^c ,^^<^^^.^<, 



See paffc 21. 

prise of that portion of our citizens interested in the line of 
railway designated by the Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis 
charter." 



208 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

In 1834 the Michigan boundary question, in which that 
State acted a v^ery headstrong and reckless part, was first 
hronght to light. Michigan, notwithstanding the approval by 
Congress of the constitutions of Indiana, Ohio and Illinois, 
in each of which their respective boundaries were clearly 
pointed out, claimed, as her southern boundaiy, an east and 
west line drawn througii the southern extreme of Lake Mich- 
iw-an. In a recoj^nition of this claim Indiana would have lost 
a district ten miles wide, extending entirely across the north- 
ern part of the State, including one of the fairest and most 
desirable portions of her territory, and have been entirely 
excluded from any access to the lake, except through a foi-eign 
jurisdiction. In addition to these considerations, there were 
other reasons why Indiana should have opposed the Michigan 
boundary claim. In the first place, the mouth of the Maumee 
river, and the termination of the Wabash and Erie canal, laid 
within the limits claimed by Michigan, and it was more than 
probable that Ohio would abandon co-operation in the work 
if the territory was transferred. Beyond this, Indiana would 
to a great extent lose the benefit of one of her greatest public 
improvements. This controversy continued until 1836, when 
Congress refused to acceed to the demands of Michigan, but, 
settled tlie question by extending her territoiy in the Lake 
Superior region. 

In 1834, the State bank again commenced operations 
" under very favorable circumstances." The stock in all the 
branches authorized was subscribed by individuals, and the 
installment ])aid as required by the charter. The loan author- 
ized for the payment on the stock allotted to the State, amount- 
ing to five hundred thousand dollars, was obtained at a pre- 
mium of one and five-hundredths per cent, on five per cent, 
stock, making' the sum of over five thoiisand dollars on the 
amount borrowed. 

In December, 1835, the legislature of Indiana convened in 
the '' New State Capitol," at Indianapolis, and on the occasion 
Governor iSfoble, in his message, remarked: "This is your 
first session in your new capitol, and from the conviction that 
the occasion will not fail to inspire feelings of exultation 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOTEBNOR NOBLE. 209 

within you, I will not withhold, on my part, the offering of a 
hearty welcome and congratulation. It is an edifice worthy 
of the State, and, being dedicated to the public interests, 
within these walls the representatives of the people will 
annually assemble to perform some of the most important 
duties ever delegated to man." The people, through their rep- 
resentatives, will here speak their wishes, utter their com- 
plaints, and obtain redress for their wrongs." Forty years 
have passed since these sentiments were uttered by Governor 
Noble, and still " New (now old) State Capitol " is universally 
the scene of legislative activity. 

During the year 1835 the work of public improvements was 
pushed forward. " The operations on the line of the Wabash 
and Erie canal," says the Governor's message, "have been 
conducted the past season with energy and great success. The 
middle division, extending from the St. Joseph dam to the 
forks of the Wabash, about thirty-two miles, has been com- 
pleted, for about two hundred and thirty-two thousand dollars, 
including all repairs to this time. * * * Upon this portion 
of the line navigation was opened on the fourth of July, on 
which day our citizens assembled to witness the mingling of 
the waters of the St. Joseph with those of the Wabash, uniting 
the waters of the northern chain of lakes with those of the 
Gulf of Mexico in the south. On this division boats have 
been running, without the interruption of a day, since the 
letting in of the water." On other parts of the line the work 
progi-essed with speed, and the sale of canal lands was unus- 
ually active. 

In 1836 we find that the State bank was " subserving all the 
valuable purposes for which it was established," agricultural 
products were abundant, and the market was good; conse- 
quently the people were in the full enjoyment of all the bless- 
ings of a free government and of an enlightened civilization. 
In this year the first meeting of the State Board of Internal 
Improvement was convened, and entered upon the discharge 
of its numerous and responsible duties. Having assigned to 
each member the direction and superintendence of a portion 
of the work, the next duty to be performed preparatory to an 
14 



210 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

enlarged sphere of active service, was that of procuring the 
requisite number of engineers. A delegation was sent to the 
eastern cities, but returned without engaging an engineer-in- 
chief for the roads and I'ailways, and without the desired 
number for the subordinate stations; but after considerable 
delay the Board was fully organiztid and put in operation. 

During the year 1836 the public works, under the new 
management, were successful. The Wabash and Erie canal 
progressed steadily. The navigation of the middle division, 
from Fort Wayne to Huntington, was uninterrupted. Sixteen 
miles of the line between Huntington and Lafontaine's creek 
were filled with water and made ready for navigation, and the 
remaining twenty miles were completed, with the exception 
of a portion of the locks. From Lafontaine's creek to George- 
town reasonable progress was made, several sections having 
been completed and received by the Board. The line from 
Georgetown to Lafayette was placed under contract. During 
the same year about thirty miles of the White Water canal 
extending from Lawrenceburg through the beautiful valley of 
the White Water, to Brookville, were also placed under con- 
tract, twenty-three miles of the Central canal, in the vicinity 
of and passing through Indianapolis, were placed under con- 
tract and work commenced upon it; about twenty miles of 
the southern division of this work, extending from Evansville 
into the interior, were also contracted for. On the line of the 
Cross-Cut canal, from Terre Haute to the intersection of the 
Central canal, near the mouth of Eel river, a commencement 
was also made on all the heavy sections. 

Early in this year a party of engineers was organized, and 
directed to examine into the practicability of the then con- 
templated Michigan and Erie canal line. The result of its 
operations gave evidence of the expediency of the work. 
Soon after the organization of the Board of Internal Improve- 
ment, a party of engineers was fitted out and entered upon 
the field service of the Madison and Lafayette railroad, and in 
the same year contracts were made for the building of this 
road from Madison to Yernon, on which work was actively 
commenced. Contracts for grading and bridging the New 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 



211 



Albany and Vincennes road, from the former point to Paoli, 
about forty miles, were also let. Other roads were also under- 
taken and surveyed, and, in all respects, a stupenduous work 




See page 21. 

of internal improvement was undertaken. Truly did Governor 
Noble remark: "Upon the issue of the enterprise in which 
we are now engaged, our State has staked her fortunes. She 



212 BISTORT OF INDIANA 

has assumed a great responsibility, but one that is full of hope 
and of promise. * * * Our great system may be said to 
be fairly begun, and the State has embarked in a course of 
policy from which there is no retreat." 



CHATTEE XXIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WALLACE. 

WITH the opening of Governor David Wallace's admin- 
istration murmurs of discontent were beginning to be 
audible among tax payers. In the estimation of a very respect- 
able portion of the people, the State had undertaken entirely too 
much; that the very attempt to prosecute so great an enterprise 
as was contemplated by the Board of Internal Improvements 
with the means in possession or expectancy, must inevitably 
involve the State in debt from which it would be diflScult, if 
not impossible, to extricate itself, and thereby entail upon the 
people the worst of all evils — oppressive and ruinous taxation. 
These predictions, coming from intelligent lips, were well 
calculated to chill the ardor and extinguish the spirit of enter- 
prise in which these public improvements were conceived. In 
reference to this sad phase of public affairs, Governor "Wallace, 
in his first annual message to the legislature in 1837, said: 
" But the astonishing success which has thus far attended our 
progress; the realization of all, and more than friends, the 
most sanguine, dreamed of; nay, the flattering auspices of the 
future, should, it appears to me, dispel every doubt, and quiet 
every fear which such boding prognostics may have created." 
These sentiments from the governor were well calculated to 
disguise the painful opinion which he himself possessed at 
this time, tliat the State would not be able to carry the load 
of public improvements with which she had burdened herself, 
unless the general depression of public and private enterprise 



ADMINISTEATION OF GOVEKNOK WALLACE- 213 

throughout the whole country should be speedily dispelled. 
But he was an ardent advocate of the measure; indeed it was 
the ffreat theme of his administration, and he never lost his 
faith in its ultimate success. 

But if the condition of the public works of Indiana were on 
the decline at the close of the year 1887, it was so in a more^ 
discouraging degree at the close of 1838. On the meeting 
of the legislature, on this occasion, Governor Wallace said: 
" Never before — I speak it advisedly — never before have you 
witnessed a period in our local history that more ui-gently 
called for the exercise of all the soundest and best attributes 
of grave and patriotic legislators than the present. * * * 
The truth is — and it would be folly to conceal it — we have our 
hands full — full to overflowing! and therefore, to sustain our- 
selves, to preserve the credit and character of the State unim- 
paired, and to con-tinue her hitherto unexampled march to 
wealth and distinction, we have not an hour of time, nor a 
dollar of money, nor a hand employed in labor, to squander 
and dissipate upon mere objects of idleness, or taste, or 
amusement." 

The condition of the State at this time was truly critical. 
There had been borrowed by the State, for internal improve- 
ment purposes, three millions eight hundred and twenty- seven 
thousand dollars — one million three hundred and twenty-seven 
thousand for the Wabash and Erie canal, and the remaining 
two and a half millions for the benefit of other works. Upon 
the whole of this sum, with a very inconsiderable exception, 
the State paid an annual interest of five per cent., which of 
itself was an unbearable burden. To meet this demand the 
State had but two small sources, indejoendent of taxation. 
These were, first, the interest arising from the balances due 
upon the sales of canal lands, and secondly, the proceeds of the 
third installment of the surplus revenue, both amounting, in 
1838, to about forty-five thousand dollars. This was all the 
visible means with which the State had to pay the enormous 
sum of two hundred thousand dollars without resortins: to 
direct taxation. ^'' 

In 1838, the tribe of Pottawatomie Indians, according to a 



./ 



/ 



214 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

treaty in which they had previously entered, were removed 
from Indiana to the western reservation. Some difficulty was 
experienced in their removal. Becoming hostile and refusing 
to emigrate, the militia w^as called out, and, under General 
Tipton, a force was marched to their villages. This induced 
them to leave without further opposition. 

In the same year a treaty was concluded with the Miami 
Indians through the good offices of Colonel A. C. Pepper, the 
Indian agent, by which a considerable, and the most desirable 
portion of their reserve, was ceded to the United States. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SAMUEL BIGGER. 

r^ OVERNOR WALLACE was succeeded by Hon. Samuel 
vJ Bigger, in December, 1840. On this occasion the state 
of public afiairs was in a very unpleasant condition. The 
system of internal improvements adopted four years previous 
had not prospered as expected by its friends, and was at that 
time prostrated, and the government and people found them- 
selves laboring under the complicated embarrassments of this 
disastrous result. They felt and expressed the most intense 
anxiety respecting the measures which should be adopted to 
effect their relief. The great question was now, " What shall 
be done with our public improvements?" The "system" 
embraced ten different works, of which the most important 
was the Wabash and Erie canal. Their aggregate length was 
one thousand one hundred and sixty miles. Of this length 
only one hundred and forty miles had been fully completed. 
The amount which had been expended on these various lines 
was something over $5,600,000, and it required at least 
$14,000,000 to complete them. In August, 1839, all work 



ADMINISTEATION OF GOVEENOR BIGGER. 215 

ceased on these improvements with one or two exceptions, 
and most of the contracts were surrendered to the State. This 
course had been adopted under an act of the legislature pro- 
viding for the compensation of contractors by the issue of 



JUDGE C. Y. PATTERSON. 

See page 21. 



treasury notes. In addition to this state of affairs, the legis- 
lature of 1839 had made no provision for the payment of 
interest on the State debt incurred for internal improvements. 
In reference to this unpleasant situation of the public works 
in 1840, Governor Bigger said : " Their prosecution, as origi- 



216 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 

nally contemplated, will not be seriously urged at this time 
by any one at all conversant with onr condition and the extent 
of our liabilities. Such a course would be the extreme of 
folly. And on the other hand, their entire abandonment, with 
the utter loss of the large sums of money already expended, 
would scarcely be less ruinous in its consequences to our credit 
and ultimate prosperity." 

Much individual indebtedness was created during the pro- 
gress of the works of internal improvement. When opera- 
tions ceased in 1839, and prices fell at the same time, the 
people were left, in a great measure, without the means of 
commanding money with which to pay their debts. This con- 
dition of private enterprise, which had been incurred by an 
unwise State policy, rendered direct taxation more than ever 
inexpedient. Hence it became the policy of Governor Bigger's 
administration to provide the means of paying the interest on 
the State debt without increasing the rate of taxation, and 
of continuing that portion of the public works that could be 
immediately completed, and from which the earliest returns 
could be expected. 

The years of 1840-41, were two dark years in Indiana; nor 
was the prospect brightened with the commencement of 1842. 
In 1841 the farmer was abundantly rewarded in the pursuits 
of agriculture, which, to a considerable extent, lightened the 
burden of the whole people. 

With the assembling of the legislature in 1841, the State 
had reached a crisis in its affairs which had been expected by 
many, but which many had expected to avoid. Indiana, until 
that year, had succeeded in paying the interest on her public 
debt, and at the previous session of the legislature ample pro- 
vision was supposed to have been made for its payment, but 
circumstances beyond the control of the agents of the State 
rendered it impossible to obtain the necessary funds, and at 
this period the people were compelled to acknowledge the 
unwelcome truth that the credit of the State had not been 
sustained. 

In this connection we shall briefly glance over those meas- 
ures, the unfortunate issue of which involved the State in the 
difficulties to which we now refer. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOK BIGGER. 217 

In the year 1827, the State of Indiana obtained from the 
general government a grant of land to aid in the construction 
of the Wabash and Erie canal, with a view to connect the 
Wabash river with Lake Erie. A portion of this grant was 
surrendered to the State of Ohio, on the condition that she 
would construct the canal from the boundary of Indiana to 
the lake. This canal had been completed, ready for naviga- 
tion from Lafayette, on the Wabash, to the eastern line of the 
State. This work was not generally regarded as a part of the 
system of internal improvements adopted in 1836. 

In the month of January, 1836, the legislature of Indiana / 
passed an act to provide for a general system of internal 
improvements, embracing a number ot expensive works. The 
extent and condition of these works, including the Wabash 
and Erie canal, at the close of the year 1841, with the total 
disbursement thereon, may be summed up as follows: 

1. The Wabash and Erie canal, from the State line to Tippe- 
canoe, one hundred and twenty-nine miles in length, completed 
and navigable for the whole length, at a total expenditure of 
$2,041,012. This sum includes the cost of the steam boat lock 
afterwards completed at Delphi. 

2. The extension of the Wabash and Erie canal from the 
, mouth of the Tippecanoe to Terre Haute, over one hundred and 

four miles. The estimated cost of this work was $1,500,000, 
and the amount expended for the same, up to 1841, was 
$408,855. The navigation was at this period opened as far 
down as Lafayette, and a portion of the work performed in the 
vicinity of Covington. i 

3. The cross-cut canal from Terre Haute to central canal, 
forty-nine miles in length, estimated cost $718,672 — amount 
expended to 1841, $420,679, and at this period no part of the 
work was navigable. 

4. The White Water canal, from Lawrenceburgh to the 
mouth of Nettle creek, seventy-six and a half miles — estimated 
cost $1,675,738, amount expended to that date, $1,099,867, and 
thirty-oiie miles of the work was navigable, extending from 
the Ohio river to Brookville. 

5. The Central canal, from the Wabash and Erie canal, to 



^18 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Indianapolis, including the feeder dam at Muncietown, one 
hundred and twenty-four miles in length — total estimated cost 
$2,299,853, amount expended, $568,046; eight miles com- 
pleted at that date, and other portions nearly done. 

6. Central canal, from Indianapolis to Evansville, on the 
Ohio river, one hundred and ninety-four miles in length, total 
estimated cost, $3,532,394, amount expended $831,302; nine- 




BIRTH-PLACE OF JUDGE HORA.CE P. BIDDLE. 

See page 21. 

teen miles of which was completed at that date, at the southern 
end, and sixteen miles extending sonth from [ndiauapolis 
were nearly completed. 

7. Erie and Michigan canal, one hundred and eighty-two 
miles in length, estimated cost, $2,624,823, amount expended, 
$156,324. No part of this work was finished in 1841. 

8. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad, over eighty-live 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BIGGER. 



219 



miles in length, total estimated cost, $2,046,600, amount 
expended, $1,493,013. Eoad jfinished and in operation for 
about twenty -eight miles; grading nearly finished, and twenty- 
seven miles in addition, extending to Edenburg. 

9. Indianapolis and Lafayette turnpike road, seventy-three 
miles in length, total estimated cost, $593,737, amount 
expended, $72,182. The bridging and most of the grading 




RESIDENCE OF JUDGE H. P. BIDDLE, LOGANSPORT. 

See page 21. 

was done on twenty-seven miles from Crawfordsville to 
Lafayette. 

10. New Albany and Yincennes turnpike road, one hundred 
and five miles in length, estimated cost, $1,127,295, amount 
expended, $654,411. In 1841, forty-one miles were graded 
and macadamized, extending from New Albany to Paoli, and 
twenty-seven miles in addition, partly graded. 



220 mSTORY OF INDIANA. 

11. Jefferson ville and Crawfordsville road, over one hundred 
and sixty-four miles long, total estimated cost, $1,651,800, 
amount expended, $372,737. Forty-five miles were partly 
graded and bridged, extending from Jeflersonville to Salem, 
and from Greencastle north. 

12, Improvement of the Wabash rapids, undertaken jointly 
by Indiana and Illinois; estimated cost to Indiana, $102,500, 
amount expended by Indiana, $9,539. 

There had also been paid to the Board of Internal Improve- 
ments, for instruments, etc., to date, $36,564. 

By summing up the foregoing, it will be seen that the whole 
length of these roads and canals was one thousand two hundred 
and eighty-nine miles, only two hundred and eighty-one of 
which had been finished in 1841. The estimated aggregate 
cost of all the works was $19,914,424. The amount expended 
for all purposes, to that date, was $8,164,528. 

The State debt, at this time, amounted to $18,469,146. In 
reference to this condition of the public debt, as well as the 
means to be employed for reducing it, Governor Bigger, in 
1841, remarked: "It is due to ourselves, in this state of our 
aftairs, to examine into some of the prominent causes which 
have produced the present embarrassments. The first of these 
is doubtless to be found in the number of large and expensive 
works embraced in the system of internal improvements and 
their simultaneous prosecution. Also the unexpected increase 
in the prices of provisions, labor, and materials, was such that 
a sum much greater than the original estimate was required 
for the construction of the public works. Two great errors 
were committed in the progress of the system. The first was, 
paying the most of the interest out of the money borrowed. 
This subjected the State to the payment of compound interest, 
and the people, not feeling the pressure of taxes to discharge 
the interest, naturally became inattentive to the policy which 
was pursued. Had the legislature commenced by levying 
taxes to defray the interest as it accrued, its amount would 
have been a certain index to the sums expended on the works. 
This of itself would have done much to check extravagant 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WHITCOMB. 221 

expenditures. The second error was selling bonds on credit," 
whicli led to tlie most disastrous consequences. 

The administration of Governor Bigger closes in the most 
dissatisfactory manner, though probably from no fault of 
the governor, unless it may have been through a too sanguine 
co-operation in the internal improvement system. Both at 
home and abroad the State was held up in an unpleasant man- 
ner before the gaze of the world. " Indiana cannot pay the 
interest on her public debt! " was sounded in every State. But 
Indiana was not wanting in courage in this trying hour, as 
we shall see, nor was the energy of her people inadequate to 
the difficulties before them. 



CHAPTEK XXY. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WHITCOMB. 

GOYEKNOE SAMUEL BIGGEE was succeeded by Hon. 
James "Whitcomb, in December, 1843. The latter 
assumed the duties of executive of the State under the embar- 
rassing circumstances which we have been considering in the 
previous chapter, but he found himself ably qualified for the 
responsible duties of his office. " Our State,'" said he, to the 
legislature, in 1843, * * * "is experienxjing the distress and 
embarrassment consequent upon a system of over-banking, 
and its natural progeny, over-trading and deceptive specula- 
tion. * * * The tendency of this state of things is to relax 
the hand of industry by creating false notions of wealth, and 
to tempt to sudden acquisitions by means as delusive in their 
results as they are contrary to a primary law of the Author of 
our being. * * * Our position, soil and climate, as well 
as the habits of our people, all point to that branch of labor 
which is devoted to agriculture as our chief reliance for lasting 
wealth and returning prosperity. This calling should rank 



222 HISTORY OF INDIAI^A. 

with US the first in respectability, as it is unquestionably the 
first in importance." 

During the administration of Governor Whitcomb, the war 
with Mexico was thrust uj)on the United States and prosecuted 
j to a glorious triumph in the acquisition of immense tracts of 
\ lands in the south and west. Indiana contributed her full 
ratio to the troops that were sent into the field, and in a spirit 
of singular promptness and patriotism, adopted all necessary 
measures to sustain the general government. These new 
acquisitions of territory opened for discussion the ([uestion of 
slavery, in which Governor Whitcomb expressed Mmself 
opposed to any further extension of the "National sin." 

It is due to the memory of Governor Whitcomb to state 
that through the judicious operations of his government, the 
public credit of the State was redeemed. Measures of compro- 
mise between the State and its creditors were adopted by 
which, ultimately, the public works, although incomplete, 
were given in payment for the claims against the government. 
In this and other ways, the State was again placed upon 
respectable footing in the nation. 

Governor Whitcomb was succeeded by Hon. Joseph A. 
Wright, in December, 1849, having faithfully discharged the 
important duties devolving upon the office, until called, in 
December, 1848, to represent the State of Indiana in the 
Senate of the United States. Lieutenant-Governor Paris C. 
Dunning was acting Governor from December, 1848, to the 
same month in 1849. 



(-^v^i^'V 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. ^jj\ ^ y* 

Governor Joseph A. Wright's administration was ^n event- 
ful one. During its first year the State was called to mourn 
the decease of the President, Zachary Taylor, but at home 
Indiana had much upon which to congratulate herself The 
public improvements were going forward with a giant pro- 
gress, mainly through the united efforts of private capital and 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. 



223 



energy. The products of the soil were abundant, and the 
market was ample.. At the close of 1850, the Governor, in 
his inaugural address, spoke of the public works in these 
words: "We are progressing rapidly with works of public 
improvement. In the past season we have completed four 
hundred miles of plank road, which have cost from twelve to 
fifteen hundred dollars per mile. There are some twelve 




JOHN M. LOCKWOOD, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

hundred miles additional surveyed and in progress. We have 
two hundred and twelve miles of railroad in successful opera- 
tion, of which one hundred and twenty-four were completed 
tlie past year. There are more than, one thousand miles of 
railway surveyed and in a state of progress." 
/ In pursuance of a joint resolution of the legislature in 1850, 
a block of native marble was procured and forwarded to Wash- 
ington, to be placed in the monument then in course of erec- 



224 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

tion at the National capital, in memory of the immortal 
George Washington. Although the assembly of Indiana did 
not authorize any sentiment to be placed on the block, Gov- 
ernor Wright had the following words inscribed upon it: 
Indiana knows no North, no South, nothing but the Union! 
This motto was placed upon the Washington monument in 

1850, and a little more than ten years after, the people of 
Indiana showed to the world how completely they entered into 
this sentiment by the sacrifice of blood and treasure in the 
cause of the Union. 

Governor Wright endorsed the compromise measures en- 
acted by Congress on the slavery question in 1850; and in 
closing his message of this year he remarked : " Indiana takes 
her stand in the ranks not of Southern destiny^ nor yet of 
Northern destiny. She plants herself on the basis of the 
constitution, and takes her stand in the ranks of Americaii 
destiny." 

It was also during Governor Wright's fruitful administra- 
tion that the State of Indiana started out fully upon the great 
mission of education. It was in 1852 that the township system 
was adopted, which has become a truly wonderful success — 
the boast of the State. .The reader is referred to another part 
of this volume for a complete history of the superior educa- 
tional advantages of Indiana. 

It was also during Governor Wright's administration that 
the second constitutional convention was held, and a new con- 
stitution adopted. A general banking law was adopted in 

1851. This gave a new impetus to the commerce of the State, 
and opened the way for a broader volume of general trade. 
This banking law, however, gave rise to many abuses. The 
currency was expanded, a delusive idea of wealth prevailed, 
and, as a consequence, much injurious speculation was 
indulged. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and 
the large gains of the State in that institution were directed 
to the promotion of common school education. 

Governor Jo&eph A. Wright was succeeded by Hon. Ashbel 
P. Willard, in January, 1857. 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLARD. 326 

ADMINISTEATION OF GOVERNOR WILLARD. 

An extra session of the legislature was convened bj Gov- 
ernor "Willard in November, 1858. The constitution of 1852 
provided only for biennial sessions of the legislature, and as 
the legislature of 1857 made no provision for raising a revenue 
for 1858-9, the necessity for the special session is obvious. 

Governor Willard condenses a very complete history of the 
State bank in the following paragraph, which is taken from 
his message of 1859: "On the twenty-eighth of January, 
1834, an act was approved establishing a State bank. Said 
act, by its terms, ceased to be a law on the first of January, 
1857. Under this law the bank commenced and continued its 
operations as a corporation authorized to issue and circulate 
notes, discount paper, and transact all other ordinary banking 
business until the j&rst of January, 1857. At that time its 
outstanding circulation was $4,208,725, with a debt due to the 
institution principally from citizens of this State of $6,095,368. 
Between the first of January, 1857, and 1859, the bank 
redeemed nearly its entire circulation, and provided amply 
for the redemption of that which has not been returned. She 
has collected from most of her debtors the money which they 
owed. ,* * * The State was interested in the bank. She 
invested in its stock $1,390,000. The money to make the 
investment was procured by the issuing of five per cent, bonds, 
the last of which will be payable July first, 1866. ' * - * 
The report of the commissioners shows that its nominal profits 
are $2,780,604.36. By the law creating the Sinking Fund, 
that fund was appropriated, first, to pay the principal and 
interest upon the bonds; second, the expenses of the commis- 
sioners; and lastly, the cause of common school education." 

On the third day of October, 1860, before his term of office 
had expired. Governor Willard died at St. Paul, Minn. His 
remains were brought back to the State by his widow, accom- 
panied by the Governor of Minnesota, Hon. Henry M. Eice, 
one of the United States Senators, and several distinguished 
citizens of that State. From this date the duties of the exec- 
15 



226 HISTORY OI'' INDIANA. 

utive devolved upon the Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. A. A. 
Hammond. 

In the isame year tlie State suffered a severe loss to science 
in the death of David Dale Owen, the State geologist. 
Acting Governor Hammond, in closing his message to the 
legislature in January, 1861, referred to the approaching civil 
war in a spirit of patriotism, manifesting a strong belief 
that it would not be averted. 



GOVERNOR MORTON S AJ3MINISTRATION. 

Governor O. P. Morton's administration, which commences 
with his election as Lieutenant-Governor, owing to the resig- 
nation of Governor Lane, brings us at once to a consideration 
of the war for the Union, in which he acted an honorable part. 
Almost immediately after his election to the important office, 
he issued his proclamation calling the legistature into extra- 
ordinary session. On this occasion he placed the position of 
the Southern States in a true light before the assembled repre- 
sentatives of the State, closing his remarks in the following 
language : " We have passed from the field of argument to the 
solemn fact of war which exists by the act of the seceding 
States. The issue is forced upon us, and must be accepted. 
Every man must take his position upon the one side or upon 
the other. In time of war there is no ground upon which a 
third party can stand. It is the imperative duty of all men 
to rally to the support of the government, and to expend in 
its behalf, if need be, their fortunes and their blood. Upon 
the preservation of this government depends our prosperity 
and greatness as a nation; our liberty and happiness as indi- 
viduals. We should approach the contest not as politicians, 
nor as ambitious partizans, but as patriots, who cast aside 
every selfish consideration when danger threatens their 
country. The voice of party should be hushed, and. the bitter- 
ness that may have sprung out of political contests be at once 
forgiven and forgotten. Let us rise above these paltry con- 
siderations and inaugurate the era when there shall be but 



GOVERNOR Morton's administration. 227 

one party, and that for our country. The struggle is one in 
which we enter with the deepest reluctance. We are bound 
to the people of the seceding States by the dearest ties of 
blood and institutions. They are our brothers and our fellow 
countrymen. But if they regard not their tender relations, 
how can we? If they wage war upon us, and put themselves 
in the attitude of public enemies, they must assume all the 




HON. WILLARD CARPENTER. 

See page 21. 

responsibilities incident to that position. But while I deplore 
deeply the character of the contest in which we are engaged, 
nevertheless we should meet it as men. ***** In 
view of all the facts, it becomes the imperative duty of Indiana 
to make suitable preparations for the contest by providing 
ample supplies of men and money to insure the protection of 
tlie State and general goverimient in the prosecution of the 
war to a speedy and successful termination. I therefore 



228 HISTOKY OF INDIANA, 

recommend that one million of dollars be appropriated for the 
purchase of arms and the munitions of war, and for the 
organization of such portion of the militia as may be deemed 
necessary for the emergency ; that a militia system be devised 
and enacted looking chiefly to volunteers which shall insure 
the greatest protection to the State and unity and efliciency 
of the force to be employed; that a law be enacted defining 
and punishing treason against the State ; that a law be enacted 
suspending the collection of debts against those who may be 
actually employed in the military service of the State or the 
United States; that suitable provision be made by the issue 
of bonds of the State or otherwise, for raising the money 
herein recommended to be appropriated." 



CHAPTEE XXVI. 

RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 

WITH the beginning of the year 1861, the political his- 
tory of Indiana departs from the somewhat dull routine 
of the previous years, and partakes of the military cast. It 
would be difficult now for one who was not living in the State 
at that time to fully realize the excitement that prevailed 
throughout the length and breadth of the State, when, in 
April, 1861, the intelligence that Fort Sumter was bombarded, 
was received. It has been truthfully said that no man living 
within the limits of America will ever forget that dispatch. 
The graphic compiler of the " Indiana Soldier " thus describes 
the profound impression which it produced in this State : 
" The whole earth itself seemed to reel under the blow, and 
no longer to afford a sure foothold. Through the long Satur- 
day that followed, business was at a stand; business houses 
were closed, and men with clenched fists and high beating 
hearts stood on the street corners and at the doors of the tele- 



EECOED IN THE WAE FOE THE UKION. 229 

graph office. That night, from the knobs of Ohio to the sand 
hills of Lake Michigan, from the Quaker towns in the eastern 
border to the prairie farms on the western line, the streets 
of Indiana were black with breathless multitudes still awaiting 
the tidings of the seventy loyal men in an unfurnished fort, 
bombarded by ten thousand raging rebels! When the banner 
appeared — ■ the banner which wi-thin the memory of the pres- 
ent generation had only idly fluttered in holiday breezes — a 
new meaning seemed to stream from its folds : hats were taken 
off, as in the presence of something sacred; and shouts begin- 
ning, it might be, brokenly and in tears, rose and swelled, and 
made walls and skies resound. At ten o'clock a dispatch was 
announced: 'Sumter has fallen.' Young men, and men in 
middle life, looked at white faces and wet eyes of old and 
venerated citizens, who stood in the street waiting for tidings, 
and a great stillness fell upon all. They turned to separate 
and creep silently to their homes. Another dispatch: 'Mr. 
Lincoln will issue a proclamation to-morrow, calling for 
seventy-five thousand volunteers'.' Cheer upon cheer, roar 
upon roar, responded. The white-faced old men grew red; 
they stamped, pounded, wept, roared with the loudest, wildest 
and maddest. Good, cold-blooded ]3eople, who had gone to 
bed, sprang up, threw open their Avindows, screamed to 
passers-by for information, and joined, too, in the national 
shout." 

The following Sabbath was a memorable one in the history 
of Indiana. The country's cause was the theme at the 
churches; it was in the prayer, in the sermons, and in the 
songs. Every where, in every city, town and village of the 
State, the blessing of the God of nations was invoked upon 
the President of the United States, and upon the TTnion. 

The President's proclamation was immediately followed by 
Governor Morton's. Indiana was called upon for six thousand 
volunteers, as her portion of the seventy -five thousand. The 
response to the Governor's call can never be described. 
Before the proclamation had been fully read more than fifteen 
thousand brave men stood ready for war. The clerk left his 
desk, the woodman dropped his ax, the farmer left his fields, 



230 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

and the mechanic his bench. In every quarter there was a 
grand response, a patriotic answer to the Governor's call, and 
from that hour the complete loyalty, may we not say, the 
intense loyalty, of the State was manifested. 

But there were contributions of means as well as of men. 
Winslow and Lanier, of New York, the latter formerly a citi- 
zen of Indiana, offered Governor Morton twenty-five thousand 
dollars, William Morrison of Indianapolis, one thousand. But 
there is no room for enumei-ation. The cities, towns, and 
other corporations of the State, as well as individuals, gave 
freely, and unsolicited. The legislature, which met in extra- 
ordinary session on the twenty-fourth of April, was exceed- 
ingly prompt and unpartisan in transacting the business which 
the breaking out of the war had thrust upon them. They 
voted, and placed at the Governor's control, five hundred 
thousand dollars for arms and ammunition, together with one 
hundred thousand dollars for military contingencies. They 
also voted one million dollars for enlisting, maintaining and 
subsisting troops, and providing munitions of war. 

Having the necessary means placed at his disposal, Gov- 
ernor Morton commissioned Bobert Dale Owen, formerly 
member of Congress from the First District, agent to purchase 
arms and munitions of war for the State. In this responsible 
position Mr. Owen, by his great foresight and wide experience 
not only saved the State large amounts of money in his pur- 
chases, but procured for the regiments that represented the 
State in the army, a much better quality of rifles than many 
of the other States were enabled to obtain. 

Being thus provided with arms, ammunition was next 
wanted. But there was no delaj' in procuring this. Just two 
weeks after the news of the fall of Sumter, Captain H. Strum 
was detailed for the purpose of establishing, at Indianapolis, 
a State arsenal. He at once commenced the erection of a suit- 
able building, and the purchase, with State funds, of sufficient 
materials to manufacture, in large quantities, ammunition for 
field pieces and small arms. This arsenal afterwards became 
useful in not only supplying our own troops in the field, but 
many brigades from other States. At one time the hande 



KECOKD IN THE WAR FOB THE UNION. 



231 



employed in the arsenal reached six hundred. It has become 
a permanent establishment. 

The funds for the preparation of this ammunition were all 
advanced by the State, and the ammunition was paid for, after 
delivery, by the General Government, The auditing com- 
mittee connected with the finances of the arsenal, in closing. 
their report, speak in this wise in reference to the efficiency 




DR. ANDREW LEWIS. 
See page 21. 

of Captain Strum: " We cannot close this report without 
bearing testimony to the ability, integrity and economy with 
which Captain Strum has managed the aifairs of the arsenal." 
The want of clothing and camp equipage for the troops as 
they were mustered into service, was almost as pressing and 
important as that of arms and ammunition. At first the State 
was obliged to carry the burden of this singly, as it was not 
until August, 1861, that the Quartermaster-General, at the 



232 HISTORY OF I^'DIAN'A. 

request of Governor Morton, appointed an Assistant United 
States Quartermaster for this State. In this capacity the 
State' advanced for clothing, etc., in 1861, the sum of five 
hundred and forty-one thousand seven hundred and twenty 
dollars. For camp equipage the sum of sixty-five thousand 
eight hundred dollars was also expended in the same period. 

During most of the year 1861 the State was obliged to pi*o- 
vide supplies for her troops in the field, and for this purpose 
ninety-four thousand one hundred and fifty-nine dollars were 
expended. There were many other avenues of expense in 
which the State disbursed large sums of money, to aid the 
General Government, until the latter was thoroughly organ- 
ized for Avar. 

]^ine days after the President's proclamation was issued 
calling for seventy-five thousand men, in this State companies 
enough to form nine regiments were raised. Indiana's first 
quota was only four thousand four hundred and fifty-eight, 
rank and file; but on the twenty -fifth of April, six i-egiments, 
contain! no- nKjre than five thousand men, were mustered into 
the service; "companies enough for three regiments more 
reluctantly returning home." 

On the sixteenth of May, 1861, Indiana was asked for four 
regiments more, making ten in all. It is a matter of pride to 
the people of Indiana that the Secretary of War, in ordering 
these troops, urged upon the State to send only four regiments. 
It appears that the patriotism of the State needed restraint 
rather than stimulant. 

In advance of this call three regiments had been organized 
by the State. They M-ere at once turned over to the United 
States, and a fourth added a few days after. " The urgency of 
the people," says Mr. Stevenson, "to join the army was such 
that, at the instance of the Governor, in advance of the July 
call for five hundred thousand troops, the Secretary of War 
allowed Indiana to send into the field, by order of June 
eleventh, 1861, six regiments; by order of June nineteenth, 
four regiments. Each of these contained one thousand and 
forty-six men. One regiment of cavalry (the twenty-eighth 
regiment, first Indiana cavalry) was included. Thus the excess 
beyond the call was ten thousand four hundred and sixty men. 



KEOORD IN THE WAK FOB THE UNION. 233 

From the same source we learn that the calls upon Indiana 
't)j the General Government for troops, in 18G1, amounted to 
thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-two. Mr. 
Stevenson continues: " In reply, she sent, np to the sixth of 
January, 1862, forty-eight regiments of infantry, three regi- 
ments of cavaliy, and seventeen batteries, in all fiftv-three 
thousand and thirty -five men; being in excess of the call 
fourteen thousand two hundred and three men. In the months 
of July and August, 1862, the President called for six hun- 
dred thousand additional men ; and Indiana's quota was fixed 
at forty-two thousand and five hundred. By September twen- 
tieth Indiana's cjuota, under all these calls, had been filled by 
volunteers, with the exception of six thousand and sixty. A 
draft was ordered; but before it took efifect, on October sixth, 
the number deficient had been reduced to three thousand and 
three, for which number draft was made. The drafted men 
were to serve nine months. Of these, however, all but four 
companies volunteered to serve three years. * * - There 
is one epoch connected with the response to this last call, 
which merits especial notice. It is the promptitude, unexam- 
pled, we believe, even among the wonders of the rebellion, 
with which regiments were poured into Kentucky on the 
occasion of the sudden and unexpected invasion of that State 
by Generals Morgan and Kirby Smith, when both Cincinnati 
and Louisville were seriously threatened. On the eighth of 
August General Buell telegraphed to Governor Morton that 
* a formidable raid . threatened Kentucky,' and urged that 
troops be at once sent to General Bo_yle. On the next day the 
Executive received an urgent appeal from the War Depart- 
ment, to which he replied that the quota of twenty-one thou 
sand two hundred men, called for in July, would be raised 
in twenty days. Incredible of performance as the promise 
seemed, he kept his word." 

Although Indiana was compelled, in 1862, as we have seen, 
to make a draft of three thousand men, it should be borne in 
mind that this was made necessary, not on account of the 
backwardness of volunteering,'but on account of a mistake of 
the War Department. At the time the draft was made the 



234 HiSTOKi: OF Indiana. 

State had more than her quota in the field, and was subse- 
quently credited with this surplus. 

In 1863, under tlie call in August, Indiana's quota amounted 
to twenty-six tljousand eight hundred and thirty-two men^ 
which the State promptly furnished with volunteers, having, 
when the quota was full, sixteen hundred and sixty -nine men 
remaining. Under the second call of this year, in September, 
Indiana was called upon for eighteen thousand nine hundred 
and ninety-seven men, which were also promptly furnished by 
volunteering. 

But we have no room in this volume to enumerate the evi- 
dence of the patriotism of Indianians in the war of the rebel- 
lion. Here is a touching incident which we cannot fail to 
add, although it has been told a thousand times: In July, 
1863, news reached Indianapolis that a rebel force, estimated 
to be six thousand strong, had crossed the Ohio, and was 
marching on Corydon. The Governor immediately issued a 
call for the people to rise en masse and defend the State. 
What were the results? "Within forty-eight hours from the 
time this call was issued, sixty-five thousand men had ten- 
dered their services, and were on their way to the place of 
rendezvous, while ten thousand more were preparing and had 
to be notified to remain at home. It will liardly be necessary 
to repeat the story of the fate of the invading expedition. 
To prevent a continuance of these expeditions the militia was 
promptly organized. 

At the session of the legislature in 1863, we learn from 
Governor Morton's message, that up to that date the State had 
furnished, in all, ninety-eight regiments of infantry and cav- 
alry, and twenty-seven batteries of artillery; comprising 
ninety-five thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven ofiicers 
and men. To this number should be added six thousand eight 
hundred and thirty-one recruits, who joined old regiments and 
batteries in the field, making a total of one hundred and two 
thousand six hundred and ninety-eight men. This number 
does not embrace all who were enrolled in the regiments of 
other States from Indiana. 

By an act of the legislature, approved May thirteenth, 1861, 



RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 235 

the Governor was authorized to issue bonds to the amount of 
two million dollars, bearing interest at the rate of six per 
cent., and Jesse J. Brown, James M. Ray and John H. O. 
Boyle were appointed a Board of Loan Commissioners to 
negotiate their sale. 




N. G. OLDS, ESQ. 
See page 21. 



This board eiFected the sale of the bonds on favorable terms 
to the State. By the sixth section of an act of Congress, 
approved August sixth, 1861, a direct annual tax of tw^entj 
millions of dollars was levied upon the United States, and 



28<i HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

apportioned ainung tlie several States. The apportionment 
de\()lve(l the payment of nine hundred and four thousand eight 
hundred and seventy-iive dollars on the State of Indiana. 
'J'his large amount was paid, through the foresight of Governor 
Morton, by an offset, consisting of the advances made by the 
State, in arming and equiping the men sent to the field by the 
State of Indiana. 

In his annual message, in 1863, Governor Morton said: 
'■• While we rejoice in the braver}- displayed by all the armies 
of the United States, it is a subject of profound congratulation 
that the Indiana troops have behaved with uniform and dis- 
tinguished gallantr}' in every action in which they have been 
engaged. They form a part of every army in the field, and 
have been among the foremost in deeds of daring, while their 
blood has hallowed every soil." 

Owing to the large number of men sent to the field from 
Indiana, it became evident that the families of soldiers, during 
the winter of 1862-3, would suffer greatly for want of the 
necessaries of life, and Governor Morton issued an appeal to 
the people of the State, calling upon the wealthy to contribute 
of their means for the support of soldiers' families. A very 
generous response came from all parts of the State. This, 
together with legislative aid. Avarded off" hunger and starva- 
tion, and enal>led all to pass the winter in comparative peace 
and plenty. 

In 1865, after the conclusion of the war, Go\"ernor Morton, 
in his message to the legislature, summed up the history of 
Indiana in the war, as follows: "The part which Indiana has 
taken in the war for the suppression of the rebellion, is a 
mattei- upon which the citizens of the State may justly prid* 
themselves. In the number of troo]3S furnished and in the 
amount of voluntary contributions rendered, Indiana, in pro- 
portion to her population and wealth, stands equal to any of 
her sister States. It is also a subject of gratitude and thank- 
fulness that. Avhile the number of troops furnished l)y Indiana 
alone in this great contest M'ould have done credit to a first- 
class' nation, measured by the standard of previous wars, not 
a single res^iment, Imtterv or battalion from this State ha.-^ 



RECOKD IN THE WAR FOE THE UKION. 237 

brought reproach upon the national flag, and no disaster of 
the war can be traced to any want of fidelity, courage or 
efficiency on the part of any Indiana officer. The endurance, 
heroism, intelligence and skill of the officers and soldiers sent 
forth by Indiana to do battle for the Union, have shed a lustre 
on our beloved State of which any people might justly be 
proud. Without claiming superiority over our loyal sister 
States, it is but justice to the brave men who have represented 
us on almost every battle-field of the war, to say that their 
deeds have placed Indiana in the front rank of those heroic 
States which rushed to the rescue of the imjDeriled government 
of the nation. The total number of troops furnished by the 
State for all terms of service in the armies of the Union, 
exceeds two hundred thousand men, much the greater portion 
of them being for three years ; and in addition thereto not less 
than fifty thousand State militia have from time to time been 
called into active service to repel rebel raids and defend our 
southern border from invasion. * * * The war has estab- 
lished upon imperishable foundations the great fundamental 
truth of the unity and indivisibility of the nation. We are 
many States, but one people, having one individual sovereignty, 
one flag, and one common destiny. It has also established, to be 
confessed by all the world, the exalted character of the Amer- 
ican soldier, his matchless valor, his self-sacrificing patriotism, 
his capacity to endure fatigues and hardships, and his human- 
ity, which, in the midst of carnage, has wreathed his victorious 
achievements with a brighter glory. He has taught the world 
a lesson, before which it stands in amazement, how, when the 
storm of battle had passed, he could lay aside his arms, put 
off" the habiliments of war, and return with cheerfulness to 
to the gentle pursuits of peace, and show how the bravest of 
soldiers could become the best of citizens." 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

GOVERNOB MOKTON's A^D ^AKER's ADMINISTKATIONS EVENTS 

J^9F 1867. 

'• V 

THE constitution of the two houses of the general assembly 
of Indiana, in 1867, stood thus: Republicans; senate 30, 
house 61 ; Democrats; senate 20, house 39. Soon after the com- 
mencement of the session, Governor O. P. Morton sent in his 
resignation, in consequence of having been elected to the 
United States Senate. In reply to his resignation, a joint res- 
olution passed both branches of the legislature, highly compli- 
mentary to the character and abilities of Mr. Morton, and in 
January of that year, the chair of the Executive was filled by 
Lieutenant-Governor Conrad Baker, who was acting Governor 
during the remainder of Morton's term. 

One of the first important measures of this session was a 
joint resolution ratifying the amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution, proposed by Congress to the legislatures of the sev- 
eral States, "which was intended to constitute all persons 
born in the country, or subject to its jurisdictions, citizens of 
the United States, and of the State wherein they reside, with- 
out regard to race or color; to reduce the congressional repre- 
sentation in any State in which there should be a restriction 
of the exercise of the elective franchise, on account of race or 
color; to disfranchise persons therein named who shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States; 
and to declare that the validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, shall not be questioned." This 
joint resolution was carried to a committee, a majority of 
which reported favorable to its passage, and a report was also 
submitted by the minority, taking strong grounds against the 

(238) 



240 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ratilicatiuii of the proposed amendments; but the report of 
the majority was carried by a very decisive vote. 

An act was passed dividing the State into eleven congress, 
ional districts, and apportioning the representation thereto; 
biit the most important measure of the whole session, with the 
possible exception of the first referred to, was the passage of 
an act providing f(ir the registry of votes, the punishment of 
fraudulent practices at elections, and for the apportionment 
and compensation of a board of registration. According to 
the measure, this board Avas to consist, in each township, of 
two freeholders appointed by the county commissioners, 
together with the township trustee of such township; in cities 
the freeholders were to be appointed in each ward by the city 
council. The members, by this act, are required to iile with 
the auditor of the county, or with the city clerk, in cities, ai 
oath to support the constitution, etc. Twenty days' residence 
in a township, city or ward, was requii'ed to qualify any person 
to vote therein. The penalty provided, by this measure, for 
offenses of false registration, or fraudulent personation of reg- 
istered persons, is imprisonment in the State prison for a 
period not less than one year, for each and every offense. In 
all its phases the measure was very strict, and well calculated 
to secure honest elections. Its aim in this respect has been 
effective. 'No State can present a cleaner political record, 
since this law was enacted (and even from the earliest history 
of the State,) than Indiana. The two concluding sections of 
the law are; 

Sec. 28. All ballots wliicli may be cast at any election hereafter held in 
this State, shall be written or printed on plain white paper, without an_v 
distinguishing marks or embellishments thereon, except the name of the 
candidates and the office for which they are voted for; and inspectors of 
election shall refuse all ballots offered of any other description, provided 
nothing herein shall disqualify the voter from writing his own name on 
the back thereof. 

Sec. 34. That whereas frauds have been practiced upon the ballot-box 

— to prevent the same and to secure to the people of this State a fair 
expression of their wishes at all elections at the earliest practicable time 

— an emergency is hereby declared to exist, and this act is declared to be 
in force from and after its passage. 

During the same sessioJi a law was passed that created con- 



GOV. Morton's and baker's administrations. 241 

siderable discussion. It provided for the protection and 
indemnity of all officers and soldiers of the United States and 
soldiers of the Indiana Legion, for acts done in the " military 
service of the United States, and in the military service of the 
State, and in enforcing the laws and preserving the peace of 
the conntry." We annex the leading features of this law: 

Sec. 2. That in all suits and actions, civil or criminal, against individu- 
als, arising out of acts done by officers or soldiers of the United States, or 
of the militia of the State of Indiana, in the preservation of order and the 
suppression of the late rebellion, or in making any arrest, taking or 
entering upon any property, or in holding or detaining any person or 
property, it shall be a full defense to prove that the acts done or commit- 
ted, and for which siiit is brought, were done or committed under orders, 
either written or oral, from any military officer. 

Sec. 5. In all actions for libel or slander for imputing the crime of 
treason to the plaintiff, during the late rebellion, it shall be a full defense 
to prove that the party complaining was a member of, or affiliated with, 
any society or organization, other than as a political party, in sympathy 
with the rebellion, and in any case where, for technical reasons, a full 
defense cannot be made according to the provision of this act, the measure 
of damages, in case of recovery, shall be five dollars, and no more, with- 
out costs. 

It was at this session of the legislature that an act was 
passed making definite appropriations to the several benevo- 
lent institutions of the State. Several measures were also 
adopted for the encouragement of education, and charities 
First of these was for the establishment of the Soldiers' Home, 
the corne]" stone of which was laid on the fourth of July, 
1867. The second w^as for the establishment of a State l^or- 
mal School, located at Terre Haute, and, to-day, one of the 
finest institutions of the kind in the west. The erection of 
suitable buildings for this school was undertaken early in 
186T, and the corner stone was laid in August, with interest- 
ing and appropriate ceremonies. The original building cost 
over one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The legislature 
also graciously provided for the establishment of a House of 
Refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. 
According to the law, children under eighteen years of age 
may be sentenced, upon regular trial, to this Home, instead of 
being sent to the State prison or county jail. The institution 
IfJ 



242 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Avas admirably established on the plan of an industi-ial school. 
Children sent to the House of Refuge by a regular court, are 
supported by the State, and the county from which they are 
sent, equally. When sent by the parent or guardian, such 
person or persons, if able, must defray the expense. This 
school, or prison, is located near Plainfield, in Hendricks 
county, and was ready for the reception of the wayward in 
January, 3868. 

After a successful session of sixty days, the legislature 
adjourned on the eleventh of March, 1807. During the ses- 
sion the question of the agricultural college — now the "Pur- 
due University," at La Fayette — was discussed, but not 
disposed of. The hnancial condition of the State on the thir- 
ty-lirst of October, 1867, the close of that fiscal year, is shown 
by the following statistics, extracted from the Auditor's report 
for that year: 

RECEIPTS. 

General revenue tax $1,243,013 75 

School tax 811,632 19 

Sinking fund tax 915,033 39 

Library tax 46,041 15 

Total $3,015,720 48 

EXPENDITURES. 

Ordinary $ 441,850 50 

For benevolent institutions 632,186 S6 

Redemption of stock, interest, etc 1,671,904 01 

Military expenses 66,193 07 

School fund, to counties 1,289,097 00 

Balance on hand Nov. 1st, 1866 381,621 89 

Receipts during the year 4,210,336 44 

Total $4,591,858 33 

In that year the total revenue of the common school fund 
amounted to $1,336,762, which was without a parallel in the 
ITnited States. The principal of the fund is over ten million 
dollars, and can never be reduced or reverted from its proper 
channel. 



CHAPTER XXYIII. 

GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION EVBNl'S OF 1868. 

POLITICALLY Indiana took the lead in the memorable 
campaign of 1868. Both parties held conventions early 
in the year, setting forth the principles on which they pro- 
posed to conduct the canvass, before any other State became 
actively interested. The Democrats nominated Thomas A. 
Hendricks for Governor, Alfred P. Edgerton for Lieutenant- 
Governor, and E. C. Kise for Secretarj^ of State. The resolu- 
tions constituting the plattbrm denounced the reconstruction 
policy of the Republicans, recommended the substitution of 
United States notes in lieu of the national bank currency, 
denied the right of the General Government to interfere with 
the question of suffrage in any of the States, and opposed 
negro suffrage, etc. 

The Republican convention nominated Conrad Baker for 
Governor, William Cumback for Lieutenant-Governor, and 
Max T. A. Hoffman for Secretary of State. The platform 
adopted endorsed the policy of the party in strong terms, 
defending the plan of reconstruction, and opposing a further 
contraction of the currency, etc. 

The canvass was very excited, and resulted in the election of 
Conrad Baker for Governor, by a majority of nine hundred 
and sixty-one votes. The presidential election followed soon 
after, in which the State polled 343,532 votes, of which 176,552 
were for Grant, and 166,980 for Seymour, giving the Republi- 
can Board of Electors a majority of 9,572. 

At the close of the fiscal year the State debt was $7,195,- 
085.94. Over three and a quarter millions of this amount 
consisted of balances of old debts, incurred for internal 

(243) 



244- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

improvements, of which we have spoken at length in previous 
chapters. These debts had been adjusted by what is known a& 
the "' JButler Bill," in 1846-7, at which time five per cent, cer- 
tificates of stock were issued to the creditors of the State. 
Over three and a lialf millions of this debt, as reported in 
1868, were represented by non-negotial)le bonds, held by the 
State school fund, for money borrowed therefrom to redeem 
a portion of the certificates issued to help the State out of its 
financial difiiculty in 1846-7. The balance of the State debt 
consisted of six per cent, bonds, issued in 1861, for war pur- 
poses, and bonds held by the Yincennes University. 

In 1868, the State of Indiana was energetically engaged in 
prosecuting claims on the General Government on account of 
expenses incurred in the civil war, to the amount of about 
three millions and a half. The State appointed an agent to 
prosecute the claims, and during the year $1,958,917.94 were 
allowed. 

During the previous year the legislature had appointed 
commissioners to hear and consider claims against the State 
for losses sustained by the "Morgan raid." A report was sub- 
mitted by the commissioners, in 1868, showing that $413,- 
599.48 had been allowed to persons suftering loss of property 
from the raid. 

It was during the year 1868 that Governor Baker, pursuant 
to the act of the legislature of the previous year, obtained a 
a site for the then proposed House of Refuge. He purchased 
one hundred and twenty-one acres of land, near Plainfield, 
Hendricks county, and expended about forty thousand dollars 
in improvements thereon. As to other benevolent institu- 
tions, " the Soldiers' and Seamen's Home, near Knightstown, 
originally established by private enterprise and benevolence, 
and adopted by the legislature in 1867," was in a good condi- 
tion. Up to that date the institution had afforded relief and 
temporary subsistence to four hundred men who were disabled 
in the civil war. A substantial brick building had been built 
for the Home, while the old buildings were used for an 
orphan's department, in which were gathered eighty-six 
children of deceased soldiers. 



GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION. 



245 



During this year, 1868, a feeling began to be prevalent in 
the State, that the processes of law in relation to criminal pro- 
ceedings were neither prompt nor sure for the punishment of 
■crime. It appeared to be easy, by means of affidavits, no 
matter how false, to obtain numerous continuances and changes 




See page 21. 



of venue, and in that way delaying, and injuring confidence 
in the administration of the penal laws. In consequence of 
this fact "Lynch Law" became of too frequent occurrence in 
the State. A remarkable case of this kind occurred in 1868, 
in the case of several robbers of express cars on railroads in 



246 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Indiana. "A gang of these desperadoes had operated for 
many months in the southern counties, and on the twenty- 
second of May an extensive robbery was committed on the 
Jefferson ville road, upon a car belonging to the Adams Express 
Company. Though the perpetrators of the robbery were soon 
afterwards arrested, and kept for several weeks in custody in 
the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, on the twentieth of July they 
were put on board a train of cars to be taken to the county of 
Jackson, in this State, for trial. An armed body of so-called 
Vigilance Committee of Seymour county, laid in wait for the 
train, and stopped the cars by hoisting a red signal on the 
road. They then proceeded to seize the prisoners, and after 
extorting a confession from them, hanged them without the 
form of a trial."* 

Almost immediatel}'' following this outrage, they published, 
and widely circulated, the following proclamation, which, 
together Mith the demonstrations of " Lynch Law " referred 
to, created no little excitement and comment in the State and 
Nation: 

ATTENTION, THIEVES ! 

The attention of all thieves, robbers, assassins and vagrants, together 
with their aiders, abetters and sympathizers, is called to the doings of the 
Seymour Vigilance Committee last night. We are determined to follow 
this up until all of the classes above named, whether imported or to the 
" manor born," are driven forever from our midst. Threats have been 
made of retaliation in case we should resort to capital punishment. In 
answer we say, " should one of our committee be harmed, or a dollar's 
worth of any honest man's property destroyed by persons unknown, we 
will swing by the neck until they be dead, every thieving character we can 
lay our hands on, without inquirj'^ whether we have the persons who com- 
mitted that particular crime or not. This applies not only to Seymour, 
but along the line of the two roads, and wherever our organization exists. 
Lwvi and order must prevail. 

By Order of The Committee. 

Seymour, Ind., July 31, 1868. 

In the following October four others of the railroad robbers 
were arrested in Canada, and taken to New Albany and there 
coniined in prison, and on the night of the twelfth of Decem- 
ber, the Seymour Vigilance Committee, to the number of 

♦ Annual Cyclopedia. 



GOVERNOB baker's ADMINISTBAIION. 247 

seventy-five men, all armed and disguised, entered that city, 
and forcibly took the keys of the jail from the sheriff, and 
proceeded to hang the rnfSans in the corridors of the prison. 



CHAPTEE XXIX. 

GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION EVENT'S OF 1869. 

EYEEY person in Indiana who has taken any interest in 
the recent political history of the State, will remember 
the " Fifteenth Amendment lock " in the legislature in 1869. 
The regular session commenced in January, and after listening 
to the Governor's somewhat lengthy message, the members 
proceeded to business, but accomplished very little. An 
attempt was made to alter the constitution of the State courts, 
but the Amendment question interfered, and the assembly 
adjourned prematurely, in March, without transacting any 
business of importance. During the short session serious 
complaints were made against the management of the State 
prisons, and nearly the whole of the two months' session was 
occupied in investigating the conduct of prison, and other 
officials. 

Party spirit was at a very high pitch, owing partly to the 
necessity of electing a United States senator to succeed Thomas 
A. Hendricks. The Democrats were strongly united on Mr. 
Hendricks, and the Pepublicans were somewhat divided 
between Will Cumback and James S. Frazer. The joint con- 
vention of the two houses occupied nearly the whole of three 
days, and finally elected Daniel D. Pratt. 

The Fifteenth Amendment came before the legislature, and 
the Democrats, as well as a portion of the conservative Repub- 
licans, opposed its consideration strongly, on the ground that 
it would be unfair to vote on the question until the people of 
the State had had an opportunity of expressing their views at 



248 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

the polls. The Kepublican members, however, resolved, in 
caucus, to force the ratiiication through the legislature, while, 
on the other hand, the Democratic members, in caucus, resolved 
to resign in a body, and all did so except those who were 
ordei-ed by the caucus to remain and protect the interests of 
the party. Accordingly, on the fourth of March, seventeen 
senators and thirty-six representatives resigned, destroying a 
quorum in both houses, which stopped legislation. 

The rupture left the benevolent institutions of the State 
unprovided for, as no appropriation bills had been passed. 
The Governor at once issued writs for special elections of 
members of the legislature to fill the vacancies made by this 
wholesale resignation, and on the twenty-second of March 
issued a proclamation convening the legislature in special ses- 
sion, summoning the members to meet on the eighth of April. 
On the day appointed the members appeared, but the Demo- 
crats, before submitting to the oath of office, compelled a 
majority of the Republican members to agree that the consid- 
eration of the Fifteenth Amendment should not be taken up 
until after the legislation needed for the general welfare of the 
State had been disposed of 

At this extra session the legislature passed an act introduc 
ing the study of the German language in the course of study 
in the public schools; also a measure establishing a female 
prison and reformatory institution for girls and women, at 
Indianapolis, to which all female convicts should be sent, 
instead of to the State prison. This legislation was among 
the good phases of the political year, as also that locating the 
Agricidtural College at La Fayette, in consideration of the 
gift of $100,000, cash, by Hon. John Purdue, of that place. 
This philanthropic gentleman has added $50,000 to the first 
sum given, and, we understand from his own lips, contemplates 
enlarging this very considerably. The institution has been, 
appropriately, given his name, and is now known as the 
Purdue University. It is in a flourishing condition, and 
promises to win new laurels for the State's educational repu- 
tation. 

On the nineteenth of May, during the extra session of the 



GOVEKNOE BAKER S ADMINISTEATION. 



249 



legislature, the Fifteentli Amendment was again introduced, 
but, as all the Democratic members, in anticipation of this, 
had presented their resignations to the Grovernor, it was 
claimed that there was not a quorum present. In the senate, 
however, there was a quorum, and although many of the mem- 




GEORGE W. WOOD, ESQ. 

See page 21. 

bers refused to vote, and declared that they were no longer 
senators, the president of that body decided that as he had not 
been informed of their resignation, by the Governor, they 
were still members. A vote was taken and the resolution was 



250 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

adopted. Soon after the joint resolution came np in the house, 
and although the Democratic members had resigned, leaving 
no quorum, the chair decided that there was a quorum of the 
de facto members present, and the resolution was put and the 
Amendment ratified. The decision of the chair was after- 
wards substantiall}^ sustained by the Supreme Court. 

During the session the election laws were so modified as to 
have elections held biennially instead of annually, the first 
election under the new law to be held in October, 1874. 

The general progress in the State institutions of all kinds 
was marked with good results. The Hospital for the Insane 
was enlarged in 1869, and so improved as to become one of 
the most complete institutions of the kind in the State. 

In 1869, the development of mineral resources in the State 
attracted considerable attention. Rich mines of iron and coal 
were discovered, as also fine quarries of building stone. The 
line of the Vincennes railroad passed through some of the 
richest portions of the mineral region — its quality of richness 
having been accurately determined by the engineers of the 
road. Some of the mineral resources of the State, as viewed 
in 1869, are noted as follows: "ISear Brooklyn, about twenty 
miles from Indianapolis, is a fine formation of sand-stone. It 
is being used extensively in buildings in Indianapolis, and is 
considered the best building stone in the State. The lime- 
stone formation at Gosport, and continuing for twelve miles 
from that point, is of great variety, and includes the finest 
building material in the world. Portions of it are susceptible 
only to the chisel; other portions are soft, and can be worked 
with the ordinary tools. It is said to be the most durable 
building material in the world. At the terminus of this lime- 
stone formation a sandstone formation commences and extends 
a distance of seven miles, to a point about sixty miles from 
Indianap(»lis, when an extensive coal bed is reached, consisting 
of seven distinct veins. The first is about two feet in thick- 
ness, the next three feet, another four feet, and the others of 
various thicknesses. These beds are all easily worked, having 
a natural drain, and are already yielding heavy profits to enter- 
prising companies. 



ADMINISTEATION OF GOVEKNOB BAKEE. 251 

We make this mention of the mineral resources of the 
State in connection with the events of 1869, partly because 
they were iirst brought to the notice of the public in that 
year, prominently, for the first time; but in another part of 
this work will be found a chapter devoted exclusively to this 
subject. 

On the first of October, at the trial of the niachinej-y at the 
State fair, a steam boiler exj)loded, killing twenty persons and 
seriously wounding more than forty others. The accident was 
caused by a deficiency of water. 

In 1869 a woman's State sufii'rage convention was held, at 
Indianapolis, which was quite largely attended, and at which 
resolutions were adopted favoring more rights to women. 

The principal agricultural products of the State, according 
to the official report for the year 1869, were: 

Products. Bushels. Acres. Value. 

Indian Corn 73,000,000 3,146,551 $51,100,000 

Wteat 20,600,000 1,430,555 19,158,000 

Rye 575,000 37,096 137,000 

Oats 12,413.000 420,779 5,461,720 

Barley 411,000 17,947 423,330 

Buckwheat 303,000 34,240 251,490 

Potatoes 4,750,000 44,811 2,090,000 

Tobacco, lbs 7,000,000 9,575 672,000 

Hay, tons 1,200,000 805,369 12,624,000 



Total 5,936,923 $92,217,540 



CHAPTER XXX. 

ADMINISTKATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER — ^ I'TS^ENTS OF 1870-1. 

'T^HERE was no session of the legislature in 1870, and no 
-*- election of Governor, therefore the political campaign of 
that year was not a very important one. There was no impor- 



252 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

tant ishiie in the canvass except that of general retrenchment. 
The subject of the Wabash and Erie canal was lightly touched 
in the Republican platform, and occasioned considerable dis- 
cussion, and probably had some effect on the election of mem- 
bers of the legislature. An attempt was made during the 
session of the legislature in 1869, to have the State reburden 
itself with the old canal debt, and the matter was considerably 
agitated in tlie canvass of 1870. The election resulted in an 
average majority for the Democracy of about two thousand 
eight hundred and sixty-four, in the State. 

It was in this year, 1870, that the divorce laws of the State 
began to attract considerable attention in the nation. They 
were pronounced injurious to society, and, in 1871, the Gov- 
ernor, in his message, recommended reform in this direction, 
which was pretty effectually carried out. 

With the commencement of 1871 the condition of the State 
was in every respect prosperous, financially and commercially. 
At the beginning of the fiscal year, which closed on the thirty- 
iirst of October, 1871, there was a surplus of $373,249 in the 
treasury. The receipts of the year amounted to $3,605,639, 
and the disbursements to $2,943,600, leaving a balance of 
$1,035,288. The total debt of the State in November, 1871, 
was $3,937,821. 

The session of the legislature which began on the fourth of 
January, 1871, presented a singular contrast with that of the 
previous one. As we have seen, a large number of Democratic 
senators and representatives resigned to prevent tlie ratification 
of the J'ifteenth Amendment to the Federal constitution. On 
this occasion we liave an equal number of Republican members 
resigning to prevent the repeal of that ratification. The res- 
olution was adopted in the senate by a party vote of twenty-six 
to twenty, and in the house was referred to the committee on 
Federal relations; but before the committee had time to report 
the thirty-four Republican members of the house resigned, 
thereby preventing its passage, and putting a stop to further 
legislation. 

At this session of the legishxture one seat in the senate was 
contested; that of John W. Burson, a Republican, chosen from 



ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOK BAKER, 



253 



the district made up of the counties of Delaware and Madison. 
He was charged with making use of bribery to secure hie 




264 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

election. The case excited a great deal of remark, both in this 
and other States, and was thoroughly investigated by the com- 
mittee on elections. A report was signed by a majority of the 
committee, just before the close of the session, which declared 
that Mr. Burson " did both offer and give bribes, and rewards 
to procure his election," and recommended the passage of a 
resolution refusing to grant him his seat, and that the same 
be declared vacant. The report was adopted by a strict party 
vote of twenty -four to twenty-one. 

The controversy regarding the purchase of the Wabash and 
Erie canal was taken up at the session in 1871, and after a 
long and bitter debate, was finally disposed of by the adoption 
of an amendment to the constitution, making it impossible 
for the legislature to burden the State with any part of the 
old internal improvement debt, which had been disposed of by 
the " Butler bill." 

The right of suffrage to women was ably discussed by the 
legislature, and disposed of adversely to the interests of the 
w^omen interested. Among the important laws passed was one 
fixing the compensation of State and county ofiicers, and cut- 
ting off all fees and allowances; one distributing six hundred 
thousand dollars to the several counties of the State, to be 
loaned out for the benefit of schools, and one reducing the 
State taxes. The latter was, however, pronounced unconsti- 
tutional by the circuit court of Marion county, and an action 
was brought to restrain the Auditor, Secretary of State and 
Treasurer from making the distribution. The matter was 
taken to the Supreme Court. 

The Supreme Court of the State rendered a very important 
decision in April, 1871, viz.: that the law authorizing counties 
to subscribe for stock in railroad companies, and tax the 
people to pay for it, was valid. It had been claimed that the 
legislature had no authority under the constitution to tax the 
people for the pui*pose of aiding in the construction of rail- 
roads, but the Supreme Court decided adversely to this claim. 

During the 3^ear 1871 there was no general election in Indi- 
ana, consequently political matters were very dull; but with 
the commencement of 1872, politics began to revive. On the 



DMINISTEATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 255 

twenty-second of Febrnaiy the Republican State convention 
was held at Indianapolis. The State ticket nominated was as 
follows: For Governor, General Thomas M, Browne; Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, L. M. Sexton; Congressman-at-large, G. S. 
Orth; Secretary of State, W. "W. Curry; Auditor of State, 
Colonel James A. Wildman; Treasurer of State, Major John 
D. Glover, etc. 

The Democratic convention was held at Indianapolis, on the 
twelfth of June, when the following were nominated for State 
officers: For Governor, Thomas A. Hendricks; Lieutenant- 
Governor, W. C. Depauwi^ Congressman-at-large, John S. 
Williams, M. C. Kerr; Secretary of State, Owen W. Eddy; 
Auditor of State, John B. Stoll, etc. There was also a State 
temperance ticket in the field. The election took place on the 
eighth of October, 1872. Thomas A. Hendricks was elected 
Governor, and M. B. Hopkins, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, from the Democratic ticket. With these two 
important exceptions, the Republicans were successful. The 
State legislature for 1873 contained twenty-seven Republicans 
and twenty -three Democrats in the senate, and fifty -four Re- 
publicans and forty-six Democrats in the house, giving the 
Republicans a majority on joint ballot of twelve. 

A special session of the legislature was convened at the 
capital, on the foui-teenth of J^ovember, 1872, at which con- 
siderable business was transacted. O. P. Morton was re-elected 
to the Senate of the United States, and the State was re-dis- 
tricted for both legislative and congressional representation. 
The measure re-districting the State gave great dissatisfaction 
to the Democratic members. Among other bills passed, was 
one raising the Governor's salary to eight thousand dollars a 
year. 



CHAPTEK XXXI. 

ADMINISTRATION (^F GOVERNOR HENDRICKS EVENTS OF 1873-4. 

THE regular session of the legislature began on the first 
Wednesday of January, 1S73, and soon after Governor 
Hendricks was inaugurated. In his address to the assembly 
he said: "The laws regulating our elections require your 
special attention. They do not restrain the con'upt, nor pro- 
tect the votes of the people. Our elections must not become 
a reproach. Their result must express the will of the people. 
Our system must be made so efiicient as to guarantee purity 
in the conduct and management of the elections, and also to 
inspire and establish public confidence. When the people 
know that a political result has been fairly brought about, all 
discontent disappears. They cheerfully acquiesce and yield 
entire obedience to the authority thereby established. I can- 
not now attempt to suggest all the provisions that may be 
essential to the efficient system, but without the following 
probably no system will prove efficient: 1st. A fair and real 
representation, upon the board of election officers, of all polit- 
ical parties having candidates to be voted for. 2nd. Voting 
places so numerous and the precincts so small, in respect to 
the voting population, that all who offer to vote may be 
known by the people of the neighborhood, as well as by the 
officers. 3rd. A reasonable period of residence in the election 
precinct as a qualification to vote, so that persons may not 
pretend a residence not real, in fraud of the law. -ith. The 
exclusion of money as an influence and power from elections. 
If, in the contest for power, money shall become stronger than 
the people, we will have the worst government possible. It 
will be a reproach to us all when wealth can buy what the 
loftiest talent and the purest virtue cannot attain." 

(256) 



ADMINISTKATION OF GOVEENOB HENDEICKS. 



257 



The Governor also made some excellent suggestions on rep- 
resentation reform in the same address. He said; "In this 
connection I wish to call attention to the subject of represen- 
tation reform, which, during the last ten years, has been advo- 
cated by some of the best minds, both in Europe and in this 




H. A. PEED, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

country, and is now undergoing the test of experience. I 
desire to make this the more emphatic, because in this State 
it seems yet to be regarded as right and proper for the majority 
to deny to the minority even that representation which an 
17 



\ 



258 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

apportionment based upon population and contiguity of 
counties would give. Representative reform rests upon the 
proposition that minorities of constituencies should have a 
representation as nearly in proportion to members as may be 
practicable. All the citizens contribute to the burdens of 
government, and should yield obedience to the laws, and it is 
just, equal and fair that all should be represented.'' 

Among the important acts of the session were the following; 
One abolishing the courts of Common Pleas, and dividing the 
State into thirty -eight judicial districts for judicial purposes; 
one remodeling the divorce laws; one amending the school 
laws, and one regulating the sale of liquors. 

The following are the only causes upon which divorces can 
be granted under the new law: 1st. Adultery. 2nd Impo- 
tency, existing at time of marriage. 3rd. Abandonment for 
two years. 4th. Cruel and inhuman treatment of one party 
by the other. 5th. Habitual drunkenness of either party, or 
the failure of the husband to make reasonable provision for 
the family. 6th. The failure of the husband to make reason- 
able provision for the family for a period of two years. 7th. 
The conviction, in any county, of either party, of an infamous 
crime. 

The new liquor law provides that it shall be unlawful for 
any person, under penalty from ten dollars to fifty dollars fine, 
or from ten to thirty days imprisonment, to sell, barter or give 
away intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises, with- 
out a permit from the county commissioners, and even when 
the permit is so procured, the law is definite as to how the 
traffic shall be regulated, and is very stringent. A case of 
violation of this law was soon carried to the Supreme Court, 
to test its validity, and it was sustained in all points. 

There was a very enthusiastic temperance convention held 
at Indianapolis, in April, 1873, at which a long list of stirring 
resolutions were adopted ; and, in one way and another, during 
the fall of that year and the early part of 1874, the temperance 
question was agitated with greater enthusiasm than it had 
been for years before. The " crusade " prevailed throughout 
Indiana, as well as in other States, but, unfortunately, at the 



EDUOATTOKAL GENERAL FEATURES. 259 

election, in 1874, the temperance projects were defeated, and 
it is probable that the present liquor law will be repealed, and 
a regular license system adopted. This idea was embodied in 
the Democratic platform, and having been successful, the 
Democracy will probably inaugurate the license system again. 

The total receipts during the fiscal year of 1873 were 
$4,300,653.02. The disbursements for the year amounted to 
$4,115,457.55, and there was a balance on hand at the close of 
the year of $185,175.47. 

The second annual meeting of the Congress of Agriculture 
was held at Indianapolis, on the twenty-eighth of May, 1873 ; 
about two hundred delegates were present, representing 
twenty -five States. The proceedings of this body were very 
interesting to the public and beneficial to the cause of hus- 
bandry. The committee on transportation submitted a very 
lengthy report, which called forth considerable remark. 

We should also mention that at the present time there is a 
legislative measure on foot to erect a magnificent new State 
capitol, and it is quite probable that the legislature of 1875 will 
take active steps in the matter- Plans are already on exhibi- 
tion by leading architects, and there is every reason to believe 
that the work of erecting a new State capitol will be com- 
menced immediately. 

At the election in October, 1874, the Democrats carried the 
State by a fair majority, and now have a small majority on a 
joint ballot in the legislature of 1875. The term of the pres- 
ent Governor, Thomas A. Hendricks, will not expire until 
January, 1877. 



CHAPTEK XXXII. 

EDUCATIONAL GENEKAL FEATURES. 

THE schools and school laws of Indiana existing previous 
to 1853 are sufficiently noticed in the local history of each 
county in another part of this volume. It will be expedient 



260 HISTORY GF INDIANA- 

in this place to treat only of the law to provide for a uniform 
system of common schools, adopted in 1852 ; its several 
amendments and the beneficient results that have been attained 
through its successful operation. These are, justly, the pride 
and boast of the people. 

Although this law was passed in 1852, it did not become 
practically operative until the first Monday of April, 1853, 
when the township trustees for school purposes were elected 
in the several townships of the State. This law committed to 
the township trustees the charge of all the educational affairs 
of the township. It gave them the control and disbursement 
of all the school funds; it left with them to determine the 
number and location of all the school-houses necessary for the 
accommodation of the children of the township; it left to 
them the making of all contracts for building, repairing and 
furnishing school-houses; the purchasing of fuel; the employ- 
ment of teachers, and, lastly, they were to determine the time 
of commencing and the period of the continuance of the 
schools. 

Immediately upon the passage of the law, it met with con- 
siderable opposition in all parts of the State. It was claimed 
that it would not be possible to select men in all the town- 
ships of the State capable of discharging properly the various 
duties required of township trustees; and, that in many in- 
stances, the summary and discretionary powers with which 
they were to be clothed, would be injudiciously exercised. 
This opposition, however, resulted only in the complete suc- 
cess of the law, for through it the people of the State were 
awakened to the great importance of electing the ablest and 
best men to the office — a commendable practice to which they 
still earnestly adhere. With hardly a single exception during 
the past twenty years, they have placed in these positions of 
usefulness and power of their township their most intelligent 
and efficient men. Hardly a single year elapsed when the 
friends of the new system saw that there was no cause longer 
to fear for its success through the want of capacity or of 
interest on the part of the trustees. 

The trustees, on entering on the duties of their office, were 



BPUCAHONAL GENERAL FEATURES. 261 

m nearly aJl cases, greatly embarrassed by the general want 
of correct information among the people concerning this new 
system of public instruction. The law, in all points, was 
radically new, providing for a system wholly difierent from 
any to which the people had ever been accustomed. Few of 
the trustees, and still fewer of the people, had ever read, much 
less studied the law, hence they were unable to operate prop- 
erly under it. To remove these difficulties a pamphlet of 
upwards of sixty pages, embracing the law, with its amend- 
ments and copious notes, explanations, instructions and forms 
of proceedings, was issued from the office of the Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction. A large edition was printed and 
distributed to the several townships of the State, so that any 
person, by simply calling on any of the county officials, would 
receive a copy without charge. By this means all soon became 
acquainted with the whole system. 

The first duty of the Board of Trustees was to establish 
and conveniently locate a sufficient number of schools for the 
education of all the children of their township. In referring 
to this matter in his annual report of 1853, Hon. W. 0. Lar- 
rabee, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, made these 
remarks: "But the school-houses, where are they? and what 
are they? In some townships there is not a single school- 
house of any kind to be found. In other townships there are 
a few old, leaky, dilapidated log cabins, wholly unfit for use 
even in summer, and in winter worse than nothing. * * * 
Before the people can be tolerably accommodated with schools 
there must be erected in this State at least three thousand five 
hundred school houses." 

Previous to the enactment of the township system, school 
houses were erected by single districts, but under this law 
districts were abolished, district lines obliterated, and houses 
previously built by districts became the property of the town- 
ship, and all new houses were to be built at the expense of the 
township, by an appropriation of township funds, by the 
trustees. 

By a general law, enacted in conformity to the constitution 
of 1852, each and every township in the State was made a 



262 HieroEY of Indiana. 

municipal corporation, with such powers and liabilities as, by 
common usage, belong to such corporations. Every voter in 
the township was made a member of the corporation. The 
business of the corporation was managed directly by the whole 
body of the voters, in regular or special township meetings, or 
by persons chosen by the people, as directors of the corpora- 
tion, called township trustees. Among the inherent and 
necessary powers of such corporations, stood first and most 
important, that of raising, by taxation on the property and 
polls of the township, an amount of funds sufficient to defray 
all the legitimate expenses of the corporation. 

The most important interest of the township was that of 
educating the children — common schools. Under the new 
township system, as guaranteed by the constitution of 1862, 
the authority to levy taxes, to build school houses and to carry 
on all parts of the system of public instruction, might have 
been constitutionally exercised either by the majority of the 
members of the corporation, that is, by the voters of the 
township, or by officers elected by the voters, but no power 
was given to the township trustees to levy this tax without the 
consent of the voters of the township. This phase of the law, 
authorizing the vote of the township on a special tax was 
questioned, and gave rise, at first, to some impediment to the 
success of the system. Tax-payers who were opposed to the 
special township tax, refused to pay the assessment, thereby not 
only retarding the progress of schools, but causing an unusual 
delinquency in the collection of taxes for general purposes. 
Contracts for building school houses were thrown up, houses 
half finished were abandoned, and all operations were sus- 
pended in several townships. 

In some townships a rumor was circulated by the enemies 
of the law, that the entire school law, from beginning to end, 
had been declared by the Supreme Court unconstitutional and 
void. Believing this, the township trustees actually dismissed 
all their schools, and even considered themselves summarily 
deposed from office. In reference to this state of things, Hon. 
W. C. Larrabee, Superintendent of Public Instruction, spoke 
as follows in his report to the Governor, in 1853: "As soon 



EDUCATIONAL GENERAL FEATURES. 



263 



as information of these facts was received at this office, efforts 
were made, by private correspondence and by circulars, to 
correct public opinion and to arrest the downward tendency 
of the whole system. It is hoped that the real facts are now 




B. C. HOBBS, ESQ. 
See page 21. 

known and appreciated, and before any more serious evil shall 
arise, we hope for a decision to settle the whole question." 

While the voting of special taxes was doubted on a consti- 
tutional point, it became apparent that it was weak in a prac- 
ticable point. The existence of this provision in the law 



264 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

greatly retarded the organization and impaired the eflBciency 
of the schools. In many townships the trustees, on exploring 
their territory, found few or no school houses fit to be occu- 
pied. They proposed a township tax for the erection of 
houses, but the proposition was voted down. They renewed 
the proposition at subsequent meetings, but it was again and 
again voted down. Under these circumstances, the first year 
of the existence of the township system was not a very suc- 
cessful one. 

Another impediment to popular education, in 1853-4, was 
the great deficiency in number and qualifications of teachers. 
In some townships teachers of no grade could be obtained in 
sufiicient numbers to supply the schools. But few of the 
persons ofiering themselves for examination could pass accord- 
ing to law. 

The scarcity of well qualified teachers was well understood 
by those who framed the School Law of 1852. By that law 
the Superintendent was required to appoint deputies in each 
county to examine all applicants for license to teach, and to 
license them, if found qualified, for one or two years. The 
law, however, erected no specific standard of qualification. It 
left to the examiner the right of deteiininiug, at his discretion, 
the amount and variety of knowledge the applicant should 
exhibit in order to entitle him to a license. The examiner in 
each case took into consideration any peculiar circumstances 
that might exist in the county or township in which the 
teacher was to be employed. In some counties and in some 
townships, where schools were few and teachers scarce, and 
the children few, young and backward, it was found expedient 
to employ persons to teach who were by no means qualified to 
take charge of schools in advanced towns. 

But in this respect the School Law was changed in 1853. 
The authority to appoint examiners, by the amendment, was 
transferred from the Superintendent to the County Commis- 
sioners, and a standard of qualification was erected. The 
committee on education who prepared the amendatory law, 
while erecting a standard of qualification for teachers, at which 
all persons proposing to teach should aim, at the same time 



EDUCATIONAL GENEKAL FEATUKE8. 265 

made provision to meet the emergencies existing at that time, 
and authorized a temporary license, at the discretion of the 
examiners, to persons who might not be able to pass a rigid 
examination in all the branches constituting the standard. 

The common school fund available in 1854, consisted of the 
Congressional Township fund, the surplus Revenue fund, the 
Saline fund, the Bank tax fund, and miscellaneous funds, 
amounting in all to two million four hundred and sixty 
thousand six hundred dollars. This amount was subse- 
quently increased to a very great extent from many sources. 
The common school fund was intrusted to the several counties 
of the State, which were held responsible for the preservation 
thereof, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. 
The fund was managed by the Auditors and Treasurera of the 
several counties, for which these officers were allowed one- 
tenth the income. It was loaned out to citizens of the county, 
in sums not exceeding three hundred dollars, on real estate 
security. 

Under this phase of the school law the common school fund 
was consolidated and the proceeds equally distributed each 
year to all the townships, cities and towns of the State, in 
proportion to the number of children therein. This part of 
the law met with great opposition in 1854. 

In reference to the township libraries, which were organized 
in 1855, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, in 1854, 
says: " Much time and labor, and thought, have been devoted 
to the selection of books to fonn the libraries. * * ^^ "W'e 
have made copious selections of historical works, deeming the 
reading of such books both interesting and useful." 

Caleb Mills entered upon his term of office as Superinten- 
dent of Public Instruction at the close of the year 1854. In 
his report, presented to the legislature in January, 1855, he 
says: " It is distressing to know that many localities can have 
no schools, because instructors cannot be obtained; and it is 
but little mitigation of our grief to be assured by county 
examiners, that more than half the license could not be 
legally authorized to teach if a rigid construction of the stat- 
ute on this point should be pressed." The Superintendent, in 



266 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

this report, called loudly for some means by which teachers 
could be qualified for the important duties of conducting the 
schools. 

In regard to the township libraries, which had previously 
been established under the new law, Mr. Mills remarked: 
" There is a peculiar felicity in this provision of the system 
inasmuch as it will prove, in no slight degree, es]3ecially in 
the rural portions of the commonwealth, an important substi- 
tute for the living teacher, and answer the purpose of a school 
of uninterrupted session. These volumes will be like gushing 
fountains to minds thirsting for knowledge. They will furnish 
to our youth, and adults of every age and pursuit, intellectual 
nutriment and mental stimulus. The wearied apprentice, the 
tired ploughboy, the exhausted clerk, and the secluded domes- 
tic, will find in them encouragement and solace under all 
their toils, privations and discouragements." And again, in 
the same report, in relation to school buildings, he says: 
" Among the pleasing signs of progress in educational mat 
ters,, may be named the tasteful and commodious school struc- 
tures that have been erected, or are . now in the process of 
erection in various parts of the commonwealth. They have 
risen in all their beauty and symmetry of proportion, not only 
in the towns, but they have gone up in some of the rural por- 
tions of the State. 

Diu'ing Mr. Mills' term the public schools were blessed 
with singular progress; attempts were made to establish 
graded schools, but these met with much legal opposition, but 
were, as we shall see, eventually successful. The State Teach- 
ers' Association was organized with promises of success, and 
the number and efficiency of teachers were on the increase. 

W. C. Larrabee succeeded Mr. Mills as Superintendent, and 
during his term the school law was subjected to severe legal 
criticism, but some general progress was made. He was suc- 
ceeded by Samuel L. Kugg, who, in his report to the legisla- 
ture of 1860, informs us that there were, at that time, 7,233 
school districts within the State; 6,475 primary schools and 
73 high schools. Tlie average number of pupils to each school 
was forty-one. During the same year there were 6,766 teach- 



EDTJCATIONAIi GENEEAL FEATURES. 267 

ers employed in the primary schools, of which number 5,294 
were males and 1,359 females; sixty-two male and fifty-one 
female teachers were employed in the high schools. The 
average compensation of male teachers was one dollar and 
thirteen cents per day, and of female teachers eighty-six cents 
per day. 

SCHOOL STATISTICS OF 1860. 

Whole 1^0. of children between 5 and 21 years of age, 512,478 

Increase since previous enumeration 17,449 

Males 268,394 

Females . 244,074 

Number of school districts in the State 7,309 

Increase within the year 463 

IvTo. primary schools taught within the year 6,938 

Increase within the year 463 

'No. of high schools 78 

Increase within the year 5 

No. pupils attending primary schools within the year, 297,882 

Increase within the year 71,509 

No. attending high schools 5,991 

Increase within the year 849 

Average attendance at each primary school 31 

Average attendance at each high school 102 

Male teachers employed in primary schools 5,614 

Increase within the year . . . , 320 

Female teachers employed in primary schools 1,611 

Increase within the year 252 

Male teachers employed in high school 77 

Increase within the year 15 

Female teachers employed in high school 65 

Increase within the year 4 

School houses erected within the year 750 

Increase over the previous year 84 

Yalue of school houses erected within the year $324,276 

No. of volumes in township libraries 221,523 

No. of select schools 694 

No. of pupils attending select schools 11,805 



268 ttrsTORT OF Indiana. 

Mr. Barnabas C, Hobbs, Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, in his report in 1868, said: 

" The General Assembly, in 1865, incorporated into our 
«chool law a provision requiring that ' The Bible shall not be 
excluded from the public schools of the State.' They spoke 
nobly for their heads and hearts. A sovereig-n State has given 
its insignia for the Divine Law. It marks the progress of 
Christian civilization, and indicates that toleration and mutual 
coniidence have taken the place of jealousy and suspicion. It 
shows that the teachers of the common schools of our State 
have reached that standard which indicates large and liberal 
views; that they are guarded by prudence, and guided by that 
Christian patriotism which seeks to inculcate those cardinal 
and catholic principles which teach obedience to God and duty 
to man. The Bible is the universal law-book of the world, 
and was given by inspiration of God, with the injunction that 
it should be taught diligently to the children^ 

And, in 1870, the same gentleman truthfully said: "Our 
State has a great future before it. * * * Industry 
and thrift arc rapidly advancing the happiness and material 
wealth of the State. But for lasting success the interest of 
the capitalist and laborer must be blended. The laborer is 
contented only when he sees a pleasing future for his children. 
The free schools of the State afford this guarantee. They a'*e 
alike the friends to both capital and labor." 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

EDCOATIONAL PRESENT FACILITIES. 

IN the previous chapter we have traced the common school 
system of Indiana from its first organization down to 
1870. By the statistics and suggestions contained in that 
chapter it may be seen that the system has been a complete 
success. It shall be the pleasure of the reader of this chapter 



EDUCATIONAL GENERAL FEATUBBS. 



269 



to contemplate the present advanced condition of the schools 
and colleges of the State. In speaking of the history of the 
common schools of Indiana, the late lamented Milton B. Hop- 
kins, then Superintendent of Public Instruction, in his report 
of 1872, said: "The fountain of knowledge and learning has 




JOHN BROWNFIELD, ESQ. 
See page 31. 

been unsealed alike for all. The children of the' poor and the 
opulent have sat down together at this fountain. The contest 
in reference to the fundamental principles that lie at the basis 
of the system has ceased. The enemies of free schools have 



.270 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 

either been converted or have sunk away in sullen silence. 
The friends of this precious cause can now afford to seize upon 
a moment's leisure, and review as a matter of history, the 
origin, conflicts, struggles, reverses and triumphs of the great 
cause of popular schools." He continued: * 

ORIGIN OF FREE SCHOOLS. 

" In the year 1526 Martin Luther propounded to the Elector 
of Saxony the following proposition: 'Government as the 
natural guardian of all the young has the right to compel the 
people to support schools.' This proposition he argued thus: 
' What is necessary to the well-being of a State, (and he might 
have added to its existence,) should be supported by those 
who enjoy the privileges of the State. Now nothing is more 
necessary than the training of those who are to come after us 
and bear rule.' Luther's proposition struck the mind of the 
Elector with all the force of an axiom, and just one year 
thereafter he invited the great reformer to draw up a plan for 
free schools, adapted to the exigencies of little Saxony. This 
Luther did, and in the year 1527 he produced with his own 
hand what is known as the Saxon Free School System. 

" This inaugurated the era of public free schools supported 
by the State. Hitherto the work of education had been car- 
ried on exclusively by the church and educational corporations. 
These educated the few, but left the many untouched. The 
result was the few did the thinking; the many the serving. 
Luther's plan opened the door alike to all. The contest thus 
begun in Germany continued there for several centuries with 
varied fortune. After Luther's death other friends of popular 
schools bore the ark of the sacred cause on their shoulders. 
One by one the German States adopted, in substance. Saxony's 
system. The light of their example shot across the sea and 
fell upon Scotland, and the eloquent John KJQOx was heard in 
successful advocacy of popular schools in his own country. 

" It is the part of candor, however, to confess that there was 

* As the State has lost an efficient laborer in the cause of education in 
the death of Mr. Hopkins, we make a liberal extract from his able report 
of 1873, which our readers will not fail to appreciate. 



EDUCATIONAL PRESENT FACILTTIES. 271 

one unfortunate feature connected with these systems. An 
unholy alliance had been formed between the State and the 
church; and while the State was asked to provide the revenue 
for the education of all the children, the church dropped upon 
her knees and asked permission to execute the system. The 
privilege was granted, and hence the schools of those times 
partook largely of the ecclesiastical. The pure waters of 
science and literature were muddied with the sediment of a 
dogmatic and speculative theology. The prevailing desire was 
to make, not the intelligent thinking man or woman, but a 
blind devotee to the church. For the true model of a free 
school we have to look to this side of the Atlantic. Here the 
contest lies between Massachusetts and Hartford, in Connecti- 
cut. As early as in 1647 Massachusetts made it obligatory 
upon the inhabitants of every township of fifty householders 
to provide for the education of all; but the town of Hartford, 
six years before, in 1641, had established a town school, sup- 
ported from the public treasury of the city. The crown of 
this honor, therefore, must be placed upon the head of the city 
of Hartford. Other ISTew England States early fell into line, 
and by the time we reach the Revolutionary era free public 
schools are fixtures in all those States. Luther's proposition 
that it is the right of government as the natural guardian of 
the young to compel the people to support schools by taxation, 
had been a steady and growing principle with these colonies 
from their earliest settlement. To this same principle and to 
that same Revolutionary period we miist look for the origin 
of the free schools in Indiana. 

" In the year 1780, Congress, realizing what must be the 
barren condition of the national treasury at the close of the 
war, commenced prospecting for some fruitful source of reve- 
nue. And to whom could the people's representative look but 
to the States themselves. They possessed no divine wand by 
the touch of which all turns to gold. Yirginia, standing in 
the front of the battle, her patriotic bosom bare to the leaden 
storm ; her giant arm uplifted to give a powerful blow for inde- 
pendence, was the owner of large possessions lying north of 
the Ohio, east of the Mississippi, and stretching north to 



272 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Lake Superior, a territory out of which have since been carved 
five great States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis- 
consin, containing an area of 239,522 square miles, 153,294,080 
acres of land, and capable of supporting a population of fifty 
millions of souls. 

" Congress ventured to hint to Virginia that a present of 
these lands for the benefit of the entire family of States v^^oiild 
be very acceptable. A hint was all the patriotic heart of Vir- 
ginia then needed, and on the first day of March, 1784, through 
her delegates in Congress, Thomas Jefierson, Samuel Hardy, 
Arthur Lee and James Monroe, she made the solemn, patri- 
otic and valuable conveyance. 

" Does history afford another instance of patriotism like 
this, a civil State ceding away, in fee simple, so vast an area 
of the richest country on earth, without one dollar in compen- 
sation? Virginia may have committed errors since, but when 
I remember that from her the people of Indiana have their 
homes and firesides, I feel like spreading the cloak of universal 
amnesty upon my shouldeis, walking backward, and covering 
up those errors. 

" !Next, the surveyor, with chain and compass, passed over 
this beautiful land, and marked it off into squares of six miles 
each, called congressional townships, and these again were 
divided into smaller squares of one mile each, called sections, 
making thirty-six sections in each township. These were 
numbered, commencing with the section in the north-east cor- 
ner, counting westward and eastward, as a boy plows rows of 
corn, the sixteenth falling near the centre. In 1787 a terri- 
torial government was established over this country, and in 
the third article of the ordinance of 1787, the Congress 
declared that ' religion, morality and knowledge being essen- 
tial to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools 
and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.' This 
was the grain of mustard seed planted by patriotic hands, 
which has grown into our great educational tree. 

" On the nineteenth of April, 1816, Congress invited Indi- 
ana to meet in convention, adopt a constitution, and take her 
position among the family of republican States, tendering for 



EDUCATIONAL PRESENT FACILITIES. 273 

her free acceptance or rejection the following proposition: 
*Tliat the section numbered sixteen, in every township, and, 
wlien such section has been sold, granted, or disposed of, other 
lands, equivalent thereto, and most contiguous to the same, 
shall be granted to the inhabitants of such township for the 
use of schools.' Indiana 'chose the good part that shall 
never be taken from her,' and thus fell heir to about five hun- 
dred and seventy-six thousand acres of land. This became 
the corner stone of our system of free public schools." 

Let US now turn our attention to the present condition of 
the glorious system of popular schools in Indiana. First, 
then, as to the means of support. And just here we strike the 
great key note that makes the heart of every Indianian bound 
with patriotism. Indiana has a laegee school fund, by two 

MILLIONS of DOLLAES, THAN ANT OTHEE StATE IN THE UnION. 

The following was, in 1872, the Indiana 

COMMON SCHOOL FUND: 

Non-negotiable bonds $3,591,316 15 

Common school fund 1,666,824 50 

Sinking fund, at 8 per cent. 569,139 94 

Congressional township fund 2,281,076 69 

Value of unsold congressional township lands. . 94,245 00 

Saline fund 5,727 66 

Bank tax fund 1,744 94 

Escheated estates 17,866 55 

Sinking fund, last distribution 67,067 72 

Sinking fund, undistributed 100,165 92 

Swamp^land fund 42,418 40 

Total $8,437,593 47 

Tliese items are all embedded in the constitution, and form 
the principal of the common school fund, a perpetual fund 
which may be increased but never diminished. Let us com- 
pare this fund with the school fund of tl e other leading 
States in the Union : 

Indiaiia, $8,437,593 47 

Arkansas 2,000,000 00 

18 



2Tri HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Connecticut 2,809,770 70 

Florida 216,335 80 

Illinois 6,348,538 32 

Iowa 4,274,581 93 

Kansas 750,000 00 

Kentucky 1,400,270 01 

Maine 289,991 58 

Massachusetts 2,210,864 09 

Michigan 2,500,214 91 

Minnesota 2,471,199 31 

Missouri 2,525,252 52 

]:^jE^v:^da 29,263 80 

^^}y, (Hampshire 336,745 45 

^j^-fjprsey 556,483 50 

MYk^^¥^ 2,880,017 01 

North Carolina 968,242 43 

Ohio 6,614,816 50 

Khode few 412,685 00 

WesliTirmnil 216,761 06 

Wisconsin 2,237,414 37 

pj^We.(rnja3^gf4d to this that the common school fund of Indi- 
^^j^;iiflncre^^^g. 

.^..Theji^xt grand feature of the educational facilities of Indi- 
ai^ ti^ii^i' numerous and commodious school houses. The 
sjyiQipl .w»pse is the unerring sign of civilization; there is no 
^jeJtter exponent of the educational progress of a peoj)le than 
u>p nuni,ber and kind of their school houses. 
j.jICwp.prpvisions have been made by the legislature of Indiana 
foil the erection of these. The first authorizes the school 
tfustPBS of tlie townships, incorporated towns and cities, to 
levy. a. special taji, in theiy.respeqtiye corporations, not exceed- 
ijig twenty-five cents, on pacl^ one hundred dollars' worth of 
taxable property, and fifty cents on, ^aqh poll in any one year; 
the .second authorizes the trustees ^f, incorporated towns, and 
the city councils of incorporated cities to issue bonds to the 
extent of thirty thousand dollars. 

'Under the operations of these two provisions of the law, 
scnobi " h"bu^^S have sprung up in all parts of the State, 



EDUCATIONAL PRESENT FACILITIES. 



275 



Wherever the traveler passes through the rural districts, the 
neat frame or substantial brick greets him with a smile of 
cheerfulness, and as he enters the towns and cities of the State 
they arise before him in commanding proportions. Among 
the cities a commendable spirit of rivalry is at work. The 
following statement will show the progress in the number and 
cost of the school houses for each of the last nine years pre 
ceding 1875: 



Year. 


Stone. 


Brick. 


Frame. 


Log. 


Total. 


Total valuation. 


1865 


65 


440 


5770 


1128 


7403 


$3,827,173 00 


1866 


78 


506 


6145 


1096 


8231 


4,515,734 00 


1867 


71 


554 


6672 


1063 


8360 


5,078,356 00 


1868 


. 74 


592 


6906 


831 


8403 


5,828,501 00 


1869 


76 


655 


7207 


723 


8661 


6,577,258 33 


1870 


83 


725 


7436 


583 


8827 


7,282,639 30 


1871 


125 


834 


7517 


513 


8989 


7,381,839 73 


1872 


88 


877 


7586 


547 


9080 


9,199,480 15 


1873 














1874 












12,000,000 00 



The more recent amendments of the school law provides for 
County Superintendents, and for a high standard of qualifica- 
tion of teachers. 

Having observed some of the general features of the educa- 
tional facilities of Indiana, we would naturally turn to notice 
the universities, colleges, normal and high schools, and other 
special educational agencies. A full history and description of 
these being included in the history of the town or city in 
which they are located, and presented in another part of this 
volume, renders superfluous any mention of them in this con- 
nection. Readers are referred tO' the contents and indexes to 
iind special features desired. The following table, however, 
will show the number and class of special educational institu- 
tions that are noticed at length elsewhere: 



270 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



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278 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Connected with the educational institutions of the State are 
tlie libraries, prominent among which are the "■ township 
libraries," or common school libraries. In our table which 
follows, giving the statistics of libraries in the State, we have 
classed the " township libraries," as school libraries. These 
were established under the school law of 1852. By this law 
each township in the State — nearly one thousand — was sup- 
plied with a very complete library. The selection of books 
for each of these libraries contemplates the literary wants of 
all classes, youth and adult, and is intended to gratify the 
tastes of every calling and pursuit of life. The merchant and 
the farmer, the mechanic and the physician, the lawyer and 
the preacher, all find, something to amuse, entertain and 
instruct in these collections. These libraries furnish rich 
materials for the discipline of the mental and the culture of 
the moral powers. They are well calculated to refine the 
taste, chasten yet gratify the imagination, inculcate virtue, 
rebuke vice, foster temperance, strengthen patriotism, encour- 
age enterprise, confirm and establish whatever is lovely and of 
good report in cliaracter and praiseworthy in action. Is it 
any wonder that, with these splendid libraries, added to the 
other superior educational facilities of the State the people of 
Indiana have already attained a high standard of literary, 
moral and religious culture: 

STATISTICS OF LIBKARIES FROM 1850 TO 18T0. 





1870. 1 


1860. 


1850. 


Kinds and classes. 


No. 


Volumes. 


No. 


Volumes. 


No. 


Vols. 


All classes, public and private 
Libraries, other than private. 
State libraries. 


5,301 

2,333 

1 

70 

92 

1,006 

1,075 

87 

20 

2,998 


1,125,553 
647,894 

16,147; 

47,164 

10,308! 
323,391; 
204,629] 

24,356 

8,294! 

497,659 


i 1,123 

341 

1 


467,062 

198,490 

12,000 


151 

58 


68,403 
46,238 


Town, city, etc 






Court and law 










School, college, etc .. 


534 

247 
1 


202,916 

65,456 

200 


7 

85 
1 


io,5o6 


Sabbath school . 


11,265 


Church 

Circulatina; 


400 


Private 





















EDUCATIONAL PBESENT FACILITIES. 279 

EELIGIOUS. 

" Knowledge is power," because wherever education prevails 
there will always be found a high moral and religious culture. 
In the State of Indiana, as may be seen by the following sta- 
tistical table, if compared with a similar showing of other 
States, there are a larger number of churches, in proportion to 
the population, than in any other State in the Union with but 
a single exception — that of Massachusetts. The largest 
religious denomination in the State is that of the Methodists, 
which has a membership of considerably more than double 
that of any other religious society. The Methodists have one 
thousand six hundred churches in the State at this writing, as 
shown by the returns of the compilers of this work, which 
gives them an increase of over two hundred churches in four 
years, or fifty churches a year. By referring to the following 
table it will be seen that the increase has been above this ratio 
for the last twenty years. The value of Methodist church 
property in the State in 1874 was nearly four millions of dol- 
lars, or more than three times as great as that of any other 
church society in the State. 

Next to the Methodists, in point of numbers and wealth, 
are the Baptists; third in order, in this regard, are the Chris- 
tians; and fourth, the Roman Catholics. The following table 
will be interesting: 



280 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 




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CHAPTER XXXIY. 

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 

THEEE is no State in the Union, not even Old Massachu- 
setts, which can boast a better or more humane system 
of benevolent institutions. Indiana has ever been mindful of 
the poor, the blind, the deaf and dumb, the friendless, the 
orphan, and tlie fallen. All have their institutions. These 
have ever been well supported by charitable donations from 
individuals, and by liberal appropriations from the State. 

The Benevolent Society of Indianapolis was organized in 
1843. This organization was a pioneer benevolent institution, 
and, although at first its field of work was small, it has grown 
into great usefulness, and has now a long history of good deeds. 

During the session of 1842-3, the legislature adopted mea- 
sures providing for a State Hospital for the Insane. " As 
early as 1839," says Mr. "Halloway's Indianapolis," "atten- 
tion had been directed to the subject, but the State was in no 
very good condition to undertake new enterprises, and an 
appeal was made to Congress for a grant." This appeal had 
no good results, and the State was left to its own resources. 
Subsequently the County Assessors were ordered to make a 
return of the deaf mutes in their respective counties, in order 
that public sympathy for these unfortunates might be awak- 
ened . During the year 1842, the Governor, acting under the 
direction of the Legislature, procured considerable informa- 
tion in regard to hospitals for the insane in other States; and 
in 1843, Dr. John Evans lectured before the Legislature on 
the subject of Insanity and its Treatment. The result of this 
double effort was a determination to take some active steps in 
establishing a Hospital for the Insane in the State. On the 

(381) 



282 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

thirteentli of February, 18-1:3, the Governor was directed to 
obtain plans and suggestions from the Superintendents of 
Hospitals in other States, for submission to the Legislature at 
the next session. This he faithfully performed, and at the 
session of the Legislature in 1844, this information was exam- 
ined, a mode of operations determined, and a tax of one 
cent on the hundred dollars levied to carry it out. In the 
following year a commission was appointed to obtain a site, 
not to exceed two hundred acres, consisting of Dr. John 
Evans, Dr. L. Dunlap, and James Blake. Mount Jackson was 
selected — then the residence of Nathaniel Bolton. This site, 
with speciiications for building, was reported to the Legisla- 
ture at the next session, and in 1846 the Commissioners were 
ordered to proceed with the work of building. Means were 
placed at the disposal of the commission, and in 1847 the 
central building was completed, at a cost of $75,000. It has 
since been enlarged by wings, some of which are larger than 
the old central building, until it has become an immense 
structure, having cost over half a million of dollars. It is 
supplied with water by its own waterworks from Eagle creek, 
and is in every respect a complete, well-regulated hospital. 

But while the State was providing foi" the insane, the deaf 
and dumb were not forgotten. In the same year that the 
Governor was instructed to obtain plans from Insane Hos- 
pitals, a tax was levied to provide for the mutes. The lirst 
one to agitate the subject, was William Willard, who was 
himself a mute. He visited Indiana in 1843, and opened a 
school for mutes on his own account, with sixteen pupils; and 
in 1844 the Legislature adopted his school as a State Institu- 
tion, and appointed a Board of Trustees for its management, 
consisting of the Governor, and Secretary of State, ex officio, 
and Revs. Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley, L. H. 
Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, Hon. James Morrison, and Rev. Mat- 
tliew Simpson. They rented the large building standing on 
the southeast corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, and 
opened the. first State Asylum there, in 1844. In 1846, a site 
for a permanent building was selected, consisting, first of 
thirty acres, but afterwards of a hundred and thirty acres, just 



BENEVOLENT INSTITLTTIONS. 283 

east of the city of Indianapolis. A building was begun on 
this site in 1849, and Avas completed in the fall of 1850, at a 
cost of $30,000. The school was transferred to the new build- 
ing in October, 1850, where it is still flourishing, with enlarged 
buildings, and ample facilities for instruction in agriculture. 

The blind were not provided for at this time; probably on 
account of the pressui-e of the wants of the insane, and the 
deaf and dumb, as also from the fact that their number had, 
at this time, not become very large. But the blind w^ere not 
forgotten. The first eifort, on their behalf, '' was instigated 
and directed by James M. Ray, to whom the Indiana Institute 
for the Blind is more indebted than it is to any other man 
living." It was through his efforts that William PI. Church- 
man was induced to come to Indianapolis from Kentucky, and 
give exhibitions, in Mr. Beecher's church, with blind pupils 
from his State. These entertainments were attended by mem- 
bers of the legislature, for whom they were especially intended ; 
and the effect upon them was so good that before the adjourn- 
ment of the session measures to establish a blind asylum were 
adopted. A commission was appointed to carry out the 
measure, consisting of James M. Ray, Geo. W. Mears and the 
Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of the State. They engaged 
Mr. Churchman to make a lecturing tour thrqugh the State, 
and to collect statistics of the blind population. 

The Institute for the Education of the Blind was founded 
by an act of the general assembly in 1847; and was first 
opened, says Mr. Halloway, in a rented building, on the first 
of October of that year. The permanent buildings were first 
opened and occupied in the month of February, 1853. The 
original cost of the buildings and ground was $110,000. A 
more full description will be found in the history of Marion 
County in this work. 

Aside from the three institutions already mentioned, the 
State early provided handsomely other needed charities.- Among 
these are the Indiana Female Prison and Reformatory, infir- 
maries, hospitals, homes for friendless womer, homes for 
orphans, asylums for friendless colored children, societies for 
the relief of the poor, and many other benevolent institutions. 



284 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



all of which are fully noticed in this volume, in the history of 
the county in which they are located. 

Following are some statistics of the blind, deaf and dumb, 
insane, and idiotic, in the State: 



SriATISTICS OF THE BLIND, DEAF AND DUMB, 
IDIOTIC — 1870. 



INSANE, AND 





Blind. 


Deaf and 
Dumb. 


Ineane. 


Idiotic. 


Kaco and eex. 




B 


a 

467 

462 

2 

2 


a 

B 

a" 

405 
403 

2 

1 


. 

748 

739 

6 

1 3 


B 

756 

747 
4 
5 


S. 
? 

790 

787 

2 

3 


a 

B 


Total 


541 

521 

15 

5 


450 

441 

7 

2 


570 


White 


561 


Colored -. .--. 


5 


Mulatto 


4 


Indian 





As before mentioned, the Institution for the Education of 
the Deaf and Dumb was founded by the State, in 1844. In 
1860 it contained about one hundred and fifty pupils. During 
this year the sum of $15,000 was appropriated by the State 
to construct a complete steam heating apparatus in the Insti- 
tution. During the year 1870 the attendance was nearly two 
hundred, and it has since been constantly increasing. The 
school is conducted in the best possible manner, while the 
industrial interests are growing yearly. 

At the Insane Hospital, in 1860, there were about five 
hundred and twenty patients. The number of applications 
that year for admission, was two hundred and sixty, many 
being refused for want of room. In reference to this matter, 
the Superintendent of the hospital, in the same year, reported 
that there was not room enough in the institution to accom- 
modate all who were pronounced unsafe in the community. 
He added: "The constitution contemplates provision for 
every insane person in the State, and humanity demands 
that each one should have an equal right to the benefits of 
treatment." 

It was not long until complete arrangements were made for 
tlie accommodation of all the insane within the State. As 



BENEVOLENT INSTmiTIONS. 



285 



soon as the "War for the Union was ended, the north wing of 
the Insane Hospital was erected. This greatly improved the 
institution, giving the required room, improving the venti- 




Sce page 21. 

lation, and bringing the hospital up to a standard equal to the^ 
demand upon it. During the year 1870 tliere were seven 
hundred and ninety-two patients treated in this institution, 



286 HISTORY OF INKIAXA. 

with good results. Following are statistics of })aii))erisiii and 
crime. Full descriptions of the penal institutions will be given 
in the history of the counties in which they are located; 

STATISTICS OF POPULATION PAUPERISM AND CRIME. 

1870. 1860. 1850. 

Population of the State 1,680,637 1,350,428 988,416 

White population 1,653,837 1,338,710 977,154 

Colored do 24,560 11,428 11,262 

l^ative do 1,539,163 1,232,144 930,458 

Foreign do 141,474 118,284 55,572 

"Number of poor supported . . . 4,657 3,565 1,182 

Cost of supporting them $403,521 $151,851 $57,560 

Receiving support June 1 . . . . 3,652 1,589 583 

Native do do 2,790 1,120 446 

White do do 2,583 

Colored do do 207 

Foreign do do ... 862 469 137 

Persons convicted 1,374 1,184 175 

Persons in prison June 1 . . . . 907 284 59 

Native do do 755 129 41 

White do do 691 

Colored do do 64 

Foreign do do 152 155 18 

In collecting the statistical tables for this work, the com- 
pilers have consulted the census reports of 1850, 1860, and 
1870, and aiso obtained much valuable information from travel 
through the State. The above table gives the statistics of the 
population, pauperism and crime in Indiana from 1850 to 
1870. In another part of this work a sketch will be found 
giving the same information covering a period from 1870 
to 1875. 

In this short chapter mention has been made only of the 
most distinguished features of the charities of the State. The 
reader will find special mention of the several benevolent 
institutions in the histories of the counties according to their 
location. 



CHATTER XXXY. 



WEALTH AND PBOQRESS. 



IT would be impossible to sum up, in a single chapter, or a 
single volume, all tbe wealth of Indiana; or to measure 
the progress of the great industries of the State. By studying 
the following table, and comparing these statistics with a sim- 
ilar sliowing of other States, the reader will be astonished to 
learn, perhaps for the first time, that Indiana is no longer a 
third rate State in the American Union ; and had she sufficient 
territory within her limits, she would not long rank in the 
class of second rate States. Indeed it is only in point of terri- 
tory that Indiana can be ranked a second rate State. In regard 
to population, wealth, progress, enterprise, commerce, manu- 
factures, agriculture, intelligence, the State of Indiana, in 
comparison with other States, acre for acre, or square mile for 
square mile, is, in all senses, a First Rate State. In many 
things she excells even the leading State of the Union. 

population. 

The compilers of this work having visited all the cities, 
towns and villages in the State for the purpose of collecting 
the material for the county histories, were enabled to gather 
much valuable information concerning the probable number 
of inhabitants now living within the limits of the State. In 
1850, the total population of Indiana was 988,416; in 1860 it 
was 1,350,428; in 1870, it was 1,680,637; and from a careful 
estimate, by townships, the compilers of this work have arrived 
at the conclusion that the population of this State, in 1875, 
will be ovEE TWO millions. The following table, showing 
the population in 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1875, of all the towns 

(287) 



288 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

and cities in Indiana, containing over one thousand inhabit- 
ants, will exhibit the unparalleled growth of the State during 
the past five years: 

POPULATION OF THE PEINCIPAI. CITIES AND VILLAGES IN INDIANA 

, IN 1850, 18G0, AND 1870, with reliable 

ESTIMATES FOR 1875. 

Cities. 1850. 1860. 

Anderson 382 1,169 

Angola 226 

Attica - 1,698 

Aurora 1,945 2,984 

Bloomington 1,295 

Bluffton 477 760 

Booneville 195 621 

Bourbon 

Brazil 84 

Brownstown — 

Cambridge City 1,142 1,544 

Cannelton 2,155 

Carthage 

Centreville 908 943 

Charlestown - -.- 243 

Columbus - 1,004 1,840 

Columbia City --. 885 

Connersville.". 1,347 2,070 

Corydon 429 707 

Covington 1,1G4 1,347 

Crawfordsville 1,429 1,839 

Danville 338 883 

Decatur 231 531 

Delphi 1,354 1,395 

Dublin G58 895 

Edinburgh 1,097 

Elkhart 1,804 2,760 

Evansvillc 3,156 11.389 

Franklin City.... 873 1,710 

Frankfort 572 764 

Fort Wayne 4,20? 

Greencastle 1,375 2,092 

Greenfield..-- - ..- 738 

Greensburgh 

Goshen 769 2,042 

Gosport 584 

Hagerstown- 594 038 



1870. 


1875. 


3,126 


3,650 


1,072 


1,460 


2,273 


3,100 


3,304 


4,111 


1,038 


1,620 


1,131 


2,150 


1,039 


1,722 


874 


1,502 


2,186 


4,200 


903 


1,600 


2,162 


5,000 


2,481 


4,000 


481 


800 


1,077 


2,500 


2,204 


3.090 


3,359 


6,500 


1,663 


2,600 


2,496 


4,000 


747 


1,500 


1,888 


2,370 


3,701 


5,400 


1,040 


1,600 


858 


1,200 


1,614 


2,000 


1,076 


1,800 


1,799 


2,500 


3,265 


5,000 


21,830 


30,000 


2,707 


3,500 


1,300 


2,500 


17,718 


27.150 


3,237 


4,500 


1,203 


2,300 





3,000 


3,133 


5,000 


860 


1,500 


830 


1,500 



POPULATIOH. 289 



Cities. 1856. 1860. 

Hartford 250 

Huntington 520 1,662 

Indianapolis 7,686 18,113 

Jamestown _ 

Jeffersonville 2,000 4,009 

Kcndallville -.. 

Kentland 

Knightstown -.. ... 

Kokomo --. 1,038 

La Fayette- 5,997 9,254 

La Grange ... 646 

La Ported. 1,782 4,972 

Lawrenceburg 2,604 

Lebanon 780 890 

Lexington..... 272 837 

Ligonior 

Liberty 420 567 

Logansport 2,199 2,928 

Mooresville 550 780 

Martinsville 334 612 

Mount Vernon 1,111 1,930 

Marion 703 

Middletown. 188 364 

Madison 7,714 7,888 

Michigan City 983 3,304 

Mitchell 

Mishawakee ., 1,410 1,480 

Milton 755 789 

Monticello 885 

Muncie 662 1,766 

Newlnirg 525 999 

Noblesville 659 1,090 

Newcastle 666 402 

i^Torth Madison 958 919 

North ]\Ianchester ... 

North Vernon 778 

New Harmony 812 

New Albany 7,786 12,620 

Orleans 

Patoka 99 409 

Princeton... 782 1,357 

Plainfield 250 

Pli'mouth 

Piercelon 293 

Peru .1,256 2,486 

Petersburg 386 C81 

19 



1870. 


18V5. 


878 


1,093 


2,925 


4,200 


48,244 


106.000 


603 


1,000 


7,254 


10,000 


2,164 


3,500 


802 


1,500 


1,528 


2,500 


2,177 


5,000 


13,506 


18,000 


1,038 


1,875 


0,581 


8,000 


3,159 


4,300 


1,572 


2,500 


440 


750 


1,514 


2,500 


700 


1,000 


8,950 


14,000 


1,229 


1,800 


1,131 


2,000 


2,880 


4,800 


1,058 


2,500 


711 


1,000 


10,709 


13,000 


3,985 


5,500 


1,087 


1,500 


2,617 


4,000 


823 


1,200 


1,663 


2,500 


2,992 


5,000 


1,464 


2,000 


1,435 


2,500 


1,556 


2,000 


1,007 


1,500 





1,500 


1,758 


2,500 


836 


2,500 


15,395 


20,000 


905 


1,500 


844 


1,500 


1,847 


4,000 


795 


1,050 





3,500 


1,063 


1,500 


3,617 


7,400 


923 


1^00 



290 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Cities. 1850. 

Rising Sun 1,648 

RocL'ville... . 714 

itidgeville ._. 

Hichmoucr. 1,392 

Rushville 7B4 

Rochester 

Rockport 410 

Seymour _ ... 

Shelbyville. 986 

Spencer 335 

South Bend 1,634 

Sullivan ... 

Salem ...1,153 

Thorntown 

Tell City ... 

Tipton '. 197 

Terre Haute ...8,824 

Union City ... 

Vincennes 1,849 

Valparaiso 520 

Versailles ^.. 412 

Vevay 

Wabash. 964 

Warsaw 304 

Williamsport ^ . . 279 

Winama c 

Winchester 532 

Westville 206 

West Logan 

Washington ... 

Waterloo City 

AVorthington 



I860. 


1870. 


1875. 


1,716 


1,760 


2,500 


711 


1,187 


3,000 





716 


1,000 


6,329 


9,445 


13,000 


936 


1,696 


3,500 


645 


1,528 


2,000 


834 


1,720 


3,500 


930 


2,372 


3,000 


1,946 


3,731 


3,500 





971 


1,500 


3,735 


7,306 


13,000 


935 


1,396 


3,000 


1,298 


1,294 


2,000 


1,005 


1,526 


2,000 


1,030 


1,660 


2,500 


506 


892 


1,500 


8,379 


16,103 


20,000 





1,439 


2,500 


3,763 


5,440 


8,000 


1,690 


2,765 


3,500 





495 


1,000 


1,195 


1,200 


1,600 


1,504 


2,881 


4,000 





3,206 


4,000 


520 


988 


1.500 


206 


906 


1,500 





1,456 


3,500 





608 


1,000 





987 


1,800 




2,901 


4,000 


343 


1,259 


3,500 








1,500 



WEALTH, TAXATION, AND PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS OF INDIANA 

FOR 1870. 



Assessed valuation of real estate $ 460,120,974 

Assessed valuation of personal estate 203,334,070 

Trne valuation of real and personal estate 1,268,180,543 

TAXATION. 

State 2,943,078 

County 4,654,476 

Town, city, etc 3,193,577 



WEALTH, TAXATION. 
PUBLIC DEBT. 



County debt, for which bonds have been issued 

All other 

Town, city, etc., for which bonds have issued . . 
All other . 



291 



620,926 
506,343 

2,342,067 

181,867 




CROSSCUP A WEST-pmVA. 



MAJOR ELI8HA G. ENGLISH. 
See page 21. 

The total receipts into tiie State Treasury during the liscal 
year 1870, were $3,589,889; of which $2,903,579 were from 
taxes; $360,688 from interest on school and sinking fund; 



202 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

$85,900 from liquor licences; $15,626 from college fund; 
$140,870 from public institutions; $64,667 from militia fund; 
and $18,549 from other sources. The total disbursements 
from tlie State Treasury during the same year, were $3,532.- 
537; of Avhich, $36,198 were for the Executive Department; 
$5,880 were for Legislative expenses; $73,119 for the Judi- 
ciary; $125,200 for Penitentiary e\|Haises; $62,566 for Houi^e 
of Eefuge; $36,055 for Female Prison; $137,155 for Hospital 
for Insane; $08,042 for Deaf and Dumb Asylum; $35,594 for 
Soldiers' Home; $1,580,763 for <• lucational purposes and 
schools; $44,881 for public printing; $1,108,778 for interest 
and redemption of public debt; $4,428 for military expenses; 
and $213,344 for repayments, and other purposes. 



WEALTH, TAXATION AND INDEBTEDNESS. 



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WEALTH, TAXA'nON AND INDEB'l'EDNESS. 



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29C 



HISTORY OF INDIANA, 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FROM 1816 TO 1873. 



Tears. 


Population. 


Value of Taxa- 
blcs. 


Receipts. 


Espenditures. 


1816 






$10,000.00 

17,9.53.15 

17,485.59 

1-2,41-2.04 

17,000.17 

47,516.67 

2,5,174.45 

3.5.643.44 

61,705.89 

21 ,.544. 18 

30,867.10 

46,,5-l5.88 

43,:121.08 

41,0-2.3.60 

65,:144.48 

11.5,162.04 

97,t«3.:i4 

12-2,1:19.:13 

ltMi,797.08 

107.714.63 

120,1-26.83 

98,-206.97 

195,965.54 

186.6.5:1.04 

1,644,1.58.13 

451.6:17.22 

1,748.859.98 

891,9:14.17 

1,844,-240.58 

1,1:1-2,413.76 

874,461.-23 

794,0-25-31 

1,245.:106.:16 

872.-.i43.:i5 

1,432.442.78 

984.:198.95 

1.283,0(54.84 

1,6-20,943.74 

2,094.818.03 

1,2(M,683.99 

1,49,5,486.99 

1,774.675.14 

844,415.84 

l,-288, 445.72 

1,6.58,217.88 

3,(>7-2.6,57.64 

3,486.:l(M.55 

2,'i32,8'.i9.:l:i 

2.:191.-291.15 

2,74-2,989.19 

3,9,57.0.-15. -2:1 

4.210,:l:i6.44 

4,-27!»,6S7.07 

4,197,489.-21 

3..589,889.40 

3,605,6.-19.2:1 

2,415,269.59 




1817 






$21,428.33 
20 047 39 


1818. ... 






1819 






11 869 24 


1820 . ... 


147,187 




20 036 24 


1821 




2:1 866 14 


1822 






46 :195 17 


182:1 






27,044 02 


1824 






36,8.52.09 
41.170 01 


1825 






1826 






32 063 50 


1827 






33,-208.19 
51,126 .31 


1828 






18-29 






42. -24 7 93 


1830 


343,031 




41,408 23 


1831 




105,173.90 


1832 






110,194.53 
l:i(>,776.97 


18:1:1 






1834 






121.:172 23 


18:15 






10:1.901.46 


18:16 






l-26.-2('4 14 


18:17 






98,206 97 


1838 






172.4il4 01 


1839 . 




$107,0:17.715 
91.7.56.018 
9.5.518.763 
109,173.610 
103.709.8.53 
11.5.,590.0ti5 
118,615.197 
l-22.-265.(i86 
l-24.,5.5H,O60 
1-28,960.986 
1:13.419.0.56 
137.+I3.365 
210.973.643 
2:10,009.189 
2(i(1.0!ir.61 1 
290.418,148 
301,8.58,474 
306,797.819 
317.!K12.9!-)8 
318.-204.964 
435,367.862 
455,01 1 ,:ir8 
441..5(i-2,:i:!9 
421 .406.9:16 
443.4.55.0.16 
516.805.999 
567,:181 .5.53 
578.4,84,109 
577,869.079 
587,970..5-19 
6.5.5,.521,479 
662,-283,178 


179.6,58 25 


1840 


685,866 


1,684,9:16.90 


1841 


421,874 15 


1842 




1,177.-218 73 


1843 




1,0-28,592 :18 


1844 




1,472.494.14 


1845 




&! 1,9.55 26 


1846 




l,O,5:!,920.53 


1847 




9.55,404 78 


1848 




979,191.48 


1849 




1,1:S7,:198 -25 


18,50 


988,416 


1,51:1„5:14 04 


1851 


1,1.50,988.66 


1852 




1,C61 (i05 58 


1853 




1,509,:105.:12 
1,645,544.95 


18.>4 




1855 




1,70.). 090.82 


1856 




l,:i:iS,976 U 


18,57 




1,748.7,56.69 


18.58 




l,:l63.7-28 04 


1859 




1,218.185.64 


1860 


1 35(),428 


1,621,107.48 


1861 


3.5lii.-2-24.07 


1862 




2.974. 9r(;.46 


1863 




2,50:1,246.53 


1864 




l,7.52„5-29.70 


1865 




3,899,9<)3.0-2 


1866 




3.66:1,179.63 


1867 




4,446.691.09 


1868 




3,842.:142..53 


1869 




4.47:1,1-29.66 


1870 


1,680,637 


3..5:!-2.:169.0J 


1871 


2.94.3,416.90 


1872 






2,686,601.70 


1873 









OHAPTEE XXXYI. 

AGBICULTUEE PIONEER HISTORY. 

THE first object of the pioneer settler of Indiana was to 
provide the means of subsistence, and for a considerable 
time all the surplus produce was limited to a few articles, and 
usuallj^ disposed of to other settlers. Every one, as soon as 
possible, prepared a corn field, a garden, procured a few swine, 
one or two horses, and a few cows. These made up the capital 
of the pioneer farmers of Indiana. Many of the citizens of the 
State who are now rich, can to-day point back to a beginning 
of this kind, and we doubt not they often do so with pride, 
as they justly should. They frequently entered on the public 
lands with even less stock than that above enumerated; they 
were generally protected in the improvements they made, and 
after accumulating suflicient means, entered and purchased 
the lands. Many of the wealthy farmers of to-day in Indiana 
can look back to the period when they began to erect the little 
log cabin with only an ax and some provisions — their capital 
consisting wholly in a persistent energy. They rented land 
'on improvement leases, by which they were to have the use 
of from ten to twenty acres from seven to ten years, and, in 
most cases, at the end of that time, they were abundantly able 
to buy land for themselves. 

It was an easy matter in those days to maintain stock. The 
wild grass, nutritious roots, and several kinds of nuts and 
acorns, were so abundant that neither horses, cattle, nor hogs 
required much grain; and often, after a few years residence, 
the flocks and herds of the settlers were very numerous. This 
condition of things soon produced a surplus of corn, beef, 
pork, etc. Low prices created a market, and even befoj'e the 

(297) 



1^08 IIISIORV OF INDIANA. 

farmers were fully aware of it, a profitable commerce was 
established. Fluctuations soon crept into the market, how- 
ever, and the farmers became much exercised as to what arti- 
cles of produce to expend the most labor on. This led to a 
greater diversity of crops, and as a consequence, a wider range 
of commerce; and thus, step by step, year by year, the pro- 
duce market of Indiana has been extended, until to-day it is 
one of the largest in the Union - — certainly the best regulated. 
Many causes combined to render a great diversity of crops 
necessary. The soil, though very rich, demands this, as it will 
not yield a large crop of one kind of produce for many years 
in succession, frequent changes being required. Hemp has 
been tried, and although at first unsuccessful, owing to an 
injudicious management, will eventually result in profit to the 
producer. Flax, tobacco, fruit of various kinds, and a great 
variety of seeds from which oil can be manufactured, are now 
cultivated to a great extent, and many valuable experiments 
are being made yearly in beet and corn sugar. The cultiva- 
tion of grapes in many parts of the State, is attended with 
profitable results. 

Corn is the great staple of the State; many farmers have 
become wealthy in raising it. It is easily cultivated, and 
almost every farmer has from forty to one hundred and fifty 
acres. Two persons can prepare the ground, plant and attend 
to and gather from forty to fifty acres, and the product is gen- 
erally from thirty to seventy bushels an acre, averaging, per- 
haps, forty or forty-five. Good land, with the proper prepara- 
tion and care, will, in a good season, produce from seventy to' 
ninety bushels to the acre. Corn, in former days, say from 
1840 to 1850, usually sold at from ten to thirty cents a bushel. 
Millions and millions of bushels have been used at the former 
price to fatten hogs in the interior; but in this respect things 
have undergone a change — a change in favor of the farmer. 
As we pen these lines, September twenty-fifth, 1874, corn is 
in good demand in New York city at from 95c. to $1.00, while 
in the western markets the price is firm at from 85 to 95c., 
according to quality. This year, however, is not a representa- 
tive in regard to the price of corn of the last decade. The 



AGRICULTURE 



PIONEEK HISTORY. 



299 



prices are rtiu^'ing iinnsiially high, owing to tlie lightness of 
the crop, in many parts, and, also, to the great demand exist- 
ing among pork producers for this cereal. 

The cultiA'ation of corn is admirably adapted to rlie climate 
and soil of the State, and to the customs of the farmers. The 




a. W. R0BBI1^S,^ESQ. 
See page 21. 

soil is very rich, loamy, and with proper cultivation the corn 
does not often suffer either from cold, rains or drouth. 

Following are statistical tables showing the growth of agri- 
culture in all its branches, from the year 1841 down to the 
present time: 



300 



HISTORY OF INDIAJNA. 



5 D 



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AGRICHLTUILAX STATISTICS. 



301 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OP 1850, 1860 AND 1870 COM- 
PARED. 



1850. 



1860. 



1870. 



Acres of land in farms, improved 

Acres of land in farms, woodland 

Acres of land in farms, otlier unimproved 

Present casli value of farms 

Present cash value of farm imi)lcmeiit8 - 

Total amount of wages jiaid during the year, in- 
cluding value of board 

Total value of all farm products 

Orcliard products 

Proiluce of market gardens 

Forest i)rodncts 

Value of home manufactures 

Value of animals slaughtered or sold for 
slaughter 

Value of all live stock 

Number of horses on farms, ..- 

Number of horses not on farms 

Numl)cr of mules and asses . 

Milch cows on farms _ 1 

Working oxen, number of, on farms 

Other cattle, numl)er of, on farms - 

Cattle not on farms 

Sheep, number of 

Swine, number of. 

Wheat, spring, bushels 

■Wheat, winter, bushels 

Rye, bushels 

Indian corn, bushels 

Oats, bushels - 

Barley, bushels 

Buckwheat, buslicls 

Tobacco, pounds 

Cotton, bales 

Wool, pounds 

Wool, .average of lleeces, pounds..- 

Peas and beans, bushels 

Potatoes, Irish, bushels 

Potatoes, sweet, bushels 

Wine, galhins 

Butter, i)ounds 

Cheese, iiounds _ 

Milk sold, gallons _ 

Hay, tons 

Clover seed, bushels 

Grass seed, bushels.-. 

nops, pounds 

Ilenij), tons 

Flax. ))iMuids 

Flaxseed, bushels 

Sugar, mapK;. pounds 

Jloliicses, sorghum, gallons 

Molasses, maple, gallons 

Beeswax, pnuuds 

Honey, iioiiuds.-- 



5,046,543 



7,746,879 

$136,385,173 

6,704,444 



324,940 
72,864 



1,631,039 

6,567,935 

22,478,555 

314,299 



6,599 
284,554 
40,221 
389,991 



1,122,493 
2,263,776 



6,214,458 

78,792 

52,964,363 

6,65.5,014 

45,48:3 

149,740 

1,044,620 

14 

2,610,287 



35,773 

2,08:i,3:i7 

201,711 

14,055 

12,881,535 



28:^,807 

403,2:30 

18,320 

11,951 

92,796 



584,469 

36,888 

2,921,193 



180,325 
939,329 



8,242,183 



8,146,109 
356,712,175 
10,457,897 



1,3.58,942 
546,153 



986,393 

9.824,304 

41,825.5:39 

530,677 

39,435 

28,893 

363,.5;3:3 

117,687 

588,144 

79,340 

991,175 

3,099,110 



16,848,267 

463,495 

71,588,919 

6,:3] 7,8:31 

382.345 

396,989 

7,993,378 



2,5.52,318 

257-100 

79,902 

3,866,647 

299..516 

102,895 

18,306,651 



605,795 

623,436 

60,736 

37,914 

27,884 

4,223 

97,119 

119,420 

1,541,761 

881,049 

293,908 

ai,53ri 

1,2-.M,489 



10,104,279 

7,189,3:34 

83,635 

$634,804,189 

17,676,591 

9,675,348 

122.914,302 

2,858,086 

487,479 
2,645,679 

605,639 

30,346,962 

83,776,782 

497,883 

55,:320 

• 43,359 

39:3,736 

14,088 

618,360 

156,804 

1,613,680 

1,873.2:30 

161,991 

37,585,231 

457,468 

51,094,538 

8,590,409 

356,352 

80,231 

9,325,392 

3 

5,029,023 

313-100 

35,536 

5,399,044 

150,705 

19,479 

22,915,385 

936,903 

624,564 

1,076,768 

61,168 

17,377 

63,884 

22 

37,771 

401,931 

1,3:32,3:32 

2,036,212 

227,880 

12,049 

395,278 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. 

THE manufacture and trade of the State will be more par- 
ticularly noticed in the descriptions of the towns and 
places where they are carried on. Madison and some of the 
other towns on the Ohio, above the falls, have good natural 
advantages for manufactures. These are being employed to a 
good advantage, and every year carries the prosperous State 
of Indiana further along the highway of commercial prosperity. 
In the whole southwestern part of the State, and for three 
hundred miles up the celebrated Wabash, coal exists in good 
quality and abundance; and in the central portion of the State, 
as well as in the north, there is every facility for water power, 
and in the latter inexhaustible beds of bog-ore, so that when- 
ever labor for agriculture ceases to be in demand, it can be 
turned to manufacturing with good results. And, indeed, it 
is true that much labor is being profitably employed in the 
latter, while yet the pursuit of agriculture is on the advance. 
This is one of the many evidences of the steady growth in all 
the great industries of civilization applicable to the resources 
of the State. The wheat raised within the State is almost 
entirely manufactured into flour within its limits, though 
large quantities in the southeastern part are sent to Cincinnati, 
and some is transported north by the Wabash and Erie canal, 
and by the lakes to Canada and western New York. 

There is no commanding position in the State at which even 
a fifth of the whole business will ever be concentrated. Madi- 
son, Indianapolis, Richmond, Fort Wayne, Logansport, Lafay- 
ette, Terre Haute, South Bend, Michigan City, Evansvillc, and 
many places on the Ohio, are all f^st becoming great commer- 

(302) 



MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. 303 

cial centers, and the railroads and other improvements now in 
progress, and the facilities that shall hereafter be afforded to 
the enterprising business men of the State, point to no par- 
ticular city with any assurance of its precedence. All parts 
and sections are progressing. It has truthfully been said that 
" the public convenience and the general good, not State pride, 
is building our cities." 

The principal articles of export from the State, at the pres- 
ent time are pork and flour. The former is mostly produced 
in the southern, and the latter in the northern part of the 
State. To these great staples may be added horses, mules, fat 
cattle, corn, poultry, butter, most of the agricultural products 
of the West, and a wide range of articles of manufacture. 
The numerous canals and railroads which intersect each other 
at many points in the State, afford great facilities for trans- 
portation, so that our producers can reach any market desired 
at a nominal expense. 

The disposition to monopolize in the trade of the State does 
not exist to a greater degree than is desirable or necessary in 
a healthy commercial State. During the civil war many 
attempts of this kind were made, which resulted either in 
making very large profits or in the utter failure of the specu- 
lator who engaged in them. The prospect of securing a large 
profit in a vast amount of produce which was made reasonably 
certain by the increasing demand for this merchandise became 
very exciting, and the flour and pork trader found it quite 
impossible to practice moderation in their calculations. The 
result was always damaging on the general trade. When the 
trader failed the farmer generally suffered in pocket, and when 
he made heavy profits their feelings were outraged. This 
state of things led to a better regulated commerce. Farmers 
united in maintaining prices and protecting each other, and so 
great has been their strength and influence in the making and 
administration of the laws touching matters of trade that they 
have been enabled to regulate the cost of transportation, and 
to prevent, in a great measure, damaging fluctuations in the 
markets. 

Commerce in the productions of the soil, for many years, 



804 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



absorbed the attention of traders and speculators; but no 
sooner bad the j^rosperity of trade created a demand for a 
general development of the agricultural resources of the State, 
than a special interest was directed to manufacturing. This 
was manifested as early as 1840, and, from that year down to 
the present, a general prosperity has attended almost every 
manufacturing establishment in the State, [t is said that the 
largest carriage factory in the whole world, to-dav, is located 
in the State of Indiana, at the flourishing city of South Bend. 
This is the greater evidence of the enterprise of Indiana man- 
ufactures, when taken in consideration with the celebrated 
carriage factories of Connecticut, many of which have sup- 
plied, to a great extent, the markets of the old world. Fol- 
lowing are some statistical observations. 

MANUFACTUKING STATISTICS. 



Classes. 

Mfg. establislinients 

Steam engines employed 

Total horse power 

Total No. waterwlieels.- 
Horse power waterwheels 

Hands employed 

No. males over IG years. 
No. females over 15 years 

No. of yoviths . 

Capital employed 

Wages paid 

Cost of material 

Value of products 



1875. 



$117 

35 

104 

301 



16,812 

3,684 

114,961 

1,641 

38,614 

86,402 

81,621 

3,791 

2,000 

462,161 

,461,987 

,321,632 

,304,271 



1870. 


1860. 


11,847 


5,323 


2,881 




76,851 




1,090 




23,518 




58,852 


21,295 


54,412 


20,563 


2,272 


732 


2,168 




f 52,052,425 


$18,451,121 


18,366,780 


6,318,335 


63,135,492 


27,142,597 


108,617,278 


42,803,469 



1850. 



$ 7. 

10 

18 



4,392 



14,440 

13,748 

692 

,750,402 

,728,844 
,369,700 
,725,423 



The above statistics of manufacturing in Indiana, for the 
years 1850, 1860, and 1870, were compiled from the re- 
ports of the Bureau of Statistics; those for the year 1875 
have been gathered by the compilers of this work, while trav- 
eling through the State, and are, in nearly all cases, as correct 
as those taken from the reports. The column representing 
1875 will show the unparalleled increase in manufactures in 
Indiana during the last five 3'ears. As a manufacturing State. 
Indiana is now considerably in advance of Illinois and Mich- 
igan, in proportion to her population, and she is rapidly 
leaving them in the rear in this great branch of industry, 



MANUFACTURING STATISTICS. 



305 



which must, in some future dav, become the great source of 
wealth in the States, instead of agriculture. 

From careful estimates by the comj)ilers of this work, it is 
shown that there is over $100,000,000 now invested in manu- 
facturing in this State. Five years ago Illinois had less than 




H. BATES, ESQ. 
See page 31. 

$90,000,000 invested in this branch of business, while at the 
same time Michigan had but $70,000,000. Indiana, in the 
same year had but little over $50,000,000 invested in her fac- 
tories. How has this comparison been affected by a growth 
20 



306 HISTORY OF INDLANA- 

of five years! It was estimated, in 1874, by one of the leading 
journals of Illinois, that the manufacturing capital of that 
State had increased thirty per cent, in five years. This would 
give Illinois $117,000 000 in manufacturing, in 1875, against 
$100,000,000 in Indiana, From this basis it will be safe to 
predict that in 1880 Indiana, in proportion to her population, 
will greatly exceed the State of Illinois in manufacturing 
enterprise. The comparison with Michigan, during the same 
period, is still more flattering to Indiana, than that with 
Illinois. 

The same increase of prosperity is noticeable in the pro- 
ducts of Indiana factories. In 1870 they were estimated at 
$103,617,278. From careful estimates by the compilers of 
this work, it appears that the products of the various factories 
in the State, for the year ending September thirtieth, 1874, 
will exceed $300,000,000, showing an increase in five years of 
nearly $200,000,000. These estimates have been made with the 
greatest of care, and although they seem to overstate the pros- 
perity of the State during the last five years, yet they may be 
regarded as reliable. 

It is true that the inquiries as to the amount of capital 
invested, and the amount of products, were not always sue 
cessful, but means have been employed to correct errors, into 
which the answers of over-ambitious persons were calculated 
to lead us. 

But the manufacturing industry of Indiana has not pros- 
pered in the last five years more than it will in the next. 
There is a brilliant prospect for a great future advancement 
in this branch of business. Indeed, this department of enter- 
prise cannot be regarded as more than fully begun; and from 
the present indications, its future growth is guaranteed. 



CHAPTEE XXXYIII. 

THE MmBRAL WEALTH OF INDIANA. 

SECOI^D in importance among the material resouroes of 
Indiana are her minerals, as yet only partly discovered, 
and almost entirely undeveloped. In agricultural wealth the 
State has no equal, acre for acre, in ISTorth America; in min- 
eral wealth she is scarcely behind the richest States in the 
Union. In short, she possesses within her borders every ele- 
ment required to produce wealth, and stimulate progress. 
Physically, the surface of the country is, for the most part, 
gently rolling. In the southern portion, along the Ohio river, 
there are a few hills ranging from fifty to four hundred feet 
in height, but the average height is probably not more than 
one hundred feet. About one-eighth part of the State is 
prairie land, and the remaining seven-eighths, when in a state 
of nature, was set with a dense forest.* 

About one-third of the State is still well timbered. The 
surface of the territory is well supplied with water courses. 
The Ohio river, one of the largest tributaries of the Missis- 
sippi river, flows along its southern border, and is navigable 
by the largest class of steamboats during the greater part of 
the year. The Wabash river rises in the State of Ohio, crosses 
Indiana in a southwesterly direction, and thence to its junction 
with the Ohio river forms the boundary line between Indiana 
and Illinois. For a part of the season this fine stream is 
navigable for steamboats as far up as Lafayette, about three 
Hundred miles above its mouth. When the improvements 
now going on under authority of the General Government, 

* We have been kindly permitted to use, in this chapter, the materials 
embraced in a pamphlet edited by Prof. E. T. Cox, State Geologist. 

(307) 



308 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

are completed, it is believed by competent engineers that it 
will be navigable as far up as Terre Haute, at all times except 
when stopped by ice. 

Lake Michigan, one of the chain of great lakes between 
Canada and the United States, extends down into the north- 
west corner of Indiana, and furnishes ship communication 
with the immense iron ore deposits of the Lake Superior 
regions, as well as a channel of commerce with the Atlantic 
seaboard. In the northern part of the State there are numer- 
ous small fresh water lakes, from half a mile to ten miles in 
length, and from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width; the 
water is clear and pure, and in many of them very deep. 
They abound with fish of the finest quality for table use, and 
together with flocks of wild ducks and geese that frequent 
them in the fall and spring, afford fine amusement for sports- 
men, as well as an abundance of cheap and wholesome food. 
It must be borne in mind that in this country there are no 
laws against hunting or fishing on the public domain, water 
courses or lakes, but they are open alike to all.* 

But more particularly as to the mineral resources. Coal, 
the most valuable of all minerals, exists in the State in great 
abundance. The measures, says Prof. E. T. Cox, cover an area 
of about six thousand five hundred square miles, in the south- 
western part of the State, and extend from Warren county, on 
the north, to the Ohio river, on the south, a distance of about 
one hundred and fifty miles. The following counties lie within 
its area: Warren, Fountain, Parke, Yermillion, Vigo, Clay, 
Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, 
Yanderburg, Warrick, Spencer, Perry, and a small part of 
Crawford, Monroe, Putnam and Montgomery. The coal is all 
bituminous, but is divisible into three well marked varieties: 
Caking-coal, non-caking-coal or Block coal, and Cannel coal. 

The total depth of the seams or measures is from six hun- 
dred to eight hundred feet, with twelve to fourteen distinct 
seams of coal, thougli they are not all to be found throughout 
the entire area of the field. The seams range from one foot 

♦Prof. E. T. Cox. 



MINERAL WEALTH. 309 

to eleven feet in thickness, and the field may, from the charac- 
ter of the coal, be divided from north to south into two zones ; 
the western contains the seams of caking coal, and the east- 
ern the non -caking or block coal. 

There are, continues Prof. Cox — and this gentleman is our 
authority on questions pertaining to minerals — from three to 
four workable seams of caking coal, ranging from three and a 
half to eleven feet in thickness. At most of the localities, 
when these are being worked, the coal is mined by adits driven 
in on the face of the ridges, and the deepest shafts in the State 
are less than three hundred feet; the average depth to win coal 
being not over seventy -five feet. The analysis of samples of 
caking coal, from diiferent counties, are here inserted, and will 
serve to indicate its value. 

The five feet seam at Washington, Daviess county, is as fol- 
lows: Specific gravity, 1,294; one cubic foot weighs 80.87 lbs. 

Coke 64.50 \ ^^^^^^^^ @ ^1^° ^- • • • ^'^^ 

( Fixed Carbon 60.00 

Volatile matter 35.50 \ ^'^' ^^^^^ ^-^^ 

( Gas 30.00 

100.00 100.00 

This is a bright black coal, makes a very fair quality of 
coke and yields four cubic feet of gas per pound, with an illu- 
minating power equal to fifteen standard candles. The five 
feet seam in Sullivan county is as follows : Specific gravity, 
1,228; one cubic foot weighs 76.75 lbs. 
Coke 52_5^i Moisture® 212° F.... 2.85 



Fixed Carbon 51.10 

Volatile matter 47.50 \ ^'^' '^^^^^ ^^ 

( G-as 45.25 

100.00 100.00 

This is a glossy, jet black coal, makes a good coke and con- 
tains a very large percentage of pure illuminating gas. One 
pound of coal yields 4.22 cubic feet of gas, with a candle- 
power equal to fifteen standard sperm candles. The average 
calculated calorific power of the caking coals is 7745 heat 



310 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

tjiits; carbon being equal to 8080. Both in the northern and 
southern portions of the field, the caking coals present similar 
good qualities, and will be a great source of private and pub- 
lic wealth. 

The eastern zone of the coal measures has an area of more 
than four hundred and fiftj square miles. It is here that we 
find the celebrated Block coal, a fossil fuel which is used in 
the raw state for making pig iron. In fact this coal, from its 
physical structure and freedom from impurities, is peculiarly 
suited to metallurgical purposes. It has a laminated structure 
with carbonaceous matter, like charcoal, between the lamina, 
slaty cleavage and rings under the hammer. It is free burn- 
ing, makes an open fire, and without caking, swelling, scaf- 
folding in the furnace or changing form, burns like hickory 
wood until it is consumed to a white ash and leaves no clink- 
ers. It is likewise valuable for generating steam and for 
household uses. Many of the principal railway lines in the 
State are using it in preference to any other coal, as it does 
not burn out the fire-boxes and gives as little trouble as wood. 

There are as many as eight distinct seams of block-coal in 
this zone, three of which are workable, having an average 
thickness of four feet. In some places this coal is mined by 
adits, but generally from shafts, forty to eighty feet deep. 
The seams are crossed by cleavage lines and the coal is usually 
mined without powder, and may be taken out in blocks weigh- 
ing a ton or more. When entries or rooms are driven angling 
across the cleavage lines, the walls of the mine present a zig- 
zag notched appearance, resembling a Virginia worm fence.* 

In 1871, there were about twenty-four block coal mines in 
operation, and about fifteen hundred tons were mined daily. 
Now there are more than fifty mines in operation, and the 
amount mined daily will reach nearly five thousand tons, and 
the demand is increasing faster than the facilities for raising 
it. Miners are paid from one dollar to one dollar and twenty 
cents per ton, and the coal sells, on the cars at the mines, for 
two dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of two thousand 
pounds. The usual estimate, to cover all expenses for running 

* Prof. E. T. Cox's pamphlet. 



MINERAL WEALTH. 311 

a mine, is fifty cents per ton, which leaves a net profit of from 
one dollar to one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton. Coal 
lands sell at from fifty dollars to five hundred dollars per acre, 
according to location and the extent of the investigations that 
have been made to prove the quality and quantity. 

The following analysis will serve to indicate the quality of 
the block coal : 

CLAY COUNTY, STA3J MINE, PLANET FUENACE. 

No. 1. No. 2. 

Ash, white ; . . 2.74 1.68 

Carbon 81.60 83.68 

Hydrogen 4.39 4.10 

Nitrogen 1.67 1.67 

Oxygen 8.88 8.17 

Sulphur 72 .70 

100.00 100.00 

Calculated calorific power equal to 8283 heat units. 
These examples show a fair average quality of the block 
coal used in the blast furnaces of Indiana for making Besse- 
mer pig. The quality is alike good, both in the northern and 
southern parts of the field. ISTine blast furnaces in Indiana, 
and others at Carondelet, near St. Louis, are using the raw 
block coal for smelting iron ores, and it gives universal satis- 
faction. 

The Brazil blast furnace is sixty-one feet high, fourteen feet 
across the boshes, and has a closed top. It is using the Mis- 
souri specular hematite and red hematite iron ores. With 
three parts of the former and one part of the latter, the make 
is forty tons of two thousand two hundred and sixty-eight 
pounds per day, and with equal parts of each the make is 
thirty-five to thirty-six tons per day. Four thousand pounds 
of block coal are used to the ton of iron. The Missouri ores 
now cost, on an average, twelve dollars per ton at the furnace, 
being an advance over the year 1874 of more than three dol- 
lars per ton. One and a half tons of the specular ore will 
produce a ton of pig iron; of the red hematite it requires a 
Little more than this quantity to make a ton of pig. 



312 HISTORY OF IT< DIANA. 

This certainly speaks hig'lilj for the block coal, as well as of 
the superior advantages oflered in Indiana for the manufacture 
of iron and Bessemer steel rails. The cost of labor to make a 
ton of pig iron at the furnace in Indiana, is about three dol- 
lars and fifty cents.* 

The great Indiana coal held is less than one hundred and 
fifty miles, by railroad, from Chicago, Illinois, or Michigan 
City, in this State, from which ports the Lake Superior spec- 
ular and red hermatite ores are landed from vessels that are 
able to run in a direct course from the ore banks. Lake 
Su])erior ore is similar in quality to that from the Iron Moun- 
tain in Missouri, and is as well ada})ted for making Bessemer 
pig. From the Iron Mountain to the block coal Held, the dis- 
tance is two hundred and sixty -six miles by railroad. There 
are live railroads running from the coal field to St. Louis, and 
tliree to Chicago, and two to Michigan City. 

Any carefully thinking business lyan can easily observe the 
advantages of this immense coal field to the future prosperity 
of Indiana. From it untold wealth will flow into private and 
public treasuries. To-day it lays comparativelj'^ dormant, 
awaiting only the combined efforts of capital and laboi* to 
make it the centre of iictivity and the fountain of material 
prosperity. 

But we must not foi'get the cannel coal. One of the finest 
seams of this coal to be found in the country is to be seen in 
Daviess county, Indiana. Here we have a coal five feet thick, 
of whicli the u])per three and a half feet is cannel, and the 
lower one and a half feet is a beautiful jet-black caking coal. 
The two qualities are united, and show no intervening clay or 
shale, so that in mining, fragments of the caking coal are 
often found adhering to the cannel. There is no gradual 
change from one to the other, or blending of the varieties 
where united, but the change is sudden and the character of 
the cannel coal is homogeneous from top to bottom. 

The cannel coal makes a delightful fire in open grates, and 
does not pop and throw off scales into the room, as is usually 
the case with this variety of coal. The following is Prof. 

* Prof. E. T. Cox. 



MINERAL WEALTH. 313 

Cox's analysis of this coal: Specific gravity, 1.229; one cubic 
foot weighs 76.87 lbs. 

Coke . . ^^ 48.00 ] ^^^^ "^^'^^ ^-00 

( Fixed carbon 42.00 

Volatile matter 52.00 \ ^^^^^^"'^ @ ^12° F. . . . 3.50 

(Gas 48.50 

100.00 100.00 

Ultimate analysis of the same coal by the same gentleman; 

Carbon 71.10 

Ash 7.65 

Hydrogen 6.06 

Niti'ogen 1.45 

Oxygen 12.74 

Sulphur 1.00 



100.00 

From the above analysis it will be seen that this coal is 
admirably adapted to the manufacture of illuminating gas, 
both from tlie quantit}^ it yields and its high illuminating 
power. One ton of two thousand pounds of this cannel coal 
yields ten thousand four hundred feet of gas, while the best 
Yougliiogheny coal used at the Indianapolis gas works, yields 
but eight thousand six himdred and eighty cubic feet. This 
gas has an illuminating power of 25.2 candles, while the 
Youghiogheny coal gas has an illuminating power of seven- 
teen candles. 

Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, 
Greene, Parke and Fountain counties, where its commercial 
value has already been, attested. 

There are numerous deposits of bog iron ore in the north- 
ern part of the State, and clay iron stones and impure carbo- 
nates and brown oxides are found scattered over the vicinity 
of the coal fields. At some localities the beds are quite thick, 
and of considerable commercial value. Investigation is 
already showing that Indiana contains valuable ore beds, that 
will, at no distant day, contribute largely to her importance. 

Indiana also contains immense and inexhaustible quantities 
of building stone, sufficient for all future purposes, of the very 



314 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

best quality. Numerous quarries are already open and in suc- 
cessful operation. 

There is an abundance of excellent lime in the State. This 
is gaining a wide reputation, and largely adding to the volume 
of the State commerce. It abounds in Huntington county in 
extensive beds, where numerous large kilns are kept in prof- 
itable operation. 



CHAPTEE XXXIX. 

LAWS AND COUETS OF INDIANA. 

AS a work for reference, this volume would not be com- 
plete without a brief digest of the laws and courts of 
Indiana. Hence this chapter, in which we shall endeavor to 
give a complete, concise and simple exhibit of the latest revis- 
ion of the State laws. We have been aided in our selection 
of materials for this feature by some of the leading members 
of the Indianapolis bar.* The last revision of the State laws 
was accomplished in 1852, and the latest publication of the 
revised code, as amended, comprises all the public acts and 
general laws now in force. "Practice in civil suits," says Mr. 
Pierce, " is under the code of 1852, in which all distinction 
between law and equity, and all forms of action are abolished. 
All defenses, except the denial of the facts alleged by the 
plaintiff, are pleaded specially. On the second and following 
days of the term, the dockets are called by the court for plead- 
ings or defaults. Amendments to pleadings are allowed with 
liberality, somewhat in the discretion of the court." 

Actions must be commenced by tiling in the office of the 
clerk of the court, a complaint, in the name of the person or 
party interested, and the service of summons at least ten days 

* We are especially indebted to Henry D. Pierce, Esq. 



316 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

before the first day of the term. Service maj be made by 
publication. " A judgment rendered on service by publica- 
tion may be opened within five years, except in divorce eases, 
when the judgment may be opened within two years as to the 
subject of alimony and custody of children," and as to the 
merits of the divorce, when granted upon service by publica- 
tion. In the latter case the party obtaining the divorce is 
prohibited from marrying within two years froin the date of 
the decree. 

Arrests are permitted in civil cases where the plaintiff or 
his attorney lodges with the clerk of the court an afiidavit, 
specifying the right to recover existing debt or damages, and 
that the defendant is about to leave the State, with property, 
with intent to defraud the plaintiff. " An undertaking of the 
plaintiff" must first be filed, with sufticieut sureties, to pay all 
damages sustained by the arrest, if wrongful, not to exceed 
double the amount of the claim." 

Attachments may be issued against the property of a 
defendant, when the action is for the recovery of money, at 
tlie beginning of the action, or any time thereafter, only upon 
the affidavit of the complainant, or his attorney, showing the 
exact nature of the claim, and that it is just, as also the 
amount to be recovered, and the existence of one of the fol- 
lowing causes: 1. That the^ defendant is a non-resident, or a 
foreign corporation. 2. That the defendant is secretly leav- 
ing, or has left the State, with intent to defraud his creditors. 
3. Or conceals himself so that summons cannot be served. 4. 
Removal of property out of the State. 5. That the defend- 
ant has sold or is about to sell or dispose of property with 
intent to defraud creditors. With certain exceptions no attach- 
ment can issue against a debtor while his wife and family 
remains settled in good faith within the county where the 
debtor's usual place of residence had been prior to his absence. 
All creditors share jpro rata who file their claims under an 
original attachment before final judgment. 

CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES. 

In order to recover costs, claims against estates of persona 
deceased, except judgment and mortgage liens created during 



LAWS AND COURTS. 317 

the life-time, must be filed with the clerk of the circuit court, 
within one year from the appointment of the executor or 
administrator. " After one year, if not filed at least thirty 
days before final settlement, the claim is, with few exceptions, 
barred. A succinct statement of its nature and amount is 
sufiicient, if it have attached the affidavit of the claimant, that 
it is justly due and wholly unpaid. The entry by the clerk 
upon the appearance docket of the court is the only notice of 
the filing necessary. When the claim has been so entered ten 
days before the first day of the ensuing term, the executor or 
administrator may admit or refuse it, on the margin of the 
docket; if not admitted, it is to stand for trial at the next 
term. After allowance, it has the force of a judgment, and 
bears interest at six per cent."* 

In deeds, mortgages, acknowledgments and recording, pri- 
vate seals are abolished, and one witness is sufficient, and, 
when the deed is acknowledged by the party, no witness is 
necessary. '' The certificate of acknowledgment may be annexed 
or indorsed. All conveyances of land must be by deed in writ- 
ing, subscribed and duly acknowledged by the grantor or his 
attorney, empowered by a like instrument. The joint deed of 
husband and wife passes the lands of the wife, but does not 
bind her to any of the covenants. Conveyances, to be valid 
against any other than the grantor, his heirs, or those having 
notice thereof, must be recorded within ninety days from their 
execution. To enable deeds and mortgages to be recorded, 
they must be acknowledged or proved before a judge, or clerk 
of some court of record, justice of the peace, auditor, recorder, 
notary public, or mayor of a city, in this or any other State, or 
before a commissioner of this State residing in another State, 
or before a minister, charge d'affaires, or consul of the United 
States in a foreign country. Acknowledgments before an 
officer having an official seal require no further attestation. 
Acknowledgment is essential to admit a deed to record, but 
not to its validity, which may be proved by attesting wit- 
nesses. A married woman need make no acknowledgment 
different from that of an unmarried woman. A married 

* Prom Henry D. Pierce's Digest of the Laws and Courts of Indiana. 



318 HIOTORT OF INDIANA. 

woman under twenty-one and over eighteen may join her hus- 
band in conveying his property, if her father, or if he be dead, 
her mother, declare before the officer taking the acknowledg- 
ment, that it would be prejudicial to her and her husband not 
to convey, and that it is for the interest of the woman to con- 
vey; this declaration, with the name of the father or mother, 
to be inserted in the certificate. The conveyance by a corpo- 
ration must, of course, be under its corporate seal. All con- 
veyances and mortgages of lands, and every lease for three 
years, must be recorded in the recorder's office of the county 
where the lands are situated, within ninety days from the 
execution thereof, otherwise they are held fraudulent and void 
as against subsequent purchasers or mortgages in good faith 
for a valuable consideration." Chattel mortgage must be 
recorded within ten days from the date of execution, in the 
county where the mortgagee resides; otherwise they are void 
as against creditors. 

In regard to depositions, they may be taken out of the State 
under a commission issued by the clerk of the court where the 
cause is pending. In such cases, " notice must be served upon 
the adverse party, and reasonable time given to reach the place 
of taking the deposition by the ordinary facilities of travel, 
excluding the day of service of notice, intervening Sundays, 
and the day of taking. Depositions of witnesses may be taken 
within or without the State, before a judge, justice of the 
peace, notary public, mayor, or recorder of a city, clerk of a 
court of record, or a commissioner appointed by a court; but 
not before any person being of kin to either party, or inter- 
ested in the action. Unless waived by agreement, officers in 
other States must act under a commission {detimus potestatem) 
from the court in Indiana where the cause is pending. Objec- 
tion to a deponent, as not competent, or to any questions pro- 
posed to or answers given by him, may be made at the exam- 
ination and embodied in the deposition, or subsequently in 
open court."* 

And now in regard to executions. There are a lien on per- 

* Henry D. I*ierce, Esq., Indianapolis. 



LAWS AND OOTJETS. 819 

sonal property "within the jurisdiction of the officer from 
the time of delivery, but if there be several executions in the 
hands of different officers, the first levy has the preference, 
and divests all liens created by prior delivery. An execution 
to another county from that in which judgment is rendered, is 
a lien only from time of levy. Executions may issue at any 
time within five years after rendition of the judgment; after 
that period, leave of court must be obtained, upon notice and 
motion. Executions from a court of record may issue to any 
county in the State. Property sold on execution, unless oth- 
erwise directed by the judgment, must be appraised and sold 
for at least two-thirds its appraised value. "When notes or 
other instruments or contracts in writing contain the clause 
'without relief from valuation or appraisement laws,' the 
property of the judgment-debtor is sold upon execution for 
what it will bring. Stay of execution is allowed on nearly all 
judgments, by presenting one or more suflicient freehold 
securities as follows: On sums not exceeding six dollars, thirty 
days; over six and under twelve dollars, sixty days; over 
twelve and under twenty dollars, ninety days; over twenty 
and under forty dollars, one hundred and twenty days; over 
forty and under one hundred dollars, one hundred and fifty 
days; over one hundred dollars, one hundred and eighty days. 
Stays are not allowed on judgments for moneys received in a 
fiduciary capacity; or for breach of official duty." Every 
recognizance of this character operates as against the bail, as 
a judgment confessed. The property of the judgment- debtor 
must be exhausted before that of the bail. 

As to redemptions, personal property taken upon execution 
may be redeemed by delivering bond. All lands sold under 
judgments upon contracts, since June 4, 1861. may be 
redeemed within one year from sale, by the payment of 
the purchase money, with interest at the rate of ten per cent. 
per annum. The exemption or stay laws cannot be waived in 
a binding form. 

In regard to exemptions and homestead laws, " every resi- 
dent householder may claim as exempt from execution, prop- 
erty, real or personal, to the amount of three hundred dollars, 



320 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

on any debt founded on contract made since May 6, 1853. 
This right exists while in transitu from one residence to 
another, within the State. There is no homestead exemp- 
tion." 

The legal rate of interest is six per cent.; but any other 
rate, not exceeding ten per cent., may be provided for by con- 
tract in writing. All interest over ten per cent, is illegal, as 
to the excess only. The rate of interest on judgments is six 
per cent, in the absence of a contract, but any rate may be 
provided for by contract, not exceeding, however, ten per cent. 

Regarding judgments of the supreme and superior courts, 
they are liens upon all real estate of defendant liable to execu- 
tion in the county where rendered, for the space of ten years, 
and after the expiration of twenty years are deemed satistied. 
A transcript of the judgment of any court of record may be 
filed in another county, and from the time of tiling becomes a 
lien on the real estate of the judgment debtor in that county. 
An order of attachment binds the defendant's property in the 
county where issued, and becomes a lien from the time of 
delivery to the sheriif. Goods in the hands of a consignee are 
subject to a lien for any debt due from the consignor. Jus- 
tices' judgments become a lien on real estate from the time of 
tiling transcript in the common pleas court. Judgments on 
bonds payable to the State become a lien on the real estate of 
the debtor from the commencement of the action. Every 
recognizance binds the real estate of the principal from the 
time it is taken, but that of the surety only from the time 
judgment of forfeiture is taken; those taken by justices in 
criminal cases become a lien from the time of tiling in circuit 
or criminal courts.* 

The law regarding liens of mechanics, etc., is also impor- 
tant. Mechanics and all persons furnishing materials for, or 
performing labor upon, any building, or machinery therefor, 
liave a lien on the building and real estate on which it is sit- 
uated for their pay, either jointly or separately, by filing notice 
of intention to hold such lien in the recorder's oflflce within 

* Manual of Laws and Courts. 



LAWS AND COUETS. 321 

sixty days after conclusion of the work or completion of build- 
ing. The lien relates to the time when the work or repairs 
commenced, and has priority over any subsequent claims only. 
All who " file under " on action pending prior to judgment 
are allowed a pro rata decree. Sub-contractors can acquire 
lien in the same manner, whether the original contractor is 
paid or not, or they may give notice to the owner to stop pay- 
ment, and recover whatever is due the contractor. The stat- 
ute gives a lien on all boats and water craft for debts contracted 
for supplies, wages, repairs, etc. A mortgage for purchase- 
money has preference over a prior judgment against the pur- 
chaser. Mechanics and tradesmen have a lien on goods left 
for alteration or repair, liverymen and feeders on stock left 
with them, forwarding and commission merchants on goods in 
storage. Attorneys have a lien for their fees on all judgments 
taken by them, upon entering notice on the docket or order 
book at the time of taking, giving the amount of such fees. 

Touching the law on limitation of actions, we quote from 
the digest of Henry D. Pierce, Esq., as follows: "Actions for 
injuries to person or character, and for penalty or forfeiture 
by statute, must be commenced within two years; against 
public officer or his sureties, within three years; for the recov- 
ery of real property sold by executors, etc., on a judgment 
directing such sale, by a party to the judgment, his heirs or 
assigns, subsequent to the date of judgment, within five years 
after confirmation of sale; on accounts and contracts not in 
writing, for use, rents, and profits of real jjroperty, for inju- 
ries to property, and for the recovery of personal property and 
damages for the detention thereof, for relief against frauds and 
for money collected by public otiicer, within six years; for the 
recovery of real property sold on execution, when action is 
brought by execution debtor, his heirs or assigns, after date 
of judgment, within ten years. All actions not limited by 
Btatnte shall be brought within fifteen years after the same 
shall have accrued; actions on written contracts, judgments of 
a court of record, and for the recovery of real estate, within 
twenty years. Persons under legal disability may bring their 
actions within two yeai*s after such disability is removed. Set- 
21 



322 IIISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

oiF or payment may be pleaded, notwithstandino- the same are 
barred by statute. When a canse of action is barred by the 
statute of the State where the defendant resided at date of 
contract, the lex Joel contractiis shall govern the limitation. 
An acknowledgment or new promise, in order to operate as a 
new or continuing contract, must be in writing, signed by the 
party to be charged." 

In reference to the law bearing upon the rights of married 
women, we have the following brief resume from the pen of 
the same writer: "A married woman may sue and defend 
alone where the action concerns her separate property, or where 
the action is between herself and husband. The wife may 
claim the benefit of the exemption law for her husband in his 
absence. She may qualify as an executrix with the consent 
in writing of her husband. Marriage, after having been 
appointed an administratrix, does not cause her removal if 
her husband consents in writing. Married women may make 
wills as if single. A wife of an insane husband may contract 
in relation to her separate property as a ferae sole. A mar- 
ried woman holds her real and personal property and all profits 
therefrom absolutely as her separate property, and they are not 
liable for the debts of her husband, but she cannot alien or 
encumber her personal or real estate unless her husband join 
in the conveyance. The separate deed of the husband conveys 
no interest in his wife's land. The courts may authorize her 
to sell and convey her own real estate in case of abandonment 
by her husband, or his confinement in the penitentiary, and to 
make any contracts. By the statute of 1852, tenancies by the 
courtesy and dower are abolished. A widow takes one-third 
of her deceased husband's real estate in fee, free from all 
demands of creditors, where the estate does not exceed ten 
thousand dollars; where it does not exceed twenty thousand 
dollars one-fourth only; and where it exceeds twenty thousand 
dollars one-fifth only as against creditors. She takes one-tliird 
of the personalty. In all cases she takes three hundred dol- 
lars from the estate without accounting. If a widow marry a 
second husband, she cannot alienate real estate held by virtue 
of her previous marriage, but it goes to her children by the 



LAWS AJND COUKTS. 323 

ibrmei* marriage. A second or subsequent wife, if there are 
children by a former wife, takes only a life estate in her hus- 
band^s lands unless she have cliildren alive. A widow may 
iAect to take under her husband's will, or the law. Alienage 
of the wife does not affect her rights if the husband is a cit- 



PROF. GEORGE W. HOSS. 

See page 21. 



izen, or if an alien he be authorized to hold lands. The wife's 
interest is saved from reversion in the absence of heirs, where 
an estate is given ' to the husband in consideration of love and 
affection. A widow may occupy the dwelling and forty acres 
of land of her deceased husband, free of rent for one year." 



324 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

In relation to notes, bills and protest, the law is interesting 
and important: "Bills of exchange and promissory notes 
payable in banks within the State, are governed by the 'law 
merchant.' On all bills of exchange payable within the State, 
whether sight or time bills, three days of grace are allowed. 
Notes and bills not payable in bank are governed by statutory 
provisions as follows: All notes mid bills are negotiable by 
endorsement. The assignee may. in his own name, recover 
against the maker. The suit mnst be brought in the name ol 
the real party in interest. Whatexer defense or set-off the 
maker of any such instrument had before notice of assign- 
ment against an assignor, or the original payee, he shall have 
also against their assignee. The maker is entitled to all 
defenses against the note in the hands of the assignee which 
he could* make against it in the hands of the payee. All notes 
and bills should contain the clause, ' without any relief what- 
ever from the Yaluation or Appraisement Laws of Indiana.' 
The holder of a note or bill', whether negotiable by the law 
merchant or by the law of this State, may institute suit against 
the whole or any number of the parties liable; but no more 
than one suit at the same term. Damages of five per cent, 
are allowed upon protested bills drawn or negotiated in this 
State, if drawn upon a person at a place out of the State; and 
ten per cent, if drawn upon a person out of the United States. 
Beyond such damages no interest or charges are allowed, 
except from date of protest. A holder, without consideration, 
cannot recover damages. Protest must, of course, be made on 
the last day of grace, in the usual form. If the notary's cer- 
tificate shows that written notices were duly given to the sev- 
eral parties, naming them, it is sufiicient evidence of the fact.'' 

The law in relation to taxes is important. Taxes attach as 
a lien on real estate on the first day of April in each year. 
Corporation taxes mostly attach on the first day of January. 
Penalties attach on the third Monday in March, annually, and 
after that day all unpaid taxes are collectable by distress and 
sale of personality. Sales of real estate for taxes occur in each 
county on the first Monday of February annually. All lands 
on which taxes are delinquent for two years are offered. After 



LAWS AND COUKTS. 325 

sale, the owner has two yeari; iii which he may redeem. If 
not redeemed within the time, a deed is made to the purchaser 
by the county auditor. In order to sustain a tax sale, the 
party claiming under it must show a substantial compliance 
with every provision of the law authorizing the sale. After 
four years no snit to review the title can be brought. A tax 
deed is only 'prima fade evidence of regularity of the pro- 
ceedings, and may be contradicted. Possession under a tax 
deed is adverse though the title be invalid. 

As to wills, all persons of a sound mind, who are twenty- 
one years of age, may make wills and devise all their estate, 
of every kind, to any person or corporation, saving the legal 
provision for the widow. Married women may devise their 
separate property. Wills must be in writing (except nuncu- 
pation, bequeathing not to exceed one hundred dollars), signed 
by the testator or some person by his direction and in his 
presence, and attested by two persons subscribing as witnesses. 
Wills may be probated by the court of any county where the 
testator resided, or in which he shall die leaving assets, on 
proof of execution by one or more subscribing witnesses, or 
by proof of handwriting of the testator and of the witnesses, 
in case of their incompetency, death or absence. Provisions 
are made by statute for contesting the validity and probate of 
wills, either before or within three years after offered to pro- 
bate. Wills executed without the State, and probated in another 
State or country, according to the laws thereof, may in most 
cases be recorded, and shall have the same effect as if executed 
in the State. 

Regarding witnesses, no party in a civil suit is disqualified 
as a witness by reason of interest, and one party to the suit 
may compel the other to testify. Husband and wife are not 
competent witnesses as to matters for or against each other, or 
communications made during marriage. When an executor, 
administrator or guardian is a party, and the judgment affects 
the estate, neither party can testify unless called by the adverse 
party. A want of belief in the Supreme Being only affects 
the credibility. 

The criminal laws of the State of Indiana consist of well 



326 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 

defined penalties for the various crimes. The list is very lonv, 
and too tedious for insertion in this volume. 

We will close this chapter witli a brief notice of tlie coui-ts. 
The supreme court of Indiana has appellate jurisdiction only 
from the superior, criminal and circuit courts of the State. 
Inpmctions are granted by it in certain cases. There is no 
distinction among the judges; each acts as chief justice in 
rotation, for a single term. The present judges of the supreme 
court are, five in number, as follows: John Pettit, of La Fay- 
ette; James L, Worden, of Fort AVayne; Samuel H. Buskirk, 
of Bloomington ; Alexander C Downey, of Kising Sun. and 
Horace P. Biddle, of Logansport. The terms of the supreme 
coui't commence at Indianapolis (ni the fourth Mondays of 
May and November. The court sits at chambers during the 
greater part of the year, and causes can be submitted, by agree- 
ment, on briefs, at any time. 

The circuit and superior courts have original concurrent 
jurisdiction in most civil cases, such as actions on contracts, 
etc. The circuit court has exclusive jurisdiction in actions 
for slander. In all cases of concurrent jurisdiction the court 
first obtaining cognizance, retains it exclusively. There are 
four terms of the circuit court. The terms of the superior 
court commence on the first Monday of each month, except 
July and August. An appeal from the special to the general 
term of the superior court is granted as a matter of right, 
Avithout bond except in special cases. The superior court was 
established in 1871. It exists at present only in Marion 
county, the latter being the only county containing a city 
(Indianapolis) of over forty thousand inhabitants, that being 
requisite to the organization of this court. Judgment may 
be had at the first term after suit commenced, unless good 
cause of defense is shown. A judgment in either of these 
courts for less than fifty dollars does not carry costs. 

Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in collections and 
other civil cases, to the amount of two hundred dollars, within 
the township where tlie debtor resides; but they may render 
judgment upon confession to the amount of three hundred 
dollars. Judgment can be had o-enerallv within a week or ten 
days. 



CHAPTEE XL. 

OFFICIAL KEGISTEE OF INDIANA. 



WE will close the first paet of this Yolume with a list 
of the State officers who have served the people of 
Indiana, through the various grades of government, from 
1800 to. 1875, 



J 



territorial gkjvernors. 



^ Arthur St. Clair, Governor I^orthwest Territory. 
^ William H. Harrison, from 1800 to 1812. i 

^ Thomas Posey, from 1812 to 1816. 



GOVERNORS OF THE STATE. 



S[. Jonathan Jennings, from 1816 to 1819. 
x^jonathan Jennings, (second term,) from 1819 to 1822. 
William Hendricks, from 1822 to 1825. 
James B. Ray, (acting,) February, 1825. 
James B. Ray, from 1825 to 1828. 
James B. Ray, (second term,) from 1828 to 1831. 
Noah Noble, from 1831 to 1834. 
Noah Noble, (second term,) from 183i to 1837. 
David Wallace, from 1837 to 1840. 
Samuel Bigger, from 1840 to 1843. 
James Whitcomb, from 1843 to 1846. 
James Whitcomb, from 1846 to 1848. 
Parris C. Dunning, (acting,) from 1848 to 1849. 
Joseph A. Wright, from 1849 to 1852. 
Joseph A. Wright, from 1853 to 1857. 
Ashbel P. Willard, from 1857 to 1860. 
Abram A. Hammond, acting from 1860 to 1861. 

(827) 



328 HISTOltY OF INDIANA. 

Henry S. Lane, (a few days,) 1860. 

Oliver P. Morton, (acting,) from 1860 to 1865. 

Oliver P. Morton, from 1S65 to 1867. 

Conrad Balder, (acting,) from 1867 to 1869. 

Conrad Baker, from 1869 to 1873. 

Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1873 to . 

LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS. 

Christopher Ha/rison, from 1816 to 1819. 

EatlifFe BooneYfrom 1819 to 1825. 

John H. Thompson, from 1825 to 1828. 

Milton Stapp, from 1828 to 1831. 

David AYallace, from 1831 to 1837. 

David Hillis, from 1837 to 1840. 

Samuel Hall, from 1840 to 1843. 

Jesse D. Bright, from 1843 to 1845. 

Godlove S. Orth, (acting,) 1845. 

James G. Reed, (acting,) 1846. 

Parris C. Dunning, from 1846 to 1848. 

James G. Peed, (acting,) 1849. 

James H. Lane, from 1849 to 1852. 

Ashhel P. Willard, from 1853 to 1857. 

Abram A. Hammond, from 1857 to 1859. 

John P. Cravens, (acting,) from 1859 to 1863. 

Parris C. Dunning, (acting,) from 1863 to 1865. 

Conrad Baker, from 1865 to 1867. 

Will. Cumback, (acting,) from 1867 to 1869. 

Will. Cumback, from 1869 to 1873. 

Leonidas Sexton, from 1873 to . 

SECEETARIES OF STATE. 

John Gibson, Territorial, from 1800 to 1816. 
Robert A. New, from 1816 to 1825. 
William W. Wick, from 1825 to 1829. 
James Morrison, from 1829 to 1833. 
William Sheets, from 1833 to 1837. 
William J. Brown, from 1837 to 1841. 



OFEICIAL REGISTEB. 329 



William Sheets, from 1841 to 1845. 
John H. Thompson, from 1845 to 1849. 
Charles H. Test, from 1849 to 1853. 
Nehemiah Hayden, from 1853 to 1855. 
Erasmus B. Collins, from 1855 to 1857. 
Daniel McClure, from 1857 to 1858. 
Cyrus L. Dunham, from 1858 to 1859. 
Daniel McClure, from 1859 to 1861. 
William A. Peelle, from 1861 to 1863. 
James S. Athon, from 1863 to 1865. 
Nelson Ti-usler, from 1865 to 1869. 
Max F. A. Hoffman, from 1869 to 1871. 
JSTorman Eddy, from 1871 to 1872. 
John H. Farquhar, from 1872 to 1873. 

William W. Curry, from 1873 to . 

John E. Neff, from 1874 to . 

AUDITORS OF STATE. 

William H. Lilley, from 1816 to 1829. 
Morris Morris, from 1829 to 1844. 
Horatio J. Harris, from 1844 to 1847. 
Douglass McGuire, from 1847 to 1850. 
Erastus W. H. Ellis, from 1850 to 1853. 
John P. Dunn, from 1853 to 1855. 
Hiram E. Talbott, from 1855 to 1857. 
John W. Dodd, from 1857 to 1860. 
Albert Lange, from 1861 to 1863. 
Joseph Ristine, from 1863 to 1865. 
Tliomas B. McCarty, from 1865 to 1869. 
John D. Evans, from 1869 to 1871. 
John C. Shoemaker, from 1881 to 1873. 
James A. Wildman, from 1878 to ■ — ^ — . 
Ebenezer Henderson, from 1874 to 



TEEASUKEES OF STATE. 



Daniel C. Lane, from 1816 to 1823. 
Samuel Merrill, from 1823 to 1835. 



330 niSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

Nathan 13. Palmer, from 1835 to 1841. 
George H. Dunn, from 1841 to 1844. 
Eo.yal Maylievv, from 1844 to 1847. 
Samuel Hanna, from 1847 to 1850. 
James P. Drake, from 1850 to 1853. 
Elijah Newland, from 1853 to 1855. 
William B. NoiFsinger, from 1855 to 1857. 
Aqiiilla Jones, from 1857 to 1859. 
Nathaniel F. Cunningham, from 1859 to 1861. 
Jonathan S. Harvey, from 1861 to 1863. 
Matthew L. Brett, from 1863 to 1865. 
John I. Morrison, from 1865 to 1867. 
Nathan Kimball, from 1867 to 1871. 
James B. Ryan, from 1871 to 1873. 

John B. Glover, from 1873 to . 

B. C. Shaw, from 1874 to . 

ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 

James Morrison, from March 5, 1855. 
Joseph E. McDonald, from December 17, 1857. 
James G. Jones, from December 17, 1859. 
John P. Usher, from November 10, 1861. 
Oscar B. Hord, from November 3, 1862. 
Delano E. Williamson, from November 3, 1864 
Bayliss W. Hanna, from November 3, 1870. 
James C. Denny, from November 6, 1872. 
Clarence A. Buskirk, from November 6, 1874, 

JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT 

James Scott, from 1816 to 1831. 
John Johnston, from 1816 to 1817. 
Jesse L. Holman, from 1816 to 1831. 
Isaac Blackford, from 1817 to 1853. 
Steven C. Stevens, from 1831 to 1836. 
John T. McKinney, from 1831 to 1837. 
Charles Dewey, from 1836 to 1847. 
Jeremiah Sullivan, from 1837 to 1846. 



OFFICIAL KEGISTEK. 331 

(Samuel E. Perkins, from 1846 to 1865. 

Thomas L. Smith, from 1847 to 1853. 

Andrew Davidson, from 1853 to 1865. 

William L. Stewart, from 1853 to 1857. 

Addison L. Roache, from 1853 to 1854. 

Alvin P. Hove J, (appointed,) from — — to 1854. 

Samnel B. Gookins, from 1864 to 1857. 

James L. Worden, (appointed,) from 1858 to 1865. 

James M. Ilanna, (appointed,) from 1858 to 1865. 

Charles A. Pay, from 1865 to 1871. 

John P. Elliott, from 1865 to 1871. 

James S. Frazier, from 1865 to 1871. 

Eobert S. Gregory, from 1865 to 1871. 

James L. Worden, from 1871 to . 

Alexander C, Downey, from 1871 to . 

Samuel H. Bnskirk, from 1871 to . 

John Pettit, from 1871 to . 

Andrew L. Osborn, from 1872 to . 

Horace P. Biddle, from 1874 to . 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Class 1. James 'Nohle, from 1816 to 1831. 

Class 3. Waller Taylor, from 1816 to 1825. 

Class 3. William Hendricks, from 1825 to 1837. 

Class 1. Robert Hanna (appointed), 1831. 

Class 1. John Tipton, from 1831 to 1839. 

Class 3. Oliver H. Smith, from 1837 to 1843. 

Class 1. Albert S. White, from 1839 to 1845. 

Class 3. Edward A. Hannegan, from 1843 to 1849. 

Class 1. Jesse D. Bright, from 1845 to 1861. 

Class 3. James Whitcomb, from 1849 to 1852. 

Class 3. Charles W. Cathcart (appointed), from 1852 to 

1853. 

Class 3. John Pettit, from 1853 to 1857. 

Class 3. Graham K Fitch, from 1857 to 1861. 

Class 1. Joseph A. Wright, from 1861 to 1863. 

Class 3. Henry S. Lane, from 1861 to 1867. 



332 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 

Class 1. David Tiirpie, 1863. 

Class 1. Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1863 to 1860. 

Class 3. Oliver P. Morton, from 1867 to . 

Class 1. Daniel D. Pratt, from 1869 to 1875. 

Class 3. Joseph E. McDonald, 1875 to . 



PART SECOND 

COUNTY HISTORIES. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

INTKODUCTORT. 

IN the first part of this work we have treated only of mat- 
ters pertaining to the State, in a general sense. It is our 
purpose, from this point, to present sketches of the moral and 
material progress of different localities within the State, or, 
of each county. In taking up these county histories, we shall 
observe no particular order, unless it be to follow the lines 
of early immigration through the State. One, and the most 
important of those, is by the way of the Maumce, and the 
Wabash, to the Ohio, the oldest route ever traveled by the 
whites, on the territory now within the borders of the State 
of Indiana. We shall first take up this route, observing the 
pioneer history, and giving brief sketches of the condition of 
each county during our progress. 

A good many people, and some modem writers, are not a 
little mixed on the question of the date of the first settlement 
in Indiana. It must be admitted that the question is an 
important, and interesting one, and yet, after all, no great 
good would follow an authentic elucidation of the subject. 
It is important only as a starting point for the subject of the 
following chapter, and to satisfy one species of curiosity not 



334 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

altogetliei' worthless. We shall take more ])ride in pointing 
to the causes that led to the first settlement of the territory, 
and in defining their relationship with the government of the 
county, than tu demonstrate, exactly, when and where the 
first outpost of civilization in Indiana was established. Nev- 
ertheless, we shall be able to draw our lines with some degree 
of certainty as to the latter. 

The first white man who visited the territory was a French 
Jesuit missionary, who came from the old French mission of 
the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, which was one of the oldest 
Jesuit missions in the lake region. /This missionary (or mis- 
sionaries) came among the Miamis in the latter part of the 
seventeenth century, probably in 1675. It was through the 
adventurous spirit of these early representatives of the Cross, 
that the route from ''New France" to "Louisiana," by the 
Maumee, Wabash, and Ohio rivers was discovered. This dis- 
covery has directly to do with the early settlement of Indiana, 
for with the knowledge of the route mentioned, and the con- 
sequent travel over it, came the necessity of military estab- 
lishments along the line for its protection. It will be remem- 
bered that at the close of the se\'enteentli century, France held 
extensive possessions in Louisiana and in Canada. There was 
no established trade between the two colonies, as the former 
had direct communication with the mother country by the 
way of the Mississippi and the Gulf, and the latter by the way 
of the river St. Lawrence and the Gulf of that name. Not- 
withstanding this, there was, at the date mentioned, a commu- 
nication established between them. About the same period, 
the French Government, from its knowledge of the wealth and 
extent of the Mississippi Yalley, as well as of the adjacent 
territory on either side, resolved on the full possession of the 
country. The English appeared to be content with but a nar- 
row strip of land on the Atlantic seaboard, while the French 
were constantly pushing their conquests or discoveries west- 
ward. In 1700, the French foresaw the conflict that termi- 
nated w:ith the fall of Quebec, over fifty years later, and with 
a view to strengthen themselves in their new and valuable 
possessions, they adopted measures looking to the speedy 



ALLEN COUNTY EAELY HISTORY. 335 

establishment of a chain of fortifications, extending from 
Canada to Ix)uisiana. For a time, the great question with 
' the French colonial authorities was the location of these for- 
tifications. The route bj the Maumee and the Wabash was, 
at length, adopted, and in 1701 a fortification was established 
on the Detroit river. This was the first step towards carry- 
ing the measure into eifect, but it was not the last. During 
the foT^r years that followed, forts with military garrisons 
were established at the head of the Maumee, where the citv 
of Fort Wayne now stands; at Ountanon, on the Wea prairie, 
in what is now Tippecanoe county, and at Yinceniies. These 
posts were probably garrisoned first in 1704-5, but as to which 
of them should take precedence in point of antiquity, there is 
considerable doubt. They were, however, all established about 
the same time. 

In the foregoing we have pointed out, with some clearness, 
the causes that led to the first settlement of Indiana by the 
French. We will now speak of the characteristics and growtli 
of those settlements. 



CHAPTEK XLIl. 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 



IT was at Fort Wayne, or near where the St. Mary's and 
St. Joseph rivers form the Maumee, that the somewhat 
celebrated family of Indians of the Algonquin nation, the 
Miamis, had their ancient capital. Around this spot, for 
many years, perhaps for centuries, the Miami chiefs assem- 
bled in council to deliberate upon the afi'airs of their confed- 
eracy, or to decide for war or peace. How often have the 
echoes of Indian oratory sounded along' the vallev of the 
Maumee, and the St. Jose])h and St. Marys rivers I It has 



336 HISTOKy OF indiajja. 

broken the silence of the forests many times in defense of 
justice; it has excited the savages to war to repel an Indian 
enemy; it has eloquently pleaded the cause of the red man » 
against the oppressions of the whites. 

Kekionga was, to the patriotic Miami, the dearest of all 
places in his broad domain. There was an eloquence in the 
scenery around the place that won high admiration in his 
savage heart. To the simple Indian mind there was some- 
thing supernatural, something unspeakably grand, in the 
quiet of this fertile valley. It was here that they buried 
their illustrious dead. It was in this valley, and particularly 
at the head of the Maumee, where all their important cer- 
emonies were commemorated. Returning Irom the chase, 
these Indians would assemble in the beautiful groves along 
the banks of these rivers, and pass the time in their usual 
sports. Games of chance, feats of strength and agility, and 
the feast were all enacted here with native enthusiasm. But. 
at length, say in 1676, the white adventurer found his way to 
the Miami capital. He was not a warrior, not a trader, but a 
simple, pious, yet zealous Jesuit, who came, in his mysterious 
robe, telling the story of the Cross, which the savages could 
never fully appreciate. 

Here, at once, wo pass from tradition to history, in which 
connection it is expedient to state that the sources of much 
of the information folb^wing is through the recollections of 
the oldest settlers of Fort Wayne, still living. The compiler 
being aware that previous eflbrts to produce a history of Fort 
Wayne have not resulted to the satisfaction of those inter- 
ested, first sought to learn the errors already committed by 
hasty writers. Collecting every scrap of history pertaining 
to the settlement of the place, he proceeded to Fort Wa3'ne, 
where he remained some three weeks, interviewing the oldest 
settlei's, and comparing their statements with the incomplete 
writings previously published. By this method he has been 
enabled to pi-esent a straightforward, truthful and complete 
liistory of Allen county. 

It has not been our custom in this work to present inter- 
views verbatim, but in this single instance the ends in view 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 337 

can best be accomplished by departing from the rule. On the 
twenty- sixth of October, 1874, a compiler of this work called 

upon Judge , a gentleman well informed on matters of 

local history, at his residence in Fort Wayne, and was kindly 
favored by the following conversation: 

Compiler. — " Judge, I have been frequently referred to you 
as a person well qualified to give me much information con- 
cerning the early history of Fort Wayne. Have you an}- 
objection to state to me what you know about the early his- 
tory of Allen county, and the sources of your information?" 

Judge. — " I cannot boast of any particular knowledge on 
the subject, and there are others of our citizens who could 
give you much more accurate information than I can, but 
what I have collected is at your service. I must premise, 
however, that most of it is mere tradition of the Indians, and. 
therefore, not to be relied upon implicitly. When in Europe, 
in 1861-2, I spent most of the summer of the latter year in 
London and Paris. Through the influence of Mr. Dayton, 
our French minister, and the kindness of Mr. Peabody, I 
obtained access to the colonial documents and records in the 
archives of those governments, from which I obtained some 
information, and when I located here, about thirty -five years 
ago, I had frequent interviews with the late Miami chief, 
Richardville, as also with Messrs. Coquillard and Comparet, 
the earliest French traders then living. I took down in writ- 
ing their statements, but do not place so much confidence in 
the tradition of the Indians as some do, yet, I have no doubt, 
but that the ancient Indian route between the Ottawa (Mau- 
mee) river and down the Wabash to the Ohio and Mississippi, 
was first made known to the French in Canada by a visit of 
one of the French priests from their mission on Lake Mich- 
igan to Kekionga, about the year 1676. ISTor can there be the 
least doubt but that Baron La Salle was at Kekionga in the 
year 1680, as his letter to the Governor-General of Canada 
states that fact, and also mentions that the route alluded to 
had been already traveled by French traders from Canada, who 
had pursued this route in their trade with the Indians on the 
Lower Wabash." 

22 



338 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Comjpiler. — " AYlio were the first white men to visit this 
place?" 

Judge. — " The tradition of the Indians, which is undoubt- 
edly true, is that one of the missionaries from St. Joseph 
came to Kekionga about four years before La Salle came in 
1680. La Salle was the next to follow the missionaries." 

Compiler. — " When and where was the first stockade built 
at Fort Wayne?" 

Judge. — '' In one local history already published, it is stated 
that La Salle was at Kekionga in 1680, and at that time caused 
a small stockade fort to be built here.'- The statement is made 
on the authority of Mr. Goodman, who claims to have obtained 
liis information from the French records at Montreal and 
Quebec. But in the year 1705, Santer Yincennes, of the 
French army, was at Kekionga. and found here, at that time, 
several Indian traders from Pennsylvania. It has been gen- 
erally supposed that then it was that Yincennes, by the direc- 
tion of the Governor-General of Canada, erected the French 
stockade north of the present Catholic hospital, between the 
canal and the St. Mary's river, in the old Tipton or Hock Hill 
orchard, near the residence of Judge McCuUoch, our late sec- 
retary of the treasury, on the same spot where Mass was first 
said by the Catholic priest in 1676. This was the stockade, 
' the dim outlines of which were traced by General Wayne in 
1794.'" 

Oornpiler. — " What became of this fort?" 

Judge. — " It was destroyed by the Indians at the time of 
•Nicholas's' conspiracy." 

Compiler. — " Judge, a good many people get this conspir- 
acy mixed up with Pontiac's conspiracy. This is a sorry mis- 
take. Will you state your recollections of Nicholas's con- 
spiracy ? ' 

* The statement that La Salle built a fort at the head of the Maumee in 
1680, is probably incorrect. He was at that time returning from his some- 
what disastrous Mississippi expedition, and being on a journey to Caa- 
ada, in search of the Griffin, and out of supplies, it is unreasonable to 
assume that he erected a fort at this place. The author is of the opinion 
tliat the early records in Quebec and Montreal show only that La Salle 
reported the place as well suited for a fort. 



340 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Judge. — " About the year 1745 the celebrated Indian chief 
of the Huron tribe, called by the French and English, Nich- 
olas, but whose Indian name is said to have been Sandosket, 
and who lived at the Indian village where the city of San- 
dusky, Ohio, now stands, formed a conspiracy to destroy all 
the French ports and settlements northwest of the Ohio. The 
French post at Kekiouga, erected l)y Yincennes in 1T05, fell in 
this war. It was burnt by the Indians — the Miamis, the Otta- 
was and the Pottawatomies assisting the Hurons." 

Compiler. — " Did the French government cause another fort 
to be erected here? " 

Jtidge. — "Yes; Captain Dubuisson, of the corps ot royal 
engineers, was sent here, and erected a new fort in 1748. He 
did not erect this fort on the same spot where Yincennes 
erected the stockade in 1705, but at a point not far distant 
to the west, and near the present canal aqueduct, and a little 
to the east of the residence of Judge Lowry. The fort, or 
rather a part of its foundation, was still standing when Colonel 
John Johnson came here in 1800."* 

In the conversation which we have given with Judge , 

it will be seen that there were two French forts or stockades 
erected at Fort Wayne, one in 1705 and the other in 1748. 
Following this chain of events, we next come to the English 
fort which was erected on the east bank of the St. Joseph's 
river, by Ensign Holmes, in the fall of 1760, or winter of 
1760-61. With the fall of Canada in 1759, all the Fi-ench 
forts in the northwest fell into the hands of the British, and 
Major Rogers was sent to Detroit with an army to occupy 
them. Ensign Holmes, with a small detachment, came to 
Fort Wayne, but finding the old French post here uniit to pro- 
tect the garrison, at once commenced tlie erection of the Eng- 
lish fort. 

Our readers will remember that the British occupation of 
the northwestern outposts was distasteful to the Indians, who, 

* The compiler of this work, who visited Fort Wayne, received much 
more valuable information from John P. Hedges and Judge Borden. He 
was also aided by J. L. Williams, F. P. Randall, John Hough, Mr. Edger- 
ton, and many others. 



aLLKN county EAKLY HISTOKY. 341 

during the old French war, had continued fast allies of their 
French father. This dissatisfaction was soon augmented into 
a spirit of revenge bj the insolence of British officers, and the 
Indians, in the Spring of 1763, were strongly nnited under 
the great Ottawa chief, Pontiac, determined upon driving the 
red coats from their country. Francis Parkman, the ablest 
American writer on the Indian wars of Korth America, has 
given us a volume on this Pontiac war — a literary treasure of 
rare merit — -in which he gives us a graphic and tlirilling 
account of the fate of Ensign Holmes and his feeble garri- 
son at Fort Waype. Our mention of this affair is necessarily 
brief. y 

The Miamis of the Maumee had taken up the hatchet at 
the will of the Ottawa chief, and in the Spring of 1763, the 
valley around Kekionga resounded with many a savage war- 
whoop. Holmes had observed the savages gathering with 
unusual demonstrations, and, suspecting their designs, kept a 
close watch upon their movements. Nevertheless he became 
a victim to savage ingenuity. 

An Indian girl with whom Holmes was intimate, and in 
whom he placed too much confidence, by compulsion, it is 
said, went into the fort and told Holmes that there was a sick 
squaw lying in a wigwam not far from the fort, and expressed 
a desire that he should go and see her. The fatal hour had 
comC^ Unsuspectingly, and with a view to serve and per- 
haps relieve the supposed sick squaw, (knowing perhaj)S some- 
thing of medicine; for, it would seem, had there been a surgeon 
in the fort, he would have been more likely to have at least 
been called on by the Ensign than for Holmes to have gone 
himself,) preceded by tlie Indian girl, he was soon without the 
enclosure of the garrison, and advancing with cautious steps 
in the direction of the hut wherein lay the object of his phi- 
lanthropic mission, bearing a cluster of huts, which are 
descril)ed to have been situated at the edge of an open space, 
'" hidden from view by an intervening spur of the woodland," 
the squaw directed -him to the hut wherein lay the supposed 

* Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac; Bryce's Histoiy of Fort Wayne, etc. 



342 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

invalid. Another instant — a few more paces — and the sud- 
den crack of two rifles from behind the wigwam in view, felled 
Holmes to the earth, and echoed over the little garrison, start- 
ling the guards and inmates into momentary surprise and 
wonder. Amid the confusion, the sergeant unthouglitedly 
passed without the fort to ascertain tlie cause of tlie rifie 
shots. But a few paces were gained, when, with loud, tri- 
umphant shouts, he was sprung upon by the savages and 
made a captive; which, in turn, brought the soldiers within, 
about nine in all, to the palisades of the garrison, who clam- 
l>ered up to see the movement without, when a Canadian, of 
the name of Godfroi, (or Godfri) accompanied by " two other 
white men," stepped defiantly forth, and demanded a surrender 
of the fort, witli the assurance to the soldiers that, if at once 
complied with, their lives would be spared; but, refusing, they 
should " all be killed without mercy." The aspect before them 
was now sadly embarrassing. Without a commander — with- 
out hope, and full of fear, to hesitate, seemed only to make 
death the more certain, and the garrison gate soon swung back 
upon its hinges; the surrender was complete, and English 
rule, at this point, and for a time, at least, had ceased to exer- 
cise its power. 

But we have some local traditions of this aifair. Mrs. Laura 
Suttenfield, one of the " Mothers " of Fort Wayne, living there 
since 1814, whose portrait appears in another place in this work 
informed one of the compilers that she became acquainted with 
this woman in 1815; that she and her family lived neighbors 
to her for several years. At the period of Mrs. S.'s acquaint- 
ance with the woman, she had a son, a man of some years. 
On one occasion, being at the hut of the woman, the man, her 
son, came in intoxicated, and somewhat noisy, and the woman, 
by way of an apology to Mrs. S., remarked that he was a little 
stiUABBY, or drunk; and concluded with the remark that he was 
a Saginash, (English); and from the age of the man, the infer- 
ence is drawn that he was a son of Holmes. After leaving 
here, the woman took up her residence at Raccoon Village. 
She lived to a very old age, and was known to many of the 
early settlers of Fort Wayne. Mrs. Suttenfield's recollections 



ALLEN COUNTY — FORT WAYNE. 343 

of the aceomit she received are, that the Indians at the time 
of the conspiracy, (probably induced by Godfroi and his asso- 
ciates) forced her to act as she did to-wards Hohnes, which is 
qnite probable. 

In 1764, Captain Morris was sent with a small detachment 
of English soldiers, and again the English fort on the St. 
Joseph was garrisoned. 



CHAPTER XLII. 

ALIxEN COUNTY FORT WAYNE. 

FEOM 1T64 to 1794, there is but little to record in the 
history of Fort Wayne, except those general events of 
war which are sufficiently noticed elsewhere, and which form, 
more properly, a part of the general history of the State. 
Passing on to Wayne's campaign, and over that part of its 
progress which brought his army into the field, we find him 
at the head of the Maumee in October, 1794. The work of 
erecting a fort was immediately commenced, and was com- 
pleted on the twenty-second of the month, when Lieut.-Col. 
Ham tram ck gave it the name of Fort Wayne. Previous to 
this date the place was not known by that name. 

This was the starting point of tho present city, the nucleus 
around wliich the civilization, industry and wealth of northern 
Indiana early began to accumulate, and to which it still 
centres. 

Colonel Hamtramck commanded at Fort Wayne from its 
erection in 1794 to 1796, during which time nothing of any 
great importance transpired. 

After the surrender of Detroit to the British, Tecumseh 
devised a scheme for the reduction of Forts Wayne and Har- 
rison, and in September, 1812, began to assemble his warriors 



344 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

in the vicinity of tlie forts. The garrison at Fort Wayne, at 
this time, was under the command of Captain Rhea, " whose 
habits of intemperance," says Mr. Knapp, " disqualified him 
for tlie place; and during a period of two weeks the safety of 
the fort, principally owing to the incompetency of the com- 
mander, was in jeopardy." 

An express had been sent to General Harrison requesting 
reinforcements, but many long weary days passed, bringing 
no tidings of the expected assistance. At length, one day a 
white man and four Indians arrived at the fort on horseback. 
The white man was Major William Oliver. He was accompa- 
nied by four friendly Indians, among whom was the brave 
Logan. The garrison had been in a state of cruel suspense 
for more than two weeks, wishing ardently for reinforcements 
on the one hand, and fearfully expecting the approach of the 
British forces on the other. It is not surprising, then, that 
in this extremity they were anxious to hear news from any 
quarter. 

The little party, with Oliver at its head, had reached the 
fort in defiance of five hundred Indians - — " had broken their 
ranks and reached the fort in safety." Oliver reported that 
Harrison, having been informed of the dangerous situation 
of Fort Wayne, had determined to march to its relief. Ohio 
was raising volunteers. Eight hundred were then assembled 
at St. Mary's, Ohio, sixty miles south of Fort Wayne, and 
would march to the relief of the fort in three or four days, or 
as soon as they were joined by reinforcements from Kentucky. 
Oliver prepared a letter, announcing to General Harrison his 
safe arrival at the besieged fort, and giving an account of its 
beleagured situation, which he dispatched by his friendly 
Shawanoes, while he determined to take his chances with the 
occupants of the post. As soon as an opportunity presented 
itself, the brave Logan and his companions started with the 
message to Governor Harrison. They had scarcely left the 
fort when they were discovered and pursued by the hostile 
Indians, but, passing the Indian lines in safety, they were 
soon out of reach. 

The Indians now began a furious attack upon the fort, but 



ALLEN COUNTY-- FORT WAYNE. 345 

the little garrison, with Oliver to cheer them on, bravely met 
the assault, repelling the attack day after day, until the army 
approached to their relief. During this seige the command- 
ing officer, whose habits of intemperance rendered him unfit 
for the command, was confined in the " black-hole," and the 
junior ofiicer assumed charge. This course was approved by 
the General, on .his arrival, but Captain Ehea received but 
little censure, undoubtedly owing to his services in the Revo- 
lutionary war. In those days, to have been a gallant officer 
in the Revolutionary war was, to official imperfections, as' 
charity is to sins. 

On the sixth of September, the army under General Harri- 
son moved forward to relieve Fort Wayne. On the seventh 
it reached a point to within three miles of the St. Mary's 
river, making the remaining distance to the river on the 
eighth, on the eve of which they were joined by two hundred 
mounted volunteers, under Colonel Richard M. Johnson. On 
the ninth the army marched eighteen miles, reaching " Shane's 
crossing," on the St. Mary's, where it was joined by eight 
hundred men from Ohio, under Colonels Adams and Hawkins. 
At this place, chief Logan and four other Indians offered their 
services as spies to General Harrison, and were accepted. 
Logan was immediately disguised and sent forward. Passing 
through the lines of the hostile Indians, he ascertained their 
number to be about fifteen hundred, and entering the fort, he 
encouraged the soldiers to hold out, as relief was at hand. 
General Harrison's force, at this time, was about three 
thousand five hundred. " Friday morning," says Mr. Knapp, 
" we were under marching orders after an early breakfast. It 
had rained, and the guns were damp ; we were ordered to 
discharge them and re-load, as we were then getting into the 
vicinity of the enemy, and knew not how soon we might be 
attacked. A strong detachment of spies, under Captain James 
Suggett, of Scott county, Ohio, marched considerably ahead 
of the army. Indications of the enemy having advanced from 
their position at Fort "Wayne, for the purpose of watching the 
movements of our army, were manifest, and Captain Suggett 
came upon the trail of a large party, which he immediately 



346 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

pursued. After following the trail for some distance, he was 
fired on hy an Indian who had secreted himself in a clump of 
bushes so near to Suggett that the powder burnt his clothes, 
but the ball missed him. The Indian jumped from his covert 
and attempted to escape, but Andrew Johnson, of Scott county, 
Ohio, shot him.'' 

On the return of Suggett's party, a l:)reastwork was erected 
in expectation of an attack from the Indians, but the night 
passed with repeated alarms but no formidable onset. 

Mr. Bryce, in his history, tells us that on the tenth of Se])- 
tember the army expected to reach Fort Wayne, but thought, 
in all probability, that the march would be a fighting one, as 
the Indians were encamped directly on their route at the 
Black Swamp, but this expectation was happily disappointed, 
as " at the first grey of the morning of the tenth of September, 
the distant halloos of the disappointed savages revealed to tlie 
anxious inmates of the fort the glorious news of the aj^proach 
of the array. Great clouds of dust could be seen from the 
fort, rolling up in the distance, as the valiant soldiery under 
General Harrison moved forward to the rescue of the garrison, 
and soon after daybreak the army stood before the fort. The 
Indians had beat a retreat to the eastward and northward, 
and the air about the old fort resounded with the glad shouts 
of welcome to General Harrison and the brave boys of Oliio 
and Kentucky." 

This siege of Fort Wayne occasioned great inconvenience 
and considerable loss to the few settlers who had gathered 
around the fort. At the date of its commencement there was 
quite a little village clustered around the military works, but 
with the first demonstrations of the enemy, the occupants of 
these dwellings fled within the fort, leaving their improve- 
ments to be destroyed by the savages. Every building out of 
the reach of the guns of the fort was leveled to the ground, 
and thus was the infant settlement totally destroyed. 

During the siege the garrison lost but three men, while the 
Indians lost about twenty-five. There was a plenty of provi- 
sions in the fort, and the soldiers sufi'ered only from anxiety 
and a fear of slaughter at tlie hands of the savages. 



348 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Tlie following information concerning the movements of 
(xeneral Harrison at Fort Wayne, ou the occasion, is compiled 
from the writings of Messrs. Knapp and Bryce: 

" The second day following the arrival of the army at Fort 
Wayne, General Harrison sent out two detachments, with the 
vicAv of desti'oying the Indian villages in the region of country 
lying some miles around Fort Wayne, the first division being 
composed of the regiments under Colonels Lewis and Allen, 
and Captain Garrard's troop of horse, under General Payne, 
accompanied by General Harrison. The second division, under 
Colonel Wells, accompanied by a battalion of his own regi- 
ment under Major Davenport, (Scott's regiment,) the mounted 
battalion under Johnson, and the mounted Ohio men under 
Adams. These expeditions were all successful; and after the 
return of the divisions under Payne and Wells, General Har- 
rison sent them to destroy Little Turtle Town, some twenty 
miles northwest of the fort, with orders not to molest the 
buildings formerly erected by the United States for the benefit 
of Little Turtle, whose friendshij) for the Americans had ever 
been firm after the treaty of Greenville. Colonel Simrall most 
faithfully performed the task assigned him, and on the even- 
ing of the nineteenth returned to the fort. 

" In addition to these movements. General Harrison took 
precaution to remove all the undergrowth in the localitv sur- 
rounding the fort, extending toward the confluence of the St. 
Joseph and St. Mary, to where now stands Pudisill's mill, and 
westward as far as St. Mary, to the point where now stands 
the Fort Wayne (College; thence southeast to about the point 
of the residence of the late Allen Hamilton, and to the east 
down the Maumee a short distance. And so well cleared was 
the ground, including a very large part of the entire limits 
of the present site of the city of Fort Wayne, that it was said 
by those who were here at that early day, and to a later period, 
a sentinel ' on the bastions of the fort looking westward, could 
see a rabbit running across the' grounds as far as so small an 
object was discernible to the naked eye.' The seclusive points 
were thus cut off. and the Lidians now had no longer any 
means of concealing their approach upon the fort. Some 



FORT WAYNE EAKLT SETTLEMENT. 349 

thirty or forty acres of what is now known as the Cole farm, 
extending to the junction of the rivers, and just opposite the 
Maumee. was then known as the Public Meadow, which of 
course was then, as it had long before been, a considerable 
open space. The soldiers were thus readily enabled to observe 
the approach of any hostile movement against the fort, and to 
open the batteries, with formidable effect, upon any advance 
that might be made against the garrison from any direction."^ 
It will be observed that Fort Wayne, up to this period, and 
for several years after, was but little else than a military post.. 
This may be said of it during the whole period of its exist- 
ence, or from 1705, when the first French stockade was erected, 
until the final evacuation of Fort Wayne in 1819. During 
this time it had been in charge of different commanders. 
Captain Hugh Moore succeeded Captain Rhea, in 1812, who, 
in 1813, was superseded by Joseph Jenkinson. In the spring 
of 1814, Major Whistler took charge of the post and repaired 
it, or built an addition to it, which he occupied until 1817, 
when he Avas succeeded by Major J. H. Vase, who held the 
command until the post was permanently evacuated in 1819. 



CHAPTEE XLIII. 

FOET WAYNE EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

ASIDE from a mere military post, we may date the first 
settlement of the town of Fort Wayne in 1815. In this 
year a few houses began to appear some distance from the fort, 
but usually under the protection of its guns. One of these, 
and perhaps the first, was built about the center of what is 
now Barr street, near the corner of Columbia, which, some 
years afterwards, being removed from its original location, 
formed a part of the old Washington Hall building, on the 



350 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

southwest corner of Columbia and Barr streets, wnicli was 
destroyed by fire in 1858. In referring to incidents of pioneer 
life in these years, Mr. Bryce, in his work, says that during' 
1818, "a year remarkable for the congregation of many Indi- 
ans here, the red man is referred to as presenting a general 
spirit of order and love of peace, not surpassed by many of the 
whites of the time, and well worthy of emulation in many 
instances. It was no uncommon thing, in their visits to 
Ke-ki-on-ga, seeing a new hut, to inquire whether the new- 
comer was quiet — if he 'make no trouble for Injun,' etc. 
And their intuition and close observation were presented very, 
often in the most striking and remarkable light. On one 
occasion, about this period, an elderly Miami had come to the 
village to trade a little. Soon meeting his old friend, Jas. 
Peltier, the interpreter, his observing eye, in looking about 
the place, soon fell upon a hut near, that had but recently 
been built. 'Ugh!' ejaculated the Indian; 'new wigwam!' 
He now became most anxious to know if the white man was 
peaceable — whether he come to make trouble for Injun? The 
two now soon entered the hut of the new-comers, and shook 
hands with the inmates. The Indian at once be^an to look 
about him, and to inquire how many warriors (children) they 
had, etc. Eyeing the matron of the house or squaw, as the 
Indian called her, and observing that she was quite sad, the 
Indian became anxious to know what was the matter witli 
her — he was sure she was sick. The woman averred tliat she 
was not sick. But the Indian knew she was. Turning to hi^ 
old friend P. again, after looking at the woman and striking 
his hand upon his breast, exclaimed, ' White squaw sick at 
heart;' and was anxious to know if she had not left something 
behind at the settlement from which they came to Fort Wayne. 
In res])onse to this, the woman quickly replied that she had 
left her only son, by her first husband, at Pi qua, and that she 
was anxious to have him with her, but her present husband 
did not want him to come. ' Didn't I tell you white squaw 
sick at heart!' replied the Indian, much elated; and he at once 
])roposed to go to Piqua and bring her son to her, if Mr. P. 
would give him a blanket — which was readily agreed to. 



FOKT WAYNE EARLY SETPLEMENT. 351 

Receiving a note from the mother, the next morning early, 
with two Indian ponies, the generous red man was on the road 
to Piqua, and in five days from that time returned with the 
boy ! The woman's heart was eased, and as the faithful Indian 
gazed upon the happy meeting of the mother and the son, his 
heart warmed within him, and turning to his friend Peltier, 
he exclaimed: ' Isn't that good medicine for the white squaw!' 
The Indian now became the faithful protector and friend of 
the woman and her son, assuming the special guardianship of 
the latter; telling the husband that if he ever heard a word of 
complaint, either from the son or mother, as to ill treatment, 
'he would have his hide, if he had to lay in the Maumee river 
until the moss had grown six inches on his back.' " 

Attached to the fort, and extending west of it, to about 
where the " Old Fort House " afterwards stood, and embracing 
about one acre of land, was a well cultivated garden, belonging 
to the commanding officer, always filled, in season, with the 
choicest vegetables. West of this was the company's garden, 
extending to about where the Hedekin House afterwards stood. 
This was also well tilled, affording suitable labor for the 
soldiers when military discipline was slackened. The main 
thoroughfare in those days, extended westward from the fort 
along what is now the canal. 

IS^ot far south of the fort in what is now known as " Taber's 
addition," was located the burial ground of the garrison, and 
wliere also were deposited others who died, not immediately 
connected with the garrison. Lieutenant Ostrander, who had 
one day unthoughtedly fired upon a flock of birds passing 
over the fort, had been reprimanded by Captain Rhea, and 
because of his refusal to be tried by a court-martial, was con- 
fined in a small room in the garrison, where he subsequently 
died, was among the number buried in this old place of inter- 
ment. Another place of burial, where also a number of Indi- 
ans were interred, extended along the northwest corner of 
C'olumbia and Clinton streets, and to the adjoining block. 
Many bones were removed from this point some years ago, in 
digging cellars, and laying the foundations of buildings, 

In 1846, while some parties were making an excavation for 



852 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

H foundation wall, in the vicinity of Main and Calhoun streets, 
they dug up and removed the remains of an Indian, who had 
long before that been buried, with a gun excellentlj^ mounted, 
some trinkets of silver, and a glass pint flask of whisky, whicl) 
liquid was still preserved in at least as good a state as when 
buried. The hair was also in a fair state of preservation, 
though the skull was much decayed, as were the gun mount- 
ings corroded. 

At that date, the old Indian burying ground was still a 
scene of attraction. The stranger would often see swinging 
from the bough of a tree, in some grove near the bank of the 
river, the infant of the Indian mother; or a few little log 
enclosures, where the bodies of adults sat upright, with all 
their former apparel wrapped about them, and their trinkets, 
tomahawks, etc., by their sides. Such were a few of the 
features of pioneer Fort Wayne. 

In those days a " new comer " was hailed with delight. He 
was welcome. There was " enough and to spare " of every- 
thing but money. Land was plenty and cheap, and the few 
pioneers, tired of seeing only each other, always extended a 
cordial welcome to new settlers. 

One of the most general ways by which Fort Wayne was 
reached in early days, was by water, either by way of the St. 
Mary's or Maumee rivers, usually in flat boats, and what was 
then called pirogues. The old boat landing was just below 
the fort, about where the Maumee bridge was afterwards 
erected. For many years, and down to 1838, it was a common 
sight for residents to see pirogues and flat boats, laden with 
various articles of merchandise, whisky, flour, furs, etc., load 
and unload at this little commercial center. This system of 
river navigation was Anally impeded, and completely obstructed 
by dams which were erected on the St. Mary's for mill pur- 
poses. The first of these was built on the St. Mary's in 1822, 
at the " Devil's Race Ground," by Captain James Riley. Two 
years later, Samuel Hanna and Joseph Barnett built a mill 
about three miles from Fort Wayne, at the present site of 
"Beaver's Mill." 

Fort W ayne was, for many years, one of the principal depots 



FOET WAYNE EARLY SETTLEMENT. 353 

of the fur trade. Many persons became wealthy in the busi- 
ness. Indeed it was the principal commerce of the place 
during the first ten or fifteen years of its settlement. Rich- 
ardville, the last celebrated chief of the once great Miami 
nation of Indians, who was licensed as a trader with his 
people at Fort Wayne, as early as 1815, is said to have accu- 
mulated an immense fortune mainly by this trade and the sale 
of lands. Mr. Schoolcraft estimated his wealth some years 
prior to his death at about two hundred thousand dollars in 
specie, much of which he had had so long buried in the earth 
that the boxes in which the money was inclosed had mainly 
decayed, and the silver itself considerably blackened. 

The following short sketch of the early history of Fort 
Wayne is taken from Mr. Bryce's work : " When Major Whist- 
ler assumed command of the garrison, in May, 1814, aside 
from the little band of soldiers here, were the two daughters 
of the commandant, Mrs. Laura Suttenfield, George and Jolm 
E. Hunt; Lieutenant Curtiss, and William Suttenfield, hus- 
band of Mrs. L. Suttenfield. Soon after the war broke out, 
with many other members of the tribe, including his family. 
Chief Eichardville made his way to the British lines for pro- 
tection, and with a view, doubtless, to render some aid to the 
enemy; for, as the reader already knows, bnt few among the 
tribes of tlie northwest remained neutral, or failed to give aid 
in some way to the British cause. At the close of the troubles 
in 1814, he again returned to this point, and soon passed on 
up the St. Mary's, about three miles from Fort Wayne, where 
he encamped. Major Whistler, desiring to see him, at once 
sent an interpreter to him by the name of Crozier, requesting 
him to come immediately to the fort, with which he readily 
complied. The treaty of Greenville, already referred to, was 
now about to take place, and the Major desired that the chief 
should be present, and so requested him ; but Bichardville was 
very indiflerent about the matter, hesitated, and soon returned 
to his camp again. A few days subsequently, however, he 
came back to the fort, where he w-as now held as a hostage for 
some ten days, when he at length consented to attend tlie 
treaty, and was soon after accompanied thither by Chief 
23 



354 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Chondonnai, of one of the lower tribes, Robert E. Forsyth, 
and William Suttenfield. 

''Much of the season of 1815 was spent in rebui)dinii^ the 
fort; and when completed as with the first erected in 1794, 
was a most substantial affair. The timber with which it had 
been built M'as obtained principally from what is now the east 
end, about where stands the dwellings of H. B. Taylor, James 
Emery, and the late Samuel Hanna. 

" At this early period, the roads leading from the fort were 
mere traces; one leading to Fort .Reco^'ery, and known as the 
'Wayne trace,' passing through what is now Allen county, 
thence into Adams, to the north of Monmouth; from thence 
passing not far from Willshire to 'Shane's Crossing,' and so 
on. There was also a trace to Captain Wells' place, on the 
banks of Spy Run; two traces led down the Maumee on either 
side; and one extended in the direction of Fort Dearborn, 
(Chicago;) between which point and Fort Wayne no house 
was then visible, nor indeed in any other direction, with per- 
haps one or two exceptions, short of the settlements in Ohio. 
The two common fording places at that time, and for some 
years later, were above and below the Maumee bridge; the 
one below the bridge was better known as ' Harmer's Ford,' 
both of which are now most entirely obliterated. 

"It was beloAV this latter ford, near a path leading toward 
Detroit, under the cheerful shade of what was then and long 
after known as the 'Big Elm,' on the fourth of July, 1810, 
that Captain Ra}' and a few others from the fort, were enjoy- 
ing themselves most agreeably, partaking of a dinner in honor 
of the glorious occasion, when an express came up the trace 
from Detroit with the private mail and government dispatches. 
Here Captain Ray took possession of the 'mail matter,' all 
gathering around to receive their favors, which were then duly 
distributed by first Postmaster Ray; and the old Elm was 
thereafter known as ' the Post Office.' What has become of 
this ' old familiar tree,' whose o'erhanging boughs formed the 
shadow of the first post office in the region of Fort Wayne, is 
now unknown. Perhaps some unsparing axeman long since 
cut it down. It was by way of Fort Wayne at this period, 



356 HTSTOKY OF INBIAMA. 

and some years after, that the troops at Chicago and Green Bay 
received their regular mail by military express. 

" Major Whistler, in 1817, being removed from this point 
to what is now St. Charles, Mo., was succeeded by Major J. H. 
Vose, of the fifth regiment of regulars, who held command 
until permanently evacuated in April, 1819. The departure 
of the troops is said to have left the little band of citizens 
then here extremely lonesome and unprotected. The cessa- 
tion of the therefore daily music of the troops in the fort was 
supplied by the stillness of nature, almost overwhelming. 
The Indians were numerous, and their camp fires and rude 
music, the drum, made night more dreaded; but to this the 
inhabitants of Fort Wayne soon became familiarized. The 
punctilio of military life was gradually infused into the social 
circle, and gave tone to the etiquette and moral habits of the 
citizens of the fort." 

Payment season at Fort Wayne was for many years a lively 
business period. On these occasions, traders from Ohio, 
Michigan, and even New York, visited the place for purposes 
of trade, taking with them large quantities of whisky, which 
they dealt out to the Indians so freely as to keep them con- 
tinually drunk and unfit for business ; horse racing, drinking, 
gambling, debauchery, extravagance, and waste, were the order 
of the day and night. 

When Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State, in 
1816, what is now Allen county formed a part of Knox county. 
The seat of government for the county was located at Vin- 
cennes up to 1818, when Eandolph county was organized, 
including the present Allen county and a large extent of ter- 
ritory to the north. Winchester was the county seat until 
the formation of Allen, in 1823. 

By an act of Congress, a land office was established in Fort 
AVayne in 1822. Joseph Ilolman, of Wayne county, was 
appointed Eegister, and Captain Samuel C. Vance, of Dear- 
born county, Receiver. After the survey of the lands, the 
President issued a proclamation for their sale, to the highest 
bidder, the minimum price being $1.25 per acre; and the sale 
began on the 22d of October, 1823, at the fort. Considerable 



trORT WAYNE EARLY SETTLEMENT. 357 

rivalry having been awakened, touching that portion which 
embraced the town and immediate settlement — some forty 
acres, in the immediate locality of the fort, being reserved for 
the use of the Indian Agent — the most extensive purchasers 
thereof were Barr, of Baltimore, Maryland, and McCorkle, of 
Piqua, Ohio. This portion of the city is marked on the city 
maps " Old Plat to Fort Wayne," and originally designated as 
^'the north fraction of the southeast quarter of section two, 
township thirty, north of range twelve east;" and it was on 
this that Messrs. Barr and McCorkle laid oif the original plat 
of the " Town of Fort Wayne," as surveyed by Robert Young, 
of Piqua, Ohio. This plat was embraced in one hundred and 
eighteen lots. 

Subsequently, Hon. Samuel Hanna purchased all the Barr 
and McCorkle claims, and therefore became one of the original 
proprietors of the town. There was a school-house erected on 
this original plat, at an early day, of which the Fort Wayne 
Times spoke as follows in 1858: "In this old school-house, 
many of those, then young, but now past middle life who yet 
live here, many dead, and others absent, had their early train- 
ing for usefulness ; and many there experienced that joy only 
once to be enjoyed in a life-time; while, perhaps, nearly every 
teacher, who there disciplined the youthful mind, has gone to 
his final account, and soon here to be entirely forgotten. * * 
This old school-house was built of brick, in 1825, and was 
then quite large enough for all needed purposes. ''• * * It 
was only one story in height, and served for many years, not 
only as a school-house, but as the place of religious worship, 
town meetings, masonic installations, political speeches," etc. 

John P. Hedges,* one of the earliest settlers of Fort Wayne, 
still living, was among the first teachers in this old pioneer 
school-house. In the winter of 1826, he had it repaired at his 
own expense. Mr. A. Aughinbaugh also taught in this build- 
ing. The old county jail, which, until 1847, stood on the 
isouthwest corner of Calhoun street and the court-house scjuare, 

* Mr. Hedf"s called upon one of the compilers of this work, while he 
was in Fort Wayne, in October, 1874, and related many interesting inci- 
dents of pioneer life in the vicinity of the old fort. 



358 HICTOEY OF INDIANA. 

was also used for several years as a scliool -house. It was in 
this building that Mr. Henry Cooper taught, who is claimed 
to be the iirst regular teacher in Fort Wayne. 

Among the events of 1819, was the erection of a log house 
by Samuel Hanna, at the northwest corner of Barr and Colum- 
bia streets. In this log structure he and James Barnett opened 
a considerable wholesale store, which they successfully con- 
tinued for several years. They brought their goods from the 
East, by the way of Toledo and the rapids of the Maumee. 

At the time of the hrst laud sale at Fort Wayne, the pur- 
chasers, other than Messrs. Barr and McCorkle, were Alexan- 
der Ewing, M'ho entered the east half, southwest quarter of 
section tw^o — being the same land on which Ewing's and 
Eockhill's additions Avere afterwards laid out. The section 
of land across the river, in the forks of the St. Mary's and 
St. Joseph's rivers, known as the "Wells pre-emption," had 
been, by an act of Congress of May, 1808, set apart as a pre- 
emption to Captain Wells, who was authorized to enter it, 
when adjacent lands should be offered at $1.25 per acre; but 
having lost his life in the massacre at Fort Dearborn, in 1812, 
his heirs being authorized, entered it at the land sale refer- 
red to. 

The establishment of the laud office, and the influx of pop- 
ulation opened the way for the settlement of Fort Wayne, and 
in a few years quite a town sprang up at the forks, which has 
grown into the present populous city. 



CHAPTEK XL IV. 

ALLKN COUNTY EAELT SETTLEMENT. 

ALLEN county was organized in 1823. Previous to that 
date it formed a part of l\-< ndolpli county. The com- 
missioners appointed to determi e upon a site for the county 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY SETTLEMENT. 359 

seat, were James M. Eay, of Indianapolis, W. M. Conner, of 
Hamilton county, and Abaithes Hathaway. In the early pai-t 
of 1824, they agreed upon Fort "Wayne as the proper place, 
and in the last week in May, in the same year, the first elec- 
tion for county officers for Allen connty took place. The first 
session of the " County Board " was held on the last day of 
May in the same year, the Board consisting of William Rock- 
hill, James Wyman, and Francis Comparet. The county offi- 
cers, elected at the first election, were: Anthony L. Davis, 
Clerk; Allen Hamilton, Sheriff; Samuel Hanna and Benja- 
min Cushman, Associate Judges; Joseph Holman, Treasurer; 
H. B. McKeen, First Assessor; Lambert Cushovis, First Con- 
stable; W. T. Daviss, Overseer of the Poor; E. Hors, Inspec- 
tor of Elections; Israel Taylor, Joseph Troutner, and Moses 
Scott, Fence Viewers; Samuel Rood, Supervisor. At the first 
session of the Board, three Justices of the Peace were elected, 
as follows: Alexander Ewing, William iST. Hood, and William 
Rockhill. These gentlemen assumed the position, ex Officio, 
of the " Board of Justices," taking the place of County Com- 
missioners. The first session of this body was held on the 
twenty-second of October, 1824. On this occasion the Board 
gave notice of the location of a State road from Vernon, in 
Jennings county, by way of Greensburg, Rushville, and New 
Castle to Fort Wayne. 

These were true pioneer days in Fort Wayne. There were 
none of the present fine buildings that grace the city; no lead- 
ing thoroughfares adorned with fancy teams; no colleges; no 
fine church buildings; nothing of the modern, fashionable 
order. But there were the rude taverns, the straggling Indian, 
the hardy fur-trader — in short, the unpretending pioneer. But 
few, if any, at this day, thought that Fort Wayne would ever 
become a leading city. Yet the place had its advantages for 
trade, and the penetrating business men of early times were 
not slow to improve them. Pioneer hotel life in Fort Wayne 
in 1824, is, to some extent, portrayed by an old bill of " tav- 
ern rates" which has been preserved. It reads as follows: 
"Per day, 50 cts.; breakfast, dinner and supper, each 25 cts.; 
lodging, per night, 12|- cts.; whisky, per quart, 12|- cts.; 



360 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

brandy, per quart, 50 ets.; gin, per quart, 37^ cts.; porter, 
per bottle, 37|- cts.; cider, per quart, 18f cts." 

Allen county had its taxation, and, we suspect, it was both- 
ersome, too. Every male over twenty-one years of age had to 
pay fifty cents. And for each horse, gelding or mare over 
three years old. thirty-seven and a half cents; every work ox, 
eighteen cents; ever}- gold watch, twenty-five cents; every 
pinchback. twenty-five cents; every four-wheeled pleasure car- 
riage, one dollar. The State taxes were generally paid in wolf 
scalps, on which a bounty was allowed. 

The first circuit court held in Allen county was on the ninth 
of August, 1824. The judicial circuit then included Adams, 
Wells, Huntington, and Whitley counties. At this time, C. 
W. Ewing was made prosecuting attorney, and John Tipton 
foreman of the grand jur^-. W. G. Ewing was, on this occa- 
sion, admitted to the bar as a practitioner at law. At this 
session of tlie court an application was made for a divorce, 
and, says Mr. Bryce, " some indictments were found against 
parties for selling liquor without license, etc., at this term of 
the court — each being fined three dollars and cost. In one 
instance, for gambling, a man was fined ten dollars." The first 
master in chancery of this court, was Charles W. Ewing, then 
a young lawyer of much ability. " To show the difierence 
between the manner of allowances of that day and this, when 
six times as much service was rendered in a given time, * * 
the records show that Robert Hood (well remembered by old 
citizens, ) was allowed seventy-five cents per day for three days' 
service as bailiff to the circuit court; Allen Hamilton, sixteen 
dollars and sixty-six (;ents for four months' service as sherifi" 
of Allen county; and Charles W. Ewing, for his services as 
prosecuting attorney, for the term, five dollars. This court, 
after a session of three days, adjourned on the twelfth of 
August, 1824, to convene again as the coui-t in course. The 
following year, 1825, the board of justices appointed W, G. 
Ewing county treasurer; and the second term of the circuit 
court was convened at the residence of Alexander Ewing, on 
the sixth of June — Hon. F. Morris, of the fifth judicial cir- 
cuit, a resident of Indianapolis, presiding — fJudge Hanna 



ALLEN COUNTY EARLY SETTLEMENT. 361 

officiating in the capacity of associate justice. James Eari- 
den, and Calvin Fletcher were admitted as practitioners of 
law at this term — both men of considerable distinction in 
after years. Henry Cooper, a man of many estimable quali- 
ties, long since deceased, was also admitted to the bar at this 
term of the court, which continued only five days." 

The third term of this court was convened at the house of 
William Suttenfield, on the twenty -first of E^ovember, 1825, 
Judges Hanna and Cushman presiding. It was at this session 
of the court that a device for a seal was presented by Charles 
W. Ewing. Calvin Fletcher presented his commission and 
was sworn in as prosecuting attorney. The term in the fol- 
lowing year, 1826, was held at the residence of Alexander 
Ewing, the same judges presiding; but at the next regular 
term, which was opened on the thirteenth of August, in the 
same year, Hon. Miles C. Eggleston, of Madison, presented 
his commission, as president judge, Avas sworn in, and pre- 
sided during the term. Benjamin Cushman acted as associatfe 
judge; Cyrus Taber as sheriflp, and Amos Lane as prosecuting 
attorney. A singular story is told of the trial and conviction, 
on a charge of murder, of Big-Leg, an Indian, who resided 
near Fort Wayne, at the term of the court held in 1830. "A 
half Indian and negro woman, whom he claimed as his slave, 
had been in the habit of entering his cabin during his absence, 
and taking his meat. After repeatedly warning her to desist, 
he at length told her that if she disobeyed him again, he would 
kill her. From her residence among the clan, of which Big- 
Leg was chief, whose village was on the Wabash, a few miles 
from Fort Wayne, with a view to escape the fate that she knew 
must befall her, after a further disregard of the commands of 
the chief, the wT>man came to Fort Wayne, and was soon 
employed by some of the citizens. Shortly after her depar- 
ture, Big-Leg came to town, too, and wandering about, he 
soon discovered her washing, at a house then standing about 
what is now the southeast corner of Clinton and Columbia 
streets. Stealing suddenly upon her, with his long knife ready 
for her destruction, he plunged it into her with such force, 
that it is said the blade passed through her body, and she fell 



362 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

dead at his feet; whereupon he proudly ejaculated, ' Was'nt 
that nice!' Though no uncommon thing, at that period, for 
the Indians visiting here to kill each other, and for which no 
redress had ever been sought by the authorities, the citizens 
here, who were then largely outnumbered by the Indians of 
the region, were greatly incensed at this terrible procedure 
of Big-Leg, and the civil authorities at once had the chief 
arrested, and placed in the old county jail. His main plea 
was that the woman belonged to him — was his property, and 
that he had a right to do what he pleased with her. When 
told that he was to be hanged for the offense, he could not 
comprehend" it, but seemed to get the idea that it was some 
such operation as that he had often witnessed in the use of 
the old steelyards by the traders in M-eighing venison, etc., and 
concluded that he was to be weighed until he was dead/ which 
fact soon became commonly understood among the Indians of 
his tribe and the region here; and as he was a chief much 
regarded by his clan, they early sought to exchange him for 
one of their number, whom they considered rather worthless; 
but without avail. Having received some explanations as to 
his probable fate by hanging, or weighing, as he understood 
it, which he seemed to regard as fixed, he, with his friends, 
thought to have the experiment tried upon a dog, in order to 
see how the animal would act. Accordingly, while the chief 
was still confined in the jail, a number of his Indian friends 
collected about the outside of the prison, in view of a small 
opening, where the chief could look out and see the action of 
the canine as his Indian friends proceeded to execute him. 
Placing a rope around the animal's neck, and suspending him 
from a pole that had been arranged for the purpose, at the 
height of a few feet from the ground, by means of crossed 
stakes driven into the earth, the dog was soon dangling in the 
air. Observing the animal very closely tlirough the grates of 
the jail, the violent throes and contortions of the dog at once 
gave him a great aversion to hanging, or being thus weighed 
till he was dead; and when the jailor again made his appear- 
ance, he urged that he might be shot, rather than be killed by 
such a process as that he had seen tried on the dog. When 



ALLEN COUNTY EAKLY SEITI.EMENT. 363 

his trial came on, John B. Bonrie and chief Kichardville acted 
as interpreters. He was convicted, but being recommended 
to mercy by the jury, the governor subsequently granted him 
a pardon; and in 1848, v^^ith a body of Miamis, he removed 
to Kansas."* 

From 1823 to 1830, Fort Wayne was a scene of pioneer life. 
The general style of the dwellings was that of the usual log 
cabin, or the " hewed log house," which was quite a luxury. 
There were a few frame houses, but the interior of all was 
pretty much the same. Not a vestige of aristocracy could be 
seen in any quarter. Young ladies were then plain, common- 
sense girls. Courting was conducted in the vivid presence of 
a " big log fire," unaided by the soft notes of the piano, as at 
the present time. The lovers talked of plain matter-of-fact 
subjects. But little, if anything, was said of the opera. The 
theatre had a charm, but only as something to be talked about. 
But things have changed. With 1827-28, there came rumors 
of a canal, and finally, the canal itself. This was a vast inno- 
vation — an important improvement; but the advanced idea 
did not rest here. A railroad was agitated — nay, constructed. 
Brick and stone buildings took the place of log houses ; the 
pioneer trader became a merchant ; elegant residences M^ere 
erected; churches were built; society was formed; fine tastes 
were cultivated; elegant furniture, costly pictures and the 
piano were introduced. In short, a populous, prosperous city 
grew up with all its attendant luxuries. Pioneer life disap- 
peared and modern extravagance took its place. 

It would be tedious to follow along the dry current of the 
modern history of Fort Wayne and Allen county. It has 
been a history of continued progress. Enterprise has marked 
every page, and success crowned almost every effort. We 
shall be content now, to notice the present condition and 
future prospects of Fort Wayne and Allen county, and to 
give a few pen pictures of the pioneers of civilization in that 
section. 

* Bryce's Work — Eecullections of Mr. Hood. 



CHAPTER XLV 

ALLEN COUNTY — FOBT WAYNE MODEKN HISTORY. 

ALLEN County was named, at the suggestion of General 
Tipton, in honor of Colonel John Allen, of Kentucky, a 
distinguished lawyer, who met his death at the Massacre of the 
River Raisin. The county has an area of 654.35 square miles, 
embracing 413,607.08 acres, and a population of about 56,000. 
with a taxable valuation of over $20,000,000. In 1830, the 
population of the whole county was only 996, and the taxable 
valuation of real and personal property scarcely $100,000. 
These statistics give some idea of the immense growth of the 
county in both population and wealth. The following table 
shows the growth of the different townships in population, 
from 1850 to 1875: 

Townships and Cities. 1875 1870 1860 1850 

Aboste. 1200 906 876 539 

Adams, 3000 2388 1773 1012 

New Haven 2500 912 

Cedar Creek, 2100 1713 1228 814 

Eel River, . . . , 1900 1217 1003 655 

Fort Wayne 25150 19460 10319 4282 

Jackson,.'. 304 202 93 

Jefferson. 1800 1445 1061 563 

Lafayette, 1700 1471 1320 529 

Lake, 1600 1309 951 578 

Madison, 1500 1278 919 561 

Marion, 1400 1319 1358 1095 

Maumee, 500 394 164 93 

Milan, 1300 1183 786 361 

Monroe, 1600 1479 610 414 

Monrocville, 900 630 

(364) 



ALLEN COUNTY FOET WAYNE. 365 

Perry, 1400 1280 1180 842 

Pleasant, 1300 1280 1207 668 

Scipio, 600 420 .346 173 

Springfield, 2100 1749 1505 702 

St. Joseph, 1500 1873 1065 748 

Washington, 1900 1628 1487 1305 

Aside from the city of Fort Wayne, there are no ferge town& 
or cities in Allen county. The soil is generally well adapted 
to agriculture, and corn and wheat are produced in abundance. 
For the most part, the farmers are wealthy; and within the 
last ten or fifteen years, the small, incommodious pioneer farm 
houses have been exchanged for handsome dwellings. Farmers 
and farmers' children are well educated. The young ladies of 
the rural districts are in happy contrast with the *' girls " of 
1850. Most of them are accomplished in music, and possess 
a good education. 

The public schools of Allen county are in an excellent con-, 
dition. Well furnished buildings are provided in all parts of 
the county, and these are generally supplied with well qualified 
teachers. There is, perhaps, no other county in the State,, 
where the schools are in a better condition. 

The public schools of Fort Wayne are justly the pride of 
the city. At the present date, there are in the city thirteen 
excellent school buildings, well furnished, valued at $185,000. 
Seventy-five teachers are employed to teach 3,500 pupils. The 
high school building is located on beautiful grounds, with an 
area of 18,000 square feet. The basement of the structure is 
of dressed stone, nine feet high; the main building, of brick, 
is two stories high, each fifteen feet in height; and the whole 
is covered by a "mansard," twelve feet in the clear. The 
tower has a porch finished with a balusti-ade so as to form a 
balcony. The interior is tastefully and elaborately appointed. 
The Jefferson, or Fourth Ward, school building is also an 
ornament to the city. This building is of brick, three stories 
in height, and covers an area of 3,600 feet. It contains twelve 
rooms, with a seating capacity of six hundred, and is supplied 
with twelve teachers. 

The Clay, or First Ward, school is also a fine three-story 



366 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

brick building, containing eight rooms, 495 seats, and is sup- 
plied with eight teachers. The others are, the West German, 
wood, corner Webster and Washington, rented; Jefferson, 
brick, corner Jefferson and Griffith, $27,500; Washington, 
brick, corner Washington and Union, $20,750; Hoagland, 
wood, corner Hoagland avenue and Butler, $17,000; Hanna. 
brick, corner Hanna and Wallace, $16,600; Hariner, wood, 
corner Hanner and Jefferson, $5,650; Bloomingdale, wood, 
corner Bowser and Marion, $3,900; North Bloomingdale Ger- 
man, wood, north of Feeder, rented; North Bloomingdale 
English, wood, north of Feeder, rented. 

ENEOLLMENT FOE 1874. 
Schools. Boys. 

Clay, 252 

High, 25 

West German, 70 

Jefferson, 318 

Washington, • 132 

Hoagland, 204 

Hanna, 136 

Harmer, 53 

Bloomingdale, 85 

North Bloomingdale German 13 

North Bloomingdale English, 18 

Total, 1495 

The following comparative table, giving the various items 
concerning the public schools, for a period of ten years, will 
not only show the growth of the public schools, but of the 
city as well: 

Years. Enume- Enroll- No. of Value ol 

ration. ment. Teachers. School Prop'y 

1864 5270 .... 1385 .... 19 .... $ 38,150 

1865 5673 1400 30,000 

1866 6321 .... 1629 .... 18 ... . 38,000 

1867 7255.... 1937.... 23.... 58,500 

1868 7846.... 2181.... 34.... 115,110 

1869 8365.... 2457.... 44.... 140,000 

1870 8256 .... 2537 .... 49 ... . 165,000 

1871 8239. ...2640. .54.... 165,000 

1872 8637. . . . 2472 .... 55 ... . 168,000 

1873 8777 .... 2682 .... 56 ... . 173,000 

1874 9060 .... 3056 .... 65 ... . 180,000 



Girls. 


Tota.. 


255 


507 


42 


67 


69 


139 


300 


618 


172 


304 


211 


415 


125 


261 


51 


104 


121 


206 


15 


28 


14 


32 


1554 


3040 



368 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

The Catholics have a large number of parochial schools, as 
well as the Lutherans, who have several commodioas edifices. 
The Lutherans have also a large college within the city limits, 
known as the Concordia College. This is under the Synod of 
their church, under whose jurisdiction this district is. The 
Convent of the Sacred Heart, under the charge of the Sisters 
of the Holy Cross, is in close proximity to the city. The 
Methodist University occupies a large and well-arranged build- 
ing in the western part of the city. It has been established 
for a number of years, occupying their present quarters since 
1850. The Rev. R. D. Robinson, D. D., has charge of it, and 
under his able management it is rapidly reaching success. 
The Methodists have a well-conducted college at Fort Wayne. 
The building is a fine one, and adds something to the appear- 
ance of the city. 

Religious. — There are more than twenty fine, elegant, and 
well-furnished churches in Fort Wayne. The architecture is 
generally handsome, and the material is substantial. Among 
them should be mentioned the Roman Catholic Cathedral. 
This is a very beautiful structure of brick, surmounted by two 
steeples. Trinity Church (Episcopal) on West Berry street, is 
one of the handsomest church edifices in the State, though by 
no means as large as some others in that city. The Lutherans, 
Presb3^terians, Methodists, and Christians have all built them- 
selves fine and costly churches. 

Railroads. — The lines of railroad leading frcjm Fort Wayne 
in eight dififerent directions, give to the city a decided metro- 
politan appearance, and bring untold wealth to its doors. 
These roads are all important lines, that connect the " Summit 
City " with all the principal cities of the country. The tracks 
and equipments of these roads are first-class, while the acdjm- 
modation for all kinds of transportation is as good as could be 
desired. It is estimated that thirty-four passenger trains arrive 
at, and depart from, the city every day, while freight trains 
may be estimated by the hundred daily. Other important 
roads are in contemplation, but even at the present day Fort 
Wayne is the great railroad city of Northern Indiana. 

Wabash and Erie Canal. — The importance of canals as a 



ALLEiST COUNTY FOET WAYNE. 3H9 

means of inland navigation, attracted inucli attention in the 
early days of this country, and it is due to them, in a great 
measure, that our country has been settled and cities founded. 
In 1820 an act was passed by the 'Ohio legislature, appointing 
three commissioners to locate a route for a canal between Lake 
Erie and the Ohio river, but it was not until 1824 that a 
survey was made of what is now the Wabash and Erie Canal. 
The members of Congress from Indiana then procured a 
survey of the canal by a corps of United States topographical 
eugineers. This survey was commenced at Fort Wayne, about 
June, 1826, and at its completion, Congress passed an act, 
granting to the State of Indiana one-half of five miles in 
width of the public lands on each side of the proposed canal, 
from Lake Erie to the navigable waters of the Wabash river. 
This grant amounted to three thousand two hundred acres per 
mile. It was accepted by the State legislature, during its 
session of 1827-28, and Samuel Hanna, David Barr, and 
Robert Johns, were appointed a Board of Commissioners. 
This grant was the first of any importance made by Congress 
for the furtherance of any public works, and may be considered 
the inception of the j^olicy afterwards adopted, of granting so 
much of the public domain for public improvements. In 1828 
tlie State granted to Ohio all the land which had been granted 
for canal purposes in that State, upon the condition that they 
would, in consideration therefor, construct the works through 
their territory. In 18-13 the canal was opened for navigation, 
and two years afterwards the Miami extension was completed, 
thus perfecting a continuous line of canal between Maumee 
bay and the Ohio river at Cincinnati. The Mahon Brothers 
commenced running two small packets betM'een Toledo and 
Fort Wayne, in 1843, but not %vith any regularity, and it was 
not until the summer of 1844 that a line making regular trips 
was established. Samuel Doyle and William Dickey, of 
Dayton. Ohio, were the pioneers in this enterprise, running 
ten boats and one steam propeller between Toledo and Lafay- 
ette, and Toledo and Cincinnati. In 1846, the act known as 
the "Butler Bill " was passed by the legislature, by which the 
canal was transferred to three trustees, two of whom were 
24 



370 KISTORT OF INDIANA. 

appointed by the bondholders, the remaining one by the State. 

Public Buildings. — The County Court House and County 
Jail, both located at Fort Wayne, are substantial buildings, 
well adapted to the purposes sought. There is yet no commo- 
dious city hall, nor is any needed at the present day, that 
would impose a heavy tax upon the city. The building in 
which the headquarters of the fire department are located, is 
well suited to that branch of the municipality. Further 
remarks on the present condition and future prospects of Fort 
Wayne, financially and commercially, are noticed in another 
part of this work, under the department of the " Great Indus- 
tries of Indiana." See Index to Biographies to find interesting 
biographical sketches of pioneers and prominent men of Allen 
county. 

The leading newspapers published in Fort Wayne are the 
Gazette and Sentinel, both well conducted and influential 
journals. 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

HUNTINGTON COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

IEAYIj^G Allen county by the route mentioned in the 
-^ foregoing chapter, we soon reach Huntington county, now 
rich in agriculture and commerce, and minerals, but once a 
dense forest. The county was named in honor of Samuel 
Huntington, a delegate in the Continental Congress from Con- 
necticut, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. A small portion of the county is hilly, but for the 
most part it is level, or only sufficiently undulating to consti- 
tute a natural drain. The soil is a mixture of sand and clay, 
is very deep and fertile, and well adapted to all the products 
indigenous to the climate and country. At an early day the 



. HUNTINGTON COUNIT. 371 

county was lieavily timbered throiigliout, with the exception 
of a few small prairies. 

The first settlement, as near as we can learn, was made in 
Huntington county in 1829. Messrs. Artimedee Woodworth 
and Elias Murray were the first settlers. They came in 1829. 
Mr. Woodward settled north of Silver creek, on the Wabash. 
Here he built a log house and began pioneer lite in earnest. 
Mr. Murray settled a mile east on the opposite side of the 
river, where he also built a cabin. In 1832-3, a settlement 
was made on the Salamony river, near the present to Mm of 
Warren. Samuel Jones erected a log house at this place in 
1833, and moved into it with his family in September of the 
same year. James Morrison settled at the same place about 
the same time, and in the following winter Lewis Purviance, 
Lewis Richards, and George Helm, located with them. 

The first settlers of the present prosperous city of Hunting- 
ton were C. and J. Helvey, who came from the White river 
sect^'on, originally from. Clinton county, Ohio, to Huntington, 
in 1830, with their sisters. They built a hewed log tavern, 
which is known in history as the " Flint Springs Hotel." It 
remained a tavern until 185T, and was for a long time a favor- 
ite stopping place on the old " Fort Wayne and Lafayette 
trace." A few now living in Huntington county remember 
this trace. It was nearly the same pathway over which the 
bold Robert de La Salle traveled with his military escort in 
1680, and the same trace upon which many a zealous French 
priest journeyed alone, before Americans explored the head 
waters of the Wabash. 

There was another log tavern erected near the cabin of Mr. 
Woodworth in 1832, but that region remained unsettled until 
1847. Clear creek, two and a half miles north from Hunting- 
ton, was first settled by Michael Doyle, in 1834. In that year 
he erected the pioneer log cabin of that section, and moved into 
it with his family. 

The Helveys, who first settled at Huntington, sold their 
lands to General Tipton and Captain Murray, soon after they 
were located, and the latter gentlemen laid out the town in 
1832. Mr. Murray moved to Huntington to reside, with his 



372 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

family, about one year previous. The Wabash and Erie Canal 
was commenced in 1832, which may be regarded as the imme- 
diate cause that led to the settlement of Huntington. The 
work on this important State internal improvement prospered, 
and the new town of Huntington shared in the prosperity. 
In 1835 the permanent population of Huntington was probably 
two hundred and fifty, although previous to that time gangs 
of canal men frequently visited the place, swelling its popula- 
tion temporarily to four and five hundred. 

Huntington county was organized in 1834, previous to 
which it formed a part of Grant county. The first county 
election was held in the fall of 1834, as also the first court. 
The latter was held in the well known " Flint Springs Hotel." 
From this the court was soon after taken to the school house, 
which shows that Huntington, now so justly celebrated for 
her excellent schools, began the good work of education in her 
youth. 

The first school teacher in Huntington was a Mr. Sergant. 
They called him a " down east Yankee," but he had consider- 
able influence, prol)ably because he was the son of a Presby- 
terian clergyman. He "boarded round," and being a little on 
the particular order, it is not a wonder that the old settlers of 
Huntington tell some funny stories of his experience of this 
phase of his residence in their town. It is very probable, 
however, that he had enough to contend with, both in the 
school room and in society. But we shall not tax the reader 
with every step in the growth of Huntington county. Such 
wasj its social and political beginning. Let us look at results — 
its present condition. 

The Huntington of to-day lias a population of three thousand 
five hundred, and is surrounded by well settled, well cultivated 
agricultural lands, in every direction. It is the county seat, 
and a smart, thriving city. The streets have been admirably 
laid off, and the general appearance of the buildings favors the 
substantial. Tlie new court house is a fine building, located 
in the center of a spacious square enclosed by a substantial 
iron fence. The churches are, for the most part, fine build- 
ings, erected in a modern style of architecture, and present 



HTJNTINGTON COTJNTY. 873 

striking evidence of the high moral taste of the people. The 
city schools are, at present, in a fionrishing condition. For 
many yeal's they lagged for want of the proper management, 
but within the last few years a splendid three story brick 
building has been erected, in which the city graded schools 
are now located, excellent teachers are provided, and the public 
schools of Huntington to-day are a credit to the State. 

There is probably no other city in Indiana of equal popula- 
tion that can boast as much success in manufacturing as 
Huntington. The manufacture from wood has increased until 
the city is now supplying many of the towns in northern 
Indiana with staves, headings, ]3low handles, etc. In this 
particular industry Huntington possesses many advantages. 
Wood of nearly all kinds exists in large quantities in many 
parts of the county. Labor is cheap, and the surrounding 
country affords an ample and remunerative market. However, 
the manufacture of lime is perhaps the largest industrial 
interest of Huntington. During the present year there were 
over thirty kilns in successful operation, employing a capital 
of over one hundred thousand dollars, and giving employment 
to an army of men either in immediate connection with the 
Kilns or in chopping wood to supply them with fuel. Ov^er 
ten thousand cords of wood were consumed during the year 
just closed, for which over twenty-five thousand dollars have 
been disbursed throughout the county. The product of the 
Huntington lime kilns is unsurpassed in quality. "Hunting- 
ton white lime," has become a favorite brand in the northwest, 
and is sought after even to the full extent of the supply. The 
lime business of Huntington shows a steady and healthy 
increase, and is capable of great extension. The total product 
in 1874 was over four hundred thousand bushels. 

Huntington county is rich in agricultural wealth, and most 
of the farmers have become wealthy. Old-time log houses 
have, for the most part, disappeared, and new and elegant 
rural residences are scattered over the entire county. Tillages 
have sprung up, and in every quarter there are indications of 
thrift and prosperity. With the increase of wealth have come 
all the other desirable acquisitions. Education, once so sadly 



374 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

neglected in the conntv, has now its full share of attention, 
and the youths are as far advanced in the nsual course of study 
a& in any other rural section of the State. 



CHAPTER XLYII. 

CA8S COUNTY HISTOBIOAL AND D^BCKIPTIVE. 

PASSTISTG over Wabash and Miami counties, for the pres- 
ent, we will take up Cass county. This jump in our 
I'oute is made necessary by the absence of data, at this writing. 
lV)r the complete history of those counties, as well as by the 
fact that the settlement of Cass county is of earlier date.* 

Cass county was organized on the thirteenth of April, 1829: 
previous to which it was under the jurisdiction of Carroll 
county, being originally, however, under the jurisdiction of 
Tippecanoe county. Previous to its existence as Cass county, 
it was known as Eel township, in Carroll county. 

''The mouth of Eel," which, in early times, acquired con- 
siderable notoriety as the point where the main line of travel 
crossed the Wabash, is the point where the lirst settlement 
was made in Cass coimty. As early as the fall of 1824,f Ed- 
ward McCartney came down from Fort Wayne, under the 
auspices of a company of " fur-traders " located there, with 
head-quarters at Detroit, and erected a small trading-house on 
the nortli side of the Wabash, a little below the " mouth of 
Eel," wliich was, perhaps, the hrst house built for the oc(;n 
pancy of a white man within the present limits of Cass county. 
A year and a half later, about August, 1826, Alexander Cham- 
berlain, a native of Kinderhook, ISTew York, but more recently 
Croni the vicinity of Fort Harrison, i.n Vigo county, Indiana, 
br(»ught his family and settled on the south side of the Wabash, 

* See Index to find sketches of Wabash audMiami counties, 
f From MS. furnished by T. B. Helm, of Logansport. 



CASS COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRirTIVE. 375 

just opposite the mouth of Eel river. Here, with the assist- 
ance of his neighbors from the "Deer Creek settlements," 
more than twenty miles down the river, he built the first res- 
idence, also used as a " hotel," (a double hewed-log cabin, two 
stories high,) in the county. 

About the same time, William Newman settled with his 
family and built a cabin, also situated on the south bank of 
the Wabash, and three miles below Chamberlain's. The same 
season, James Burch made a settlement less than one mile 
below the former, and on the same side of the river, on what 
is since known as the Simons' farm. These two last remained 
but a short time, selling out their claims and returning to 
older settlements. 

Mr. Cham'berlain, after selling out his first residence to 
General Tipton, who lived there afterward and established the 
Indian Agency formerly at Fort Wayne, built another house, 
a little further down, where he lived and "kept tavern" until 
the year 1835, when he moved to Rochester, in Fulton county, 
and died there a few years since. 

On the twenty-seventh day of March, 1827, Major Daniel 
Bell, a son-in-law of Captain Spear Spencer, who was killed 
in the battle of Tippecanoe, and brother-in-law of Genera] 
John Tipton, crossed the Wabash river and built his cabin, 
the first one built between the rivers, within the present limits 
of the city of Logansport. It was situated just south of the 
canal, and a few feet west of Berkley street. He lived there 
until sometime in the spring of 1830, removing thence t^ a 
claim, subsequently purchased, a little way north of Eel river, 
in what is now Clay township. 

Not long after the settlement of Major Bell, Hugh B. 
McKeen, an Indian trader, from Fort Wayne, erected a tra- 
ding-house and domicil on the banks of the Wabash, a few 
rods above the mouth of Eel river, near where McKeen street, 
in the city of Logansport, strikes the Wabash river. 

In the fall of the same year, Joseph Barron, an interpreter 
of considerable celebrity, with his family, moved also from 
Fort Wayne, and settled on the reservation granted to his 
children by the treaty of October 16, 1826, below the mouth 



37r> HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of Eel I'iver, residiiin' teiiiporariJy in the house before built 
and occupied by Edward McCartney as a trading-house, until 
the completion of his own liouse, a half mile above. 

Beside those named, there were numerous other settlers who 
came shortly atler, adding rapidly to the population from time 
to time, so that, by the spring following, the iidiabitants num- 
bered about one hundred souls. 
V By the treaty with the Pottawatoniies. at the mouth of the 
Mississinaway, in October, 1826, one section of land, "at the 
falls of Eel ri\'er," was reserved to George Cicott, which, hav- 
ing been surveyed in the month of July following, negotiations 
Mere at once entered into between McKeen, ( 'hauncey Carter 
and (leneral Tipton, for the purpose of acquiring an interest 
in, if not the entire control, of the Cicott grant. Mr. Carter 
succeeded in obtaining the control, and, on the tenth day of 
April, 1828, laid out the original plat of Logansport, between 
the Wabash and Eel rivers, just above their junction. 

On the eighteenth of December, 1828, the legislative act 
authorizing the organization of Cass county, was approved by 
the governor, to take ettect from and after Monday, April 13, 
1829. Accordingly, on that day, an election was held by the 
qualified voters of the county, under proclamation from the 
governor, and the following othcers chosen, as prescribed by 
said act, to wit.: Chauncey Carter, James Smith and Moses 
Thorpe, County Commissioners; John B. Durst, Clerk and 
Recorder; James H. Kintner, Sherilf; John Smith, Senior, 
and Hiram Todd, Associate Judges; Job B. Eldridge and 
Peter Johnson, Justices of the • Peace. For the purpose of 
conducting this election and carrying the enabling act into 
effect, William Scott had been previously appointed by the 
governor, special sheriff, to serve as such until his successor 
\vas elected and qualitied. 

By the sup))lemental act of January 19, 1829, the territory, 
included within the present limits of P'ulton, Kosciusko, 
Miami, AV abash, Marshall, Elkhart, St. Joseph, with portions 
of La Porte, Pulaski and Starke counties, was attached to 
Cass county, for civil and criminal jurisdiction. 

The lirst session of the Boai'd of Ooramissioners was held 



OASS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 377 

on the lirst day of May, James Smith and Moses Thorpe, 
Commissioners, with William Scott, Sheriff, being present. 
Ai this session, Cass county and the territory mider its juris- 
diction, were sub-divided into Eel townshij), embracing " all 
that part of Cass county lying south of the Tippecanoe and 
west of the west boundary of the five-mile reservation " ; 
Wabash township embracing all that part of the territory 
attached, " south of Eel river," and east of the eastern boun- 
dary of Eel township, and St. Joseph's township^ embracing 
all that part of the attached territory "lying north of the 
Tip}>ecanoe river, to the north line of the State." 

On Thursday, May 21, 1829, the Cass circuit court held 
its first session in the old seminar}^ building, occupying only 
one day, Hon. Bethuel F. Morris, Judge of the Fifth Judicial 
Circuit of the State, presiding, with Hiram Todd and John 
Smith Associate Judges, William Scott, Sheriff, and John B. 
Duret, Clerk. 

A seal for said court M^as adopted on the same day, the 
de\'ice of which commemorates the agreement of Aub-bee- 
naub-bee, a principal chief of the Pottawatomies, and General 
Lewis Cass, one of the commissioners on the part of the 
United States to the terms of the treaty of October 16, 1826, 
by which the major part of the territory within the bounda- 
ries of Cass county came into the possession of the United 
States — " An Indian and a white man joining hands." 

Henry Ristine, Erasmus Powell and Harris Tyner, appointed 
by the act of organization. Commissioners to locate the seat of 
justice of Cass county, by their report dated August 12, 1829, 
submitted to the Board of County Commissioners, then in 
session, selected Logansport, in consideration of certain dona- 
tions made by Mr. Carter, the proprietor. 

The settlements in the outer townships, Miami in the east, 
Clay, Noble and Jefferson immediately north of the Wabash 
and Eel rivers, Boone, Harrison, Bethlehem and Adams on 
the extreme north, Clinton, Washington and Tipton south of 
the river, with Deer Creek and Jackson on the extreme south, 
as the public lands came into market from time to time, were 
filled up rapidly with an enterprising population. The last 



378 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

settlements were in the lower townships, that part having been 
surveyed in the winter and spring of 1846-7, came into market 
immediately after, though prior to that time and subsequent 
to the treaty of 1843, many settlements were made by pre- 
emption. 

For several years succeeding the year 1829, the growth of 
town and country kept nearly even pace in the progress of 
settlements and improvements, reaching, perhaps, the year 
1836, when the country having fallen behind in the race, as 
a consequence, the trade being yet chiefly of a local character, 
the town came nearly to a stand still, while the country moved 
steadily forward, producing, ere long, a large excess over the 
demands of home trade, for transportation to other localities. 
The completion of the canal to this point, in the fall of 1837, 
opened an avenue to trade with other points of commercial 
importance, which advantages the people were not slow to 
improve. The improvement of the Michigan road, also, from 
the fall of 1828 to 1834-5, tended to the development of 
resources scarcely known to exist before. The canal having 
been completed from Toledo to the lower Wabash, was about 
the only means of shipment of surplus products until 1852-3, 
and from that time forward, when the Richmond and New 
Castle, and the Lake Erie, Wabash and St. Louis Railroad 
that began to be operated about that time with telling effect 
upon the producing interests of the county, adding greatly to 
the wealth and prosperity of our citizens. Since that time 
other roads of equal importance traverse the county in various 
directions. 

Beside Logansport, other smaller towns have sprung up, of 
greater or less importance, in different parts of the county; 
among these, Galveston, Walton, Royal Center, New Waverly 
are of most consequence, embracing a population of from 
three hundred to five hundred each in their own localities, car- 
rying on a substantial trade. 

There are now published in the county, all of them in 
Logansport, the Logansport Pharos, daily and weekly; the 
Logansport Journal, weekly; Logansport Star, daily and 
weekly, and the Sun, weekly. 



OASS COUNTY HISTOBICAL AND BESCKIPTIVE. 379 

And now, more particularly of the present city of Logans- 
port. The seat of justice of Cass county, as originally laid 
out, was a small, unpretentious plat, in the shape of a right 
angled triangle, its base, along the margin of the Wabash, 
being of the length of five, and its perpendicular of four 
squares, embracing one hundred and eleven lots and fractions. 
These lots contained an area of fifty square rods, and such of 
them as occupied a position on the corner of a square were 
offered and sold for seventy-five dollars, the others for fifty 
dollars. Some of the lots were sold on condition that the 
purchaser should erect thereon, within a prescribed time, a 
house not less than eighteen by twenty feet, and one story 
high. It was laid out on the tenth day of April, 1828, and 
the plat recorded in Carroll county, in which jurisdiction it 
then was. In connection with the name, the following inci- 
dent is related: While the survey was in process of comple- 
tion, the name of the new town site became the subject of 
conversation between Mr. Carter, the proprietor. General Tip- 
ton, Hugh B. McKeen, Colonel John B, Duret, and others 
present. Greneral Tipton suggested a Latin compound, sig- 
nifying " the mouth of Eel," of historic fame, or otherwise, 
commemorative of the location above the junction of the two 
rivers known as the " Ouabache and Eel " rivers. Another 
submitted an Indian name by which the locality had before 
been known. Then Mr. McKeen, who had formerly resided 
on the Maumee, in the vicinity where Captain Logan, the 
Shawanoe chief, a nephew of Tecumseh, who lost his life while 
attesting his fidelity to the white people, in the month of 
November, 1812, proposed that his memory be perpetuated in 
the name of the new town. Colonel Duret agreed with 
the idea, and thought Logan's jport would be appropriate. 
These diiferences of opinion were then submitted to the arbi- 
trament of " shooting at a mark," an exercise common in 
those days. The several names proposed were " shot for," 
and that having " four best out of seven," should have it. 
The exercise was finally brought to a close by the declaration 
that Colonel Duret had "won." Hence, the name as now 
known — " Logan's- Port." 



380 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

By the action of the commissioners appointed for the pur- 
pose, Loo-ansport was selected as the seat of justice of Cass 
county, on the twelfth day of August, 1829. 

At the time it was laid out, and for several years succeed- 
ing, its importance was chiefly recognized in the light of a 
central '' trading post " for a large extent of Indian territory 
surrounding, and as such it acquired a well merited fame. 
The consequence was that as soon as the sources of trade 
began to diminish, the producing population outside the 
town being inadequate to meet the demands of consumption, 
and the growth of the town was retarded for several years 
subsequent to 183fi-7, indeed, until the country products 
equalled, overbalanced the consumption account of the non- 
producers in town, and the avenues of trade were opened 
between this and other more commanding markets. 

The increase in population and business facilities was steady 
for many years succeeding the depression of trade in 1837-8, 
but not rapid. Up to 1860-65, the spirit of improvement 
and enterprise was only in process of development. After 
that time, however, new life seemed to be infused, and rapid 
advances were observable in every department of indu^stry, 
and capital — before withheld from investment promising 
extensive accumulations, as if a dollar out of sight was for- 
ever lost — began to seek investment in public and private 
enterprises which have since yielded liberal profits. For a 
few years past, the character of the improvements have been 
more healthy and permanent than ever before, the population 
increasing in the last decade more than three hundred per 
cent. To-day it contains fourteen church edifices, one college, 
eight public school buildings, including seven ward and one 
high school building, in addition to four private school build- 
ings, representing conspicuously the. educational interest of 
the citizens. 



CHAPTEE XLYIII. 

TIPPECANOE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

TIPPECANOE county contains within its limits one of 
the oldest historical landmarks in Indiana — Ountanon. 
This was the French name given to the military post which 
was established on the Wea' prairie, near the Wabash, about 
the same time that Fort Miami, at the head of the JVIaumee, 
was erected, probably in 1705. 

At Ountanon, (unlike other pioneer French outposts in 
Indiana,) but few French settled, except the transient trader, 
who was coming and going with the demands of his vocation, 
and the military occuj)ation of the place was not permanent. 
There were long intervals when no garrison was maintained to 
restrain the savages, which may be given as a reason for the 
tardiness of the place as a general French settlement. How- 
ever, in 1759-60, when all the French forts in the northwest 
fell into the hands of the British, Ountanon was enjoying the 
benefits of a garrison, and was surrounded by a small number 
of rude French dwellings. The post, with all others in the 
vicinity, passed into the hands of the English, and was garri- 
soned by the latter in 1760. At this time most of the French 
inhabitants removed to Yincennes, a few families only remain- 
ing- V 

The Wea Indian village surrounding the fort, was one of 
the most important Indian settlements in the Miami con- 
federacy, and remained such until its destruction under the 
military administration of General George Rogers Clark, in 
1788-9. 

In 1763, during the memorable Pontiac war. Fort Ountanon 
fell among the "fated nine," a victim to Indian stratagem. 

rs8i) 



382 HICTORT OF INBTANA. 

At that time the little fort was commanded bj Edward Jen- 
kins, who, in a letter to Major Gladwyn, of Detroit, dated 
ffune first, 1763, gives us an account of the reduction of the 
fort in the following language: 

Sir: 1 have heard of your situation, which gives me great paiu; indeed, 
we are not in much better; for this morning the Indians sent for me to 
speak to me, and immediately bound me. When I got to their cabin I 
found some of my soldiers in the same condition. They told me Detroit; 
Miami, and all those posts were cut oflF, and that it was a folly to make 
any resistance. They therefore desired me to make the few- soldiers in 
the fort surrender, otherwise they would put us all to death in case one 
man was killed. They were to have fell on us and killed us all last 
night, but Mr. Maisougville and Lorain gave them wampum not to kill us, 
and when they told the interpreter that we were all to be killed, and he, 
knowing the condition of the fort, begged of them to make ns prisoners. 
They have put us into French houses, and both Indians and French use 
us very well. All these nations say they are very sorry, but that they 
were obliged to do it by the other nations. The belt did not arrive 
here till last night about eight o'clock. Mr. Lorain can inform you of 
all. I have just received the news of St. Josephs' being taken. Eleven 
men were killed, and three taken prisoners with- the officers. I have 
nothing more to say, but that I sincerely wish you a speedy succor, and 
that we may be able to revenge ourselves on those that deserve it. 

This letter was written by Mr. Jenkins while a prisoner of 
the Indians before his departure from Wea to Illinois, whence 
he was taken by his captors. 

These incidents were enacted on the soil of Tippecanoe 
county, in 1763, long before it was settled by Americans. 
The fort had been erected probably in 1705, and was garri- 
soned, at intervals, by the French until 1760, when it was 
occupied by the English, who maintained a garrison at the 
post until its destruction by the Indians in 1763, which termi- 
nated its existence. It was never rebuilt, and to-day not a 
vestige of it remains to mark the place where it stood. The 
soil has been cultivated, and most of the old rusty swords, 
tomahawks, etc., have been uncovered and carried away by the 
surrounding settlers. 

When the fort was reduced, in 1763, the few remaining 
French settlers removed to Yincennes, leaving their rude 
dwellings, as well as the old fort to the Wea Indians, who 
demolished them. 



TIPPECANOE COIJNTY. 



383 



The first American settlers who came to Tippecanoe countj, 
settled in 1823, seven years after the date of the organization 
of the State, and at an era in its history when inmiigration 
was flowing in from the east in a steady volume. From 1763 
to the date of the settlement of the county, there is but little 
of importance to record. In 1808, the '' Prophet's Town," 




' OPERA HOUSE, LAFAYETTE. 

which has become famous in history, was established. It was 
located near the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash 
rivers, about one mile from the spot where the celebrated 
"Battle of Tippecanoe" was afterwards fought, and about 
seven miles from the present city of La Fayette. When 
General Harrison invaded this town, on the seventh of 



384 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

November, 1811, it contained about two thousand inhabitants, 
men, women and children, and was the largest Indian settle- 
ment in the State; but, with the Prophet's defeat, and the 
return of his brother, Tecumseh, in the following spring, it 
was broken up, and the remaining followers of the brave 
Shawanoe went with him to Canada, where they established 
themselves near Maiden. 

In 1823, when the first settlers came to the county, Craw- 
fordsville was the center of civilization in the Wabash valley 
for several miles in both directions. It was at this place 
that the first land office was opened, and where the first 
settlers of Tippecanoe county entered their lands. For 
three years after the settlement of Tippecanoe county, or 
until 1826, when the county was organized, the settlers were 
obliged to go to Crawfordsville for all judicial purposes, as 
well as for supplies. As we have said, the county was organ- 
ized in 1826. "In due time commissioners were appointed to 
survey and lay out the new county according to law, and to 
locate the county seat. The natural beauty and eligibility of 
the site now occupied by La Fayette, together with its surround- 
ings, immediately determined the said commissioners to award 
to this locality the county honors. At the time there were rival 
towns, but that rivalry soon ceased to be, as La Fayette soon 
outstripped them in the race of progress, some of which joined 
with her and added to her population, being satisfied that La 
Fayette was soon to be the 'pride of the valley,' her location 
being at the head of navigation, bounded by the beautiful 
wooded hills, beyond which lies the different prairies, teeming 
with fertility, the abundance of whose harvests have more 
than made real the hopes of the most hopeful, gladdening the 
hearts of the industrious farmer, filling his home with the 
necessities of life, giving him a liberal purse, a liberal mind, 
and manly qualities."'^* 

In 1825,f or about one year previous to the creation of 
Tippecanoe county, one William Digby was induced by a few 
enterprising gentlemen from Crawfordsville, to lay out the first 

* Loren Harsman's pamphlet. 

f From a sketch written by Mr. A. J. Rouse, of La Fayette. 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



385 



plat of the town of La Fayette, on his little tract of land on the 
east bank of the river Wabash, near the center of what would 
be a reasonable sized county, with the view that ultimately it 
might become the county seat of the then projected county. 
Digby was not a man of enterprise or forethought, and conse- 
quently sold his entire town plat of the city on the same day 




FORD SCHOOL, LAFAYETTE. 

it was laid out, to Samuel Sargent, for two hundred and forty 
dollars, reserving tor himself only one fractional lot, and 
twenty acres adjoining the town. The original plat was soon 
divided between Isaac C. Ellston, John Wilson, and Jonathan 
Powers, all of the same town of Crawfordsville. As yet it 
was a mere city on paper, located in a dense forest, with rivals 
25 



386 msTOET OF Indiana. 

both above and below, whose claims were not to be ignored. 
Cincinnatus, two miles below, on the west bank of the river, 
and Americns, above, on the east bank, had each claims that 
were thought by the parties interested, sufficient to induce the 
proper authorities to locate the county seat at either place. 
But the joint proprietors of the new city in the woods were 
liberal as well as enterprising, and offered to the new county 
authorities half of their town plat for the location; besides, 
Sargent, Kesey, and Alexander, each donated ten acres adjoin- 
ing the plat, as a further inducement to the authorities, which 
liberal donation was accepted, and the location of the county 
seat made the same year the county merged into existence. 
The choice was a wise one, that has given entire satisfaction 
to the inhabitants ever since, because of its central and healthy 
location. 

With the completion of the old Wabash and Erie Canal to 
La Fayette, that place began to improve and increase in popu- 
lation, and although for several years it had many rivals in 
the Wabash valley, it has outgrown them all, and is now one 
of the leading cities in the State in point of population, 
wealth and influence. La Fayette is beautifully situated, and 
is one of the handsomest places in the State. 

Its educational advantages are second to no city in Indiana; 
its commerce is very good, and in manufactures it is consider- 
ably behind, but there are ample facilities for this branch of 
industry in La Fayette, and many bright prospects of their 
being improved at an early day. The city has now a popula- 
tion of about twenty thousand, and is growing rapidly. 

The history of the public schools of La Fayette is full of 
interest and instruction. It has been very pleasantly written 
by Mr. Sanford C. Cox, an affable old gentleman of La Fayette, 
who himself has spent many valuable years as a teacher of 
pioneer schools, and who has kindly permitted the use of the 
pioneer schools, and who has kindly perrrHted the use ot the 
following in this volume: 

In the fall and winter of 1827-28, Joseph Tatman, Esq., taught school in 
La Fayette, in a log cabin that stood near where Breckenridge & Jenkins' 
mill now stands. Like all other cabins of those days, the floor was laid 
with puncheons, the door made of shaved clapboards, hmig on wooden 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



387 



hinges, the chimney built of cat-an-clay, with back wall and jambs. The 
seats and writing-tables were also made of puncheons, and the windows 
were covered with greased paper instead of glass. The furniture con- 
sisted of a splint-bottom chair for the teacher, a water bucket, gourd, and 
some pegs in the wall on which to hang hats, cloaks and dinner-baskets. 
He taught two or three terms in this cabin. He also taught vocal music, 
and played well on the flute. The next school was taught by John d! 
Farmer in the same cabin, who afterwards removed his school to the old 
court-house, that stood near the ferry landing at the foot of Main street, 
which was afterwards occupied as a residence by Moses Michaels, the 
ferryman, and the widow Riley, who baked and sold the first ginger-cakes 
baked in La Fayette. How many terms Mr. Farmer taught is not remem- 
bered.* 
Hugh M. King, in the year 1839, taught school in a one story frame 




PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 



that stood on the lot now occupied by Handley's block, on the east side 
of Fourth street, between Columbia and South streets. These were .sub- 
scription schools — the employers paying according to the number of 
pupils subscribed, at the rate stipulated in the articles, which was gener- 
ally from oue dollar and fifty cents to two dollars per scholar per quarter. 
The branches taught were spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English 
grammar and geography. In but few instances was the teacher called 
upon to instruct his pupils in more than the four first named branches. 
The athletic sports of the boys, at the noon play-time, consisted in playing 
corner ball (bull-pen), cat, town ball, and a game called shinny. Base 

*The sketch of the pioneer schools of La Fayette may be applied, in a great measure, 
to the pioneer schools of every city and county in the State. 



388 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ball, now so popular among grown-up boys, who go from city to city to 
play with other hopeful "nines" whose ages range from eighteen to forty- 
five, is a perversion of town-ball. It is a rough and dangerous game. The 
girls amused themselves jumping the rope, gathering flowers, swinging, 
and other healthful amusements. There were then no male and female 
Dolly Varden Croquet Clubs, playing out-door billiards on the green, with 
painted mallets and balls, large shoe-buckles, and a stock of aflectation to 
match. 

The next on the list of teachers was Ezekiel Timmons, who taught in h. 
small frame house which stood on the northeast corner of the lot occupied 
by the Milwaukee block. He taught several terms. He also taught sing- 
ing schools In the village, and in several neighborhoods in the country, 
and served as surveyor of Tippecanoe county for many years. He wrot« 
excellent poetry. Rufus Webb followed Mr. Timmons in teaching the 
young idea how to shoot. He taught in a one-story frame on the " Miller 
property," east of Henry Taylor's residence, near the corner of Third and 
Alabama streets. He taught two or three terms. Miss Abigail Huflf, in 
the summer of 1833, taught school in a one-story frame that stood on Main 
street, north of the public-square, between the First National Bank and 
Wilson & Hanna's bank. Colonel Henry Oilar, a few years later, taught 
three terms in the Jennings' brick, which stood where the Lahr House 
now stands. He was also county surveyor for several years. 

In 1833, the Presbyterians built their brick church, on the corner of 
Fourth and South streets, and had, by an agreement with those who con- 
tributed funds for its erection, a room struck oft" at the west end for a 
school-house. Rev. Joseph G. Wilson and his wife, and Rufus A. Lock- 
wood, Esq., were among the first who taught in tli is house. Hon. David 
Turpie, Hon. Joseph E. McDonald, and other distinguished personages, 
can look back to this little house where they received their first academic 
honors. In a few years, the congregation being straitened for room, the 
partition was taken out, and the whole building was used as a church, 
literary hall, and public lecture-room, where many distinguished strangers 
entertained the literati of the village. The first County Lyceum (inaugu- 
rated by Mr. Town, the grammarian,) was held in this house. Some of 
the most pleasant recollections of by-gone years of many of our older 
citizens, date back to the literary meetings held in this house. 

The first regular school-house built in the town, was a one-story frame, 
which stood nortli of Main street,near where the German Catholic Church 
now stands. In this house John E. Heald, Frederick Stone and Jacob 
G. Wallace successively swayed the birch ; also, a gentleman, and scholar, 
whose name is fortunately forgotten, generally known as the " Educator." 
The way he obtained that soubriquet was as follows: Having a high opin- 
ion of himself, and his qualifications as a teacher, ho imprudently (per- 
haps playfully) told some of his chums that he was no common pedagogue, 
but an educator. His remark was regarded as rather pedantic for a new 
country, and was the occasion of a severe pun. One afternoon, on return- 
ing to school from hid boarding-house, he espiod the word " Educator," 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



389 



carved in large Roman letters on a plank of the weather-boarding of the 
house facing Main street. It could be seen and read plainly from the 
middle of the street. His wrath was kindled, and he declared that he 
would punish any one who had the audacity to engrave that word on the 
wall, to insult him. On an investigation of the case, he found it had been 
carved by a blue-eyed, gcjlden-haired miss of some twelve summers, a 
member of one of the most wealthy and influential families in the town. 
He changed his mind in regard to inflicting corporeal punishment. The 
mischievous urchins, in going to and returning from school, would often 
stop and spell aloud the hand-writing on the wall, in the hearing of the 
teacher, which so worried him that in a short time he left the town in dis 
gust — but the word " Educator " was for many years seen standing out in 
bold relief, as the only monument of the departed school-master. 

The white school-house that stood on the corner of Fourth and Alabama 
streets, east of the new jail, was the next school-house erected in the town. 




liAB ORATORY. 

PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 



It became the principal seat of learning for the youth of La Fayette, as 
well as a hall of the Moot Legislature that met there for several winters ; 
the County Lyceum, and other interesting literary, religious and political 
meetings. The interesting discussions in the Moot Legislature, which 
numbered some hundred members, were participated in by many who 
afterwards became distinguished as jurists, legislators, scholars and busi- 
ness men. It was in this house Miss Sarah Webb, Rev. P. R. Vannatta, 
James B. Heatley and several others taught prior to the erection of the 
county seminary. Reuben Robinson taught one or two terms in the old 
frame Methodist Chui-ch, on the lot occupied by the late Fifth Street 
Church — now used as a town hall. Solomon Hathaway taught two or 
three terms in the basement of the Baptist Church, on Sixth street, between 
Main and Ferry. Mrs. McCune taught in the southern part of the city, 



390 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

near the old Junction House, and afterwards on Fifth street, about one 
square south of the New Albany Railroad depot. Mrs. Goodwin's high 
school was taught on the Oakland Hill, near the Oakland House. Among 
the first teachers in the graded schools, under our common school system, 
\vere Laura Maynard, Ellen Merrill, Mary E. Smith, Nancy J. Skinner, 
Miirgaret E. Hoes, Sarah C. Comslock, Elmira Meeker, Mary G. Cline and 
Orphie Hathaway. C. M. Bishop taught a grammar school. In 186S-()3, 
Professor Rouse had a Classical Academy in the old State Bank, corner 
of Main and Sixth streets. Professor Kennedy conducted a commercial 
college in Taylor's block, west side of the public square. There was also 
a commercial college and writing school taught by a Mr. Hollingsworth 
in the Barbee block, opposite the Lahr House, about the years 1863 and 
1863. 

P. B. Began taught in the school-house at the St. Mary's (Catholic) 
Church, on Fifth street, Father M. J. Clark, pastor. At St. Mary's Church 
and Seminary, on Columbia street, Rev. Father Hamilton and Hallinau, 
pastors; Christian Brothers' School, Superior Brother Bernard and five 
brother assistants ; Sisters' School of the Order of Sisters of Providence ; 
Superior, Sister Mary John, and eight sister assistants. At St. Boniface, 
(German Catholic Church and Schools) pastor. Rev. Biene ; assistant. Rev. 
Gregory ; Franciscan, (German School), taught by three Ursuline Sisters ; 
and at St. Ann's (Catholic) Church and School, on Wabash avenue — three 
primary schools for children under eight years of age — under charge of 
the Brothers of the Holy Cross. 

There were several select schools kept in different portions of the town 
by the Misses Boyer, Garland, Campbell, Stiles, Carpenters, Shaw, Jasou, 
Dame, Mrs. Underwood, Rev. Mr. Barton, Rev. Mr. Leveredge, Naylor and 
wife. Rev. Mr. Tenbrook and others, whose names and places of teaching 
are not remembered with sufficient detiniteness to be described by the 
writer, nor by those with whom he has conferred on the subject — whose 
assistance has greatly aided him in the preparation of this paper, which, 
although correct in the main, he can not hope will be entirely free from 
inaccuracies. 

The success in after years of a majority of these Lang Syne teachers is 
well known to our citizens. The most of them have passed to the Spirit 
land — while a few remain to witness the good results of their labors of 
"long time ago." May their hearts never grow old. 

The erection of the County Seminary in 1841-42, by R. S. Ford, Joseph 
S. Hanna and Jacob Benedict, Trustees of the Seminary funds of Tippe- 
canoe county, formed a new epoch in the literary advantages of our county. 
It was built on the side of the hill in the eastern portion of La Fayette, ou 
the site now occupied by the Catholic Church and Seminary. It was 
opened under favorable auspices under the charge of Rev. Joseph G. Wil- 
son and his wife, as principals, aided by other competent teachers in the 
primary and higher grades of the Academy. Public exhibitions were 
given at the close of each session, giving satisfaction to the parents and 
guardians of the pupils attending the school. But county seminaries did 



TIPPECANOE COUNTY. 



391 



not supply the wants of the people of the different counties in the State. 
Few were able to pay the expenses of boarding and tuition of their chil- 
dren ; besides they were deprived of the society of their sons and daugh- 
ters, who were removed from the social endearments and wholesome 
restraints of home, where their welfare could be looked after by those 
wlio loved them best. The system became unpopular, and the law was 
repealed by the new Constitution of the State which took effect Novem- 
ber first, 1851, and the county seminary and land on which it was erected 
reverted to L. B. Stockton, Esq , who had conveyed it to the board of sem- 
inary trustees on the condition that it was forever to be used for school 
purposes and as a public hall for the town — and for no other purpose 
whatever. Resort was then had to the old system of select and high 
schools. A high "school was erected on the corner of South and Seventh 
streets, under the auspices of Messrs. M. L. Pierce, R. H. Eldridge, Wil- 




is ormitoryi' 
PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 



liam P. Heath, R. Brackenridge and others. It was conducted success- 
fully for several years, by Rev. Mr. Stone Allen and Prof Winters and his 
wife. 

But, at length, the present excellent common school system 
came to the relief of those who wished to educate their chil- 
dren, and three large school-houses — the Central, Southern 
and Eastern — were erected in localities to suit the conven- 
ience of the residents. But educational enterprise, under the 
new system, did not stop here. The Ford school building 
was soon after erected, which is one of the finest public school 
buildings in the State. Other school buildings have from time 
to time been erected, until La Fayette has to-day very com- 



39S 



BISTORT OF INDIANA. 



plete and most admirable school facilities. The present year 
required the labor of thirty-seven teachers, and there was an 
average attendance of two thousand pupils. The school prop- 
erty of the city proper is valued at one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars. 

Aside from the public schools, the Purdue University, or 
Indiana State Agricultural College, is also a pride and boast 
of the citizens of La Fayette. There is sufficient reason to 
hope that, at no distant day, the Purdue University will be 
one of the most popular institutions of learning in the West. 
Its founder, whose name it bears, together with the trustees, 
ha\'e thus far spared nothing which might add to its ad van - 




PURDUE UNIVERSITY. 

tages. Its endowments are large enough to bring it up to a 
high standard, and, with proper management, it will surely 
become a lasting blessing to the State and a solid honor to its 
venerable founder. The funds axailable at present are as fol- 
lows: Educational fund converted into government bonds, 
$300,000; county funds, $50,000; donation by Hon. John 
Purdue, $150,000. There are now one hundred and eighty- 
four acres of land connected with this college, with a prospect 
of increasing the same to three hundred. 

Hon. John Purdue, of La Fayette, has the honor, not only 
of founding this college, but of securing its location at La 



MONTGOMEET COUNTY EARLY HIOTOKY. 393 

Fayette. He has already donated two hundred thousand dol- 
lars to it, in the way of money and land, and there is a prob- 
ability that he will increase this amount before his death to 
five hundred thousand dollars. The writer, when in Tippeca- 
noe county, called on Mr. Purdue, at his private rooms in the 
Lahr House, and was handsomely entertained. Mr. Purdue 
is a genial, kind-hearted old bachelor, having never married. 
He is ripe in years, sound in intellect, fully conversant with 
the affairs of the world, and very pleasant in conversation. 

The St. Mary's Academy is another of the valuable educa- 
tional advantages of La Fayette, as is also the Sisters' School. 
The buildings and grounds of these institutions are v^alued at 
one hundred thousand dollars. 

Tippecanoe county is one of the best agricultural counties 
in the State. Throughout the county the farmers are nearly 
all wealthy, the schools are in good condition, and general 
prosperity is noticeable to the observing traveler on every 
hand. 



CHAPTEK XLIX. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY EARLY HISTORY. 

MONTGOMERY county was named in honor of the dis- 
tinguished General Richard Montgomery, who gave his 
life for the American cause at the battle of Quebec. It was 
first settled in 1822-3. In the latter year the county was 
organized, including a much larger tract of country than that 
now embraced within its limits. Crawford ville, the county 
seat of Montgomery county, was early a central point on the 
Wabash, and for several years the principal town in that sec- 
tion. It is one of the oldest settlements in the valley. It 
was the depot from which the early settlers of La Fayette and 



394 HISTOBT OF INDIANA. 

Tippecaiioe county, drew their supplies from 1823 to 1826-7. 
Until 1826, all the settlements for thirty, and even forty miles 
in any direction, were compelled to visit Crawfords%alle for 
judicial purposes. 
/ Among the prominent early settlers was Major Ambrose 
Whitlock, who located in Montgomery county in 1822. This 
pioneer laid oif the town of Crawfordsville in 1823. He was 
appointed receiver of public moneys by John Quincy Adams 
in 1825, one year after the land office was opened in Craw- 
fordsville. Major Whitlock was one of the leading men of 
the olden time; he was an active and efficient officer under 
General Wayne, and a useful man in the town which he 
assisted in founding. He died in Crawfordsville in June, 
1864, leaving a widow, who lived until ninety years of age. 
She died in Crawfordsville in 1873. / 

In 1824, or about two years after the county was first settled, 
and one year after the county was organized, the land office 
was opened at Crawfordsville. The first general land sale 
took place on the twenty-fourth of December of that year. 
Up to this date the numerous settlers were mere " squatters," 
having no title to the land which they occupied, and, as a con- 
sequence, there was considerable rivalry at the sale. At this 
period Crawfordsville was a small settlement, surrounded on 
every side by a dense wilderness. 

The first white settlers in Montgomery county were William 
Offield and William Miller. Mr. Offield settled near the mouth 
of Offield creek in 1822, where he built a rude cabin and began 
pioneer life with energy. Mr. Miller settled near the present 
town of Ci'awfordsville in the same year. He erected a round 
log cabin, which was the first building of any kind erected in 
the vicinity. Both of these pioneers have passed away. Mr. 
Offield left the county in 1836, and Mr. Miller died in the city 
which he was useful in founding, early in 1874. 

Among those who settled in 1823, in the vicinity of Craw- 
fordsville, was John Beard. He was born in JSTorth Carolina 
in 1795, and at the age of twenty-seven, came as a pioneer to 
the State of Indiana. He became prominent in the afi^airs of 
Montgomery county at an early day. In 1827 he was elected 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY — EARLY HISTOBY. 395 

representative of the county in the State legislature, and was 
continued for fifteen years, with the single exception of one 
term, as a representative either in the Senate or in the House. 
Mr. Beard distinguished himself in legislative duties, render- 
ing an effective support to the bills for the abolition of impris- 
onment for debt, liberal exemption of property from execution, 
investing the governor with power to commute capital pun- 
ishment to imprisonment for life, and for the construction of 
the "Wabash and Erie canal. 

There is no better tribute to the memory of the public ser- 
vices of Hon, John Beard than that which has been con- 
tributed by Hon. John Coburn, of Moorsville, Morgan county, 
Ind., which is in these words: " I venture to say again, that 
not one man in a hundred in our State knows the name of 
him who proposed that the surplus of the proceeds of the 
stock of the State in the State Bank of Indiana should be 
appropriated as a school fund. He is one of our greatest 
public benefactors, a venerable, simple-liearted, clear-headed, 
sound-minded old gentleman, living in Montgomery county, 
named John Beard. His name ought to be precious in the 
heart of every boy and girl who enjoys the benefit of free 
schools. When he proposed the measure, it was hardly treated 
seriously. Nobody thought anything would be left as a 
surplus ; he himself, doubtless, did not realize its importance. 
But so it was he put the net where it caught the golden fish, 
and we thank him for it ten thousand times ; and we thank 
those steady, straightforward, strictly upright financiers who 
husbanded these funds for us. This measure has been the 
means of producing our present fund of eight hundred thou- 
sand dollars for the support of common schools."* 

But we must discontinue our sketches of biography, and 
refer the reader to the regular department of biographies in 
this work for life sketches of Messrs. Beard, Lane, and many 
other pioneer settlers of Montgomery county. 

Montgomery county was organized in 1823, with the follow- 
ing county officers: John Wilson, clerk of the circuit court, 
recorder of deeds, and clerk of the commissioners' court; 

♦The fund is now $8,000,000. 



396 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

William Offield, James Blevins, and John McCullough, county 
commissioners; Samuel D. Maxwell, sherifi!. 

Montgomery county is located in the western part of the 
State, having good facilities for the transportation of its mer- 
chandise. The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of the 
various kinds of grain indigenous to the northwest. " It bor- 
ders upon those fertile prairie lands in the northern part of 
the State, and partakes partially of both timbered and prairie 
soils. Indeed, the northern portion of the county contains 
several small prairies, which give to it the apjDearance of 
having been settled much longer than it really has. The soil 
of these prairies is very rich and productive, yielding in favor- 
able seasons, very profitable crojDS of corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
and barley. Considerable tracts of this prairie remain uncul- 
tivated, being used principally for pastures. 

Nearly two-thirds of the county was originally very heavily 
timbered, but much of it has been consumed; yet there is an 
abundance remaining for all immediate needs. The county is 
laid out into eleven townships, and is twenty-four miles long 
north and south, and twenty-one miles wide. The soil is 
watered by Sugar creek and its tributaries. This stream used 
to be known by the name of Hock river. There are a consider- 
able number of mills located on this stream. The next prin- 
cipal stream is the Walnut fork of Sugar creek, which empties 
into the main stream near Crawford sville. " The county," 
eays Mr. James Heaton, Sen., "is well supplied with good 
public highways. The public improvements, in the way of 
school houses and bridges, are of the most substantial charac- 
ter. There are but few counties in the State so well supplied 
with railroads. Every township in the county, except two, 
has a railroad; and the two exceptions are so near to a i*oad 
that it may be said that every township has a direct advantage 
in the way of railway traffic. These roads all center at Craw- 
fordsville, making that city a desirable location for manufac- 
turing enterprises." 

Crawfordsville is the county seat, and the principal business 
center of the county. It is an enterprising city of over four 
thousand inhabitants, many of whom may be ranked among 



MONTGOMEKT COTJNTT EARLY HI8T0KY. 397 

the most enterprising citizens of the State. The city has three 
railroads, giving six different directions of railroad trans- 
portation. These roads have constructed a very fine Union 
Depot at the junction, about one mile from the city. 

Crawford sville is taking great pride in her streets, expend- 
ing considerable means in grading and paving them. They 
are very broad, and are bordei-ed on either side with beautiful 
shade trees, which lend an enchanting scene to the place. 
Good turnpike roads lead from the city in almost every 
direction. 

The medical, or mineral springs, just northwest of the 
town, promise to become no inconsiderable atti-action to this 
city, and seem to add another assurance that the future of 
Crawford jville 'will partake largely of a resort for summer 
recreation and literary pursuits. These springs are already 
enclosed in light and airy summer houses, and the gentlemen 
who have control of them contemplate erecting a five story 
hotel just north of the springs. The waters of these springs 
are said to contain ingredients of great medical importance. 

The material resources of Crawfordsville for manufacturing 
purposes are equal to those of any town in the State of its 
size. There is an abundance of good timber, coal, iron ore, 
limestone and sand, and brown stone. 

In educational and religious enterprises, Crawfordsville is 
not behind any other point in Indiana. She has nine 
churches, most of which are constructed in an attractive and 
substantial style. The public schools are well conducted in 
one of the finest school buildings in the State, having been 
erected at a cost of over sixty thousand dollars. 

Wabash College is the pride of the city, and is one of the 
finest educational institutions in the West. It is located just 
west of the city limits, " in a campus containing thirty-three 
acres, shaded with beautiful native forest trees, afibrding to 
the students a healthful atmosphere, as well as abundant space 
for drill and field sports." There are four buildings, viz. : 
Central Hall, the Academy, the Dormitory, and the Polytech- 
nic Building, all of which are tastefully appointed and well 
equipped with all modern appliances. 



398 



HT8TOBT OF INDIANA. 



This college was founded in 1832-3, and in the latter year 
the institution was opened with only twelve students. 
Through a long and tedious effort, however, it has reached a 
firm financial footing. 



CHAPTER L. 



VIGO COUNTY- 



HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 



THE first settlement made in Yigo county was around Fort 
Harrison. The march of Harrison's army to the Upper 
"Wabash, the battle of Tippecanoe and the establishment of Fort 
Harrison, seemed to impress the people of the West with the 
importance of this region of country, and soon after the close 
of the war of 1812, public attention was drawn toward it. The 
Indians of the Wabash, who had been mainly hostile during 
the war, were far from being reconciled to peace, and the sur- 
veys of the land in that section were not only opposed by 
them, but frequently interrupted; and in the spring of 1815 a 
company of Rangers, on Busseron creek, were defeated and 
dispersed by Indians, and a number of children taken prisoners, 
who were never recovered. 

At the close of the war, in 1814, an act was passed by Con- 
gress granting lands to certain Canadian volunteers, who had 
been citizens of the United States, but who had during the 
war joined our forces, and whose property in Canada had been 
confiscated in consequence. This act permitted these lands to 
be located in the Land District which included Yigo county, 
even before the public sale. The sale was announced to take 
place in June, 1816, and in anticipation of this many settlers, 
in the early spring of that year, had resorted hither and selected 
favorite spots, with the intention of purchasing at the sale, 
and several had erected log houses thereon; but previous to 



VIQO OOITNTT HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 399 

the sale, their lands so selected, together with a large propor- 
tion of the most valuable of the county, were located by the 
claims referred to. This so disheartened and discouraged the 
early settlers that many left and located on the eastern border 
of the Great Prairie, in Illinois. This, together with the 
unconcilatory bearing of many of the prominent Canadian set- 
tlers, engendered hostile feeling, which, for years, it seemed 
impossible to allay, and which tended greatly to retard the 
settlement of the country. ri . .- - 

In 1815, Fort Harrison * was garrisoned by a rifle regiment 
under the command of Major W. Morgan. In this year he 
rebuilt the fort. In the following year this regiment was 
ordered west, and the garrison succeeded by a company from 
Fort Knox, under command of Major John T. Chunn, who had 
command of the fort ivp to the summer of 1817, when he was 
ordered to Detroit and the post finally abandoned as a military 
fortification. 

The early settlers at the fort, in 1815, were Isaac Lambort, 
John Dickson, Joseph Dickson and John Handy. These then 
were the only reputed settlers north of Turman's creek, or 
Fort Turman, as it was then called. The Indian traders at the 
fort in 1815, were John A. LaFonde, John Eolland, A. Dash- 
ney and Pierro Laplant. Mitchell Bronillet was the Indian 
agent and also the interpreter. 

The early settlers around Fort Harrison prairie, were Mr. 
Lane, at Strawberry Hill; P. Blackman, Thos. Packet, and 
some others, at the ravine near Hiram Smith's place; a Mr. 
Austin, on the hill now occupied by Joseph Gilbert; John 
M. Coleman, at the Early Grove; Capt. John Hamilton, at 
the old Dawson place; Peter Allen, two miles east of the fort; 
Maj. Markle, at the mill; Truman Blackman, also east of the 
fort; Caleb Crawford, Robert Graham and Solomon Taver- 
baugh, at Otter creek; Alexander Chamberlin and Elisha U. 
Brown, on the blufi" north of the Hovey Creek Locks; Isaac 
Lambert, John Dickson, George Clem, Moses Hoggatt, Pobert 

* An account of the erection of Fort Harrison is given in the first part of 
this work. 




400 HIOTORT OF INDIANA. 

Hopkins, William Walker, and others, on Hovey creek, and 
Ezra Jones, at the Wallace farm. 

In the fall of 1816 the town of Terre Haute was laid 
out, and the first sale of lots took place on the thirty-first of 
October, of that year, and its settlement commenced immedi- 
ately thereafter. Dr. Charles B. Modesitt, who had lately 
come on from Virginia, and who then resided near the fort, 
was perhaps the first to settle at Terre Haute, He bnilt a log 
cabin on the alley, on lot No. 257, at the mouth of Ohio street. 
Soon thereafter followed Lewis Hodge, Robert S. McCabe, 
John Bailey, Adam Weaver, Nicholas Yeager, Samuel Mc- 
Quilkin, Henry Redford, John Harris, Malcom McFadden, 
Wm. Haynes, Richard Jaques, Robert Brasher, Nathan Kirk, 
Robert Kerr, Gideon Sleeper, Ichabod Wood, John Britton 
and Lucius H. Scott, and in 1818, came Dr. E. Aspinwall, Dr. 
Davenport, Lewis B. Lawrence, Demas Deniug and Ohauncy 
Rose, who had the year previous been at the fort. These per- 
sons, with but two exceptions, have finished their labors and 
gone to rest. 

The second sale of lots took place in May, 1818. It was 
made by the connty, of lots donated by the original proprie- 
tors, on account of the seat of justice being established there. 
The sale was, in all respects, a good success, but from thia 
period the value of lots began to decline, and in 1621 , when a 
final sale of the company's property took place, it had declined 
more than fifty per cent., and had severely afibcted those who 
had made large purchases. 

In 1820, the river became remarkably low, the wells were all 
dried up, and general sickness prevailed, and not a family 
escaped. Many deaths occurred, taking oft' some of the most 
prominent citizens, including Dr. Aspinwall, Dr. Davenport, 
Lewis B. Lawrence, Samuel Hill, a Miss Collett, and Mrs. 
Hussey. This seemed to strike a fatal blow to the health of 
Terre Haute, which was felt for years, and from which it did 
not fulley recover until after the draining of Lost creek, in 
1837. This creek, previous to being drained, had washed down 
the prairie east and south of the city, creating an immense 



VIGO COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 401 

morass of several hundred acres, without any outlet except by 
absorption and evaporation. 

As already mentioned, nearly all of the first settlers of Yigo 
county have passed away. The first white male child born in 
the county was William Earl, who became a successful navi- 
gator in foreign seas. He was born in Terre Haute, September 
22, 1818. The first female child born here was Mary McFad- 
den, now Widow Markle, of Terre Haute. 

Yigo county was organized in 1818, and the first county 
officers were: Curtis Gilbert, clerk and recorder; Truman 
Blackman, sheriff; Alexander Barnes, coroner; Moses Hag- 
gett and James Barnes, associate judges; John Hamilton, 
Isaac Lambert and Ezra Jones, county commissioners. 

The first session of the circuit court held in the county, 
was commenced April twenty-seventh, 1818, and was conducted 
by the associate judges, at the house of Truman Blackman. 
The county was then attached to the first judicial circuit. 
The first attorneys were George R. C. Sullivan, Samuel Whit- 
tlesey, Jonathan Doty, and Wm. P. Bennett. The regular term 
of court in 1819 was held at the house of Richard Bedford, in 
Terre Haute, by Hon. Thomas H. Blake, presiding judge. 

The first court house was erected on the public square in 
Terre Haute, in 1821-2. It was built for the county by Mr. 
John Brocklebank. In 1868, becoming unfit for use, it was 
torn down. The present building occupied by the county 
offices, was erected in 1866. The following persons have been 
judges of the circuit court of Vigo county since its organiza- 
tion, in the order named: Thomas H. Blake, Gen. W. John- 
son, John R. Potter, David McDonald, John Law, Elisha H. 
Huntington, Amory Kinney, Delaney R. Eckels, Wm. P. Bry- 
ant, James Hughes, Solomon Claypool, R. W. Thompson, and 
C. Y. Patterson. 

The old judicial system required associate judges to set in 
the circuit courts, and also probate judges, without separate 
jurisdiction; but in 1851 the system was changed by a revis- 
ion of the constitution of the State into circuit courts and 
courts of common pleas. This system continued until 1872, 
when the legislature dispensed with the courts of common 
26 



402 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

pleas, since wliicli time all biisir.ess has been done by the 
circuit courts. 

The City of Terre Haute, one of the largest and most 
flourishing business centres in the State, is beautifully situ- 
ated, and, with the possible exception of Evansville, is the 
handsomest city in Indiana. It is situated on the eastern 
banks of the "Wabash river, and is, of course, the county seat 
of Yigo county. It derived its name (which signifies high 
land), from the site on which it is located, being elevated 
about fifty feet above the level of the xiver, on a rolling 
table land, which extends back to the adjoining prairie. Terre 
Haute is admirably laid out, and has quite a metropolitan 
appearance. Many of the business houses are among the 
largest in the State, and the principal thoroughfares will com- 
pare favorably with those of any city in the west. 

The town of Terre Haute was laid out in 1816, by a com- 
pany st^^led the Terre Haute Company. The company con- 
sisted of Cuthbert and Thomas Bullitt, of Louisville, Kentucky; 
Abraham Markle, of Fort Harrison ; Hyacinth LaSalle, of Yin- 
cennes : and Jonathan Lindley. of Orange county, Indiana. The 
articles of association of the company bear date of September 
nineteenth, 1816. The company held patents from the United 
States to lands described in their articles as " thirteen tracts 
of land on the river Wabash, in the vicinity of Fort Harrison." 
These lands were divided into twelve shares, of which Lindley 
had four, Markle three. LaSalle three, and the Bullitts two. 
They were the original proprietors, from whom the first title 
to lots were derived. 

The original site selected for the town w^as a spot some 
three miles below the present location, but it was soon aband- 
oned for the more desirable situation now occupied. One of 
the principal objects, howe^^er, in moving was that the national 
road crossed the Wabash at the latter point. In 1817, this 
town presented a truly pioneer appearance. There were only 
a few log cabins, situated along the river, and these were of 
the rudest style of architecture. But in 1818, when the town 
was made the county seat, there was a new life diffused among 
the somewhat dull inhabitants, and the village settlement im- 



VIGO COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DISCEIPTIVE. 403 

proved. Tlie companj referred to, that laid out the town, 
deeded to the countj eighty lots, besides the public square, 
and paid into the countj treasurer four thousand dollars in 
cash and mortgage bonds. These liberal inducements secured 
the location of the countj seat at Terre Haute. The spirit of 
liberalitj, as well as the location of the countj seat at Terre 
Haute, was instrumental in creating a new feeling of enter- 
prise. 

The first settlers of Terre Haute were Dr. C. B. Modesitt, 
Lewis Hodge, Henrj Reedford, Eobert Carr, John Earle, 
Abner Scott, Ezekiel Buxton, and William Ram age. These 
pioneers settled in 1816, and built the first cabins in the 
town. The settlement grew verj slow, at first, from the 
causes noted in the previous chapter; but, in 1823-4, it took 
a new start, and has prospered until the present. 

Terre Haute was incorporated as a town in 1832. The town 
was divided into five wards, and one trustee elected from each. 
These trustees elected the first municipal ofiicers of the town 
as follows : James B. McCall, president; James T. Mofiat, 
clerk; Charles B, Tajlor, assessor; Samuel Crawford, treas- 
urer; William Mars, constable and collector. 

In 1838, a new charter was granted to the town bj the 
Legislature, w^hich provided for the election of a major and 
ten councilmen. This charter was adopted bj the inhabitants 
in March, 1838, and, in the Maj following, an election was 
held, which resulted in the election of Elijah Tillotson as the 
first major of the town. 

In 1853, Terre Haute was incorporated as a city under the 
general laws of the State, and the first city election was held 
in Maj, 1853, at which William K. Edwai'ds was chosen the 
first major. 

Present Condition. — A popular citj directorj, of recent 
date, gives the population of Terre Haute at 28,000. This is, 
probablj, a little too high. It is about 23,500, or, perhaps, 
24,000. The census of 1870 places it at a little more than 
16,000 at that date. The growth since then, however, has been 
marvelous. No citj in Indiana has made greater progress in 
all material interests. Only ten years ago Terre Haute was 



404 HISTORY OK INDIANA. 

but an agricultural town, " and had," says a recent writer, 
" reached about the height in population and business usually 
attained by towns whose chief dependence is on the farming 
interests immediately around them; but, by a system of ex- 
pansion through railroads, manufacturing interests, and whole- 
sale business, the area of its influence and resources has been 
greatly extended, so that now Terre Haute draws its sustenance 
and wealth from a wide extent of country, and from many 
cities connected with it by its numerous railroads. As the 
country itself is inexhaustible, and the channels of trade and 
communication are already fixed, like the veins and arteries 
which circulate the blood through the human system, we may 
expect no premature decay or death of a city which has become 
the vital center of so extensive a commercial and business 
system." The business interests of the city are increasing 
every year. Some of the largest wholesale houses are located 
there. The manufacturing interest of the city is represented 
by blast furnaces, with a capacity of fifty tons of iron daily; 
nail works, 3,000 kegs, weekly; waterworks, 3,000,000 gallons, 
daily ; a successful rolling mill, and other very extensive 
establishments. Terre Haute is fast becoming one of the 
leading manufacturing cities of the west. 

The schools and churches of Terre Haute, and, indeed, the 
whole of Yigo county, are in a high and efficient condition. 
In the various professions are found men of superior talent 
and education, under whose care the schools and churches 
have attained the highest degree of usefulness. 

The State Normal School is located there. The building is 
one of the finest in the United States, having a capacity of 
accommodating over a thousand pupils. This institution has 
already achieved a national good name, and is fast becoming 
the pride of Indiana. 

Another educational institution is now being established in 
Terre Haute, which has already elicited the attention of the 
philanthropic citizens of half the world. We refer to the 
" Terre Haute School of Industrial Sciences," in support of 
which the Hon. Chauncey Rose is devoting his immense for- 
tune. In short, Terre Haute lacks none of those higher phases 



KNOX COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESOElPtlVE. 405 

of material and intellectual enterprise that characterize the 
modern American city, while, on the other hand, it excels in 
many of them. 



CHATTER LI. 

KNOX COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCBIPTIVE. 

1]S[ a view of Knox county, historically, our attention must 
at once centre round Yincennes, one of the oldest — and 
possibly the oldest — settlements in the State of Indiana. This 
city — once a French trading post and military station — is 
situated on the east bank of the Wabash river, about one 
hundred and ten miles southwest of Indianapolis, and, of 
course, is the county seat of Knox county. It was on this 
spot where a French Jesuit missionary from Canada, or l^ew 
France, said mass before astonished savages in the year 1702.* 
This act may be regarded as the very beginning of French 
civilization in Indiana, for, although missionaries had been in 
the habit of visiting the territory during the fifteen years pre- 
ceding, and notwithstanding Robert de La Salle passed through 
it on the old Wabash and Maumee route, erecting some tem- 
porary stockades in 1680, there was no permanent mission 
established within the limits of Indiana until 1702. This was 
one year after the establishment of Detroit by La Motte Ca- 
dillic; and the French records show that this missionary came 
from that post, or from some point in Michigan. Three years 
later, or in 1705, the date at which the French fort at the con- 
fluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph rivers, where the city 
of Fort Wayne now stands, was erected, a French trading post 
and stockade were established at Vincennes.f Thus it will be 

* Quebec Annals. 
f Quebec Records. 



406 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

seen that Fort Wayne and Yincennes stand on an equal foot- 
ing in the important point of antiquity. The first fort, or 
more properly stockade, was established at both places in the 
same year, and it is said by the same man. 

There was not, however, any considerable settlement around 
Post Yincennes until 1745. In the latter year quite a number 
of traders were found there, who, under the protection of the 
slight garrison, conducted a profitable commerce with the 
Indians, — rum and tobacco being the chief articles of mer- 
chandise on the one side, and peltries on the other. 

There is no authentic record of the afifairs at Yincennes 
from its first settlement down to 1749 — a period of about 
forty years — outside of the government records at Quebec. 
From the latter date, however, a very complete record has been 
preserved by the Catholics of the place. 

While Yincennes may be i-egarded as one of the first settle- 
ments in Indiana, Knox county must be looked upon as the 
oldest county. As Yirginia has been called the mother of 
States, so may Knox county be called the mother of Indiana 
counties. Its organization dates back to a period anterior to 
the territorial government, and finds a place among the earliest 
acts of the government formed for the terj-itory northwest of 
the Ohio river. Its oi'iginal boundaries extended from the Ohio 
river on the south to the lakes on the north, and from the 
Wabash river on the west eastwardly to a line bisecting the 
State east and west. Its original area embraced one-third the 
territory of the entire State, and from it have been carved, 
from time to time, thirty of the richest and most prosperous 
counties of the State. 

The site of the present city of Yincennes was for a long 
time only a trading post, and improved but slowly in wealth 
and population, as the traders were generally transient parties, 
permanently investing the means elsewhere acquired at this 
point. The organization of the territorial government and the 
location of its capital at Yincennes, in the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, added greatly, for a time, to its prosperity, 
and from that time down to a period as late as 1818 it 
promised to become one of the great centres of trade and 



KNOX COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 407 

wealth and population in the JSTorthwest, But the removal of 
the territorial capital to Corydon, prematnrelv and unexpect- 
edly, was a fatal blow, for the time, to its progress. Although 
it lost the stimulating impetus of political favor and the 
expenditure of public money — the creative powers of trade 
and commerce of late years — from its own intrinsic resources 
it has more than met the hopes of its people, and fully demon- 
strated the sagacity of the early French, who years ago visited 
its site in the then wilderness, and with prophetic vision 
marked it as a future seat of empire, wealth and power. 

Although the name of Yincennes is a household word 
throughout the State, and even the whole land, and in a his- 
torical sense it is an old place, yet the present city of Yin- 
cennes is but the child of yesterday, and is just springing into 
vigorous and active life. The mud-thatched hut and the two- 
wheeled cart of the early settlers, both constructed without 
the use of any metal implement whatever, have entirely dis^ 
appeared within a very few years before the advancing wave 
of civilized progress, and the material appearance of Yin- 
cennes to-day will compare with that of any city in the State. 
The old-time business houses have all given place to fine 
business blocks, three and four stories high, of brick and stone, 
and of improved architecture. And only a few old-time resi- 
dences remain as landmarks, as it were, to remind us of the 
days of yore. The private residences of the citizens are 
among the finest in the State. Among them we may mention 
the splendid and costly mansions of Dr. Robb, Captain Eoss 
and Mr. Pollock, built of wood, in a magnificent style, and 
those of Messrs. McKinney, Bayard and Wise, of brick and 
stone. The residence of General William H. Harrison, the 
first Governor of the territory, is still standing, and is one of 
the most substantial buildings in the State. It is built of 
brick, and was constructed in 1804, and its walls and inside 
finish are as good and perfect in all respects as when first 
put up. 

The public buildings of Yincennes are numerous, and some 
of them are fine specimens of architecture. Among them 
may be mentioned the city hall, a substantial brick building, 



408 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

two stories high, erected in the centre of the city square, in 
the heart of the business portion of the city, containing rooms 
for the mayor's office, city clerk, engineer, and treasurer, and 
a hall for the meetings of the common council. The Knox 
county court-house, erected on the square owned by the county, 
and being the most elevated site in the city, is one of the finest 
buildings in the West, and, excepting the one at Indianapolis, 
the grandest, finest and costliest structure of the kind in the 
State. It was built after designs and plans furnished by 
Edwin May, architect, and Frank L. Tarinan, builder, and, 
unlike most other public buildings, its finished appearance 
surpasses the best representation that can be given of it on 
paper. It is built of a beautiful light-colored and durable 
limestone. It has a front of ninety- three feet on Seventh 
street, and extends back between Broadway and Busseron 
street one hundred and thirty-one feet. It is three stories 
high, and each corner is ornamented with a tower of beautiful 
proportion and design, each differing from the other. The 
tower on the west corner is the principal one, and is one 
hundred and forty-eight feet high, and has a clock with a dial 
fronting each point of the compass, and a large bell, of 
eighteen hundred pounds, of a fine and musical tone. The 
outside face of the walls are beautifully and elaborately carved, 
and ornamented with marble statues, in appropriate niches, 
representing the celebrated General George Tlogers Clark,* 
the Goddess of Liberty, and a Federal soldier, and also two 
large monumental tablets of marble on the Seventh street 
front. 

The building is furnished in the finest style throughout. 
It was commenced in the spring of 1872, and completed in 
the spring of 1875, and cost over $275,000. 

The public high school edifice is another of Yincennes' 
splendid buildings. It is of brick, three stories high, built on 
an elevated plateau, and can be seen from all parts of the 
city, and for a considerable distance on approaching it. ;The 
German Catholics have also a very large and commodijous 



*See General History to find account of Clark's operations at Vincemnes 



in 1778 



> 



/ 



KNOX COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 409 

school building, of brick, of modern architecture, two stories 
high. The school building of the Cathedral congregation is 
another "fine edifice of brick, two stories high, and of fine ap- 
pearance. The buildings of the Vincennes University, for the 
accomniodation of males and females, are also fine looking 
structures. The St. Kose Academy, for females, under the 
charge of the Sisters of Providence, is a commodious and neat 
building. The various school buildings of the city are suffi- 
cient to accommodate 1,500 pupils, and are all supplied with 
■excellent schools in the proper seasons. So high in the public 
estimation are the schools of the city, that children from a 
radius of thirty miles around, in both Illinois and Indiana, are 
sent to Yincennes to receive the benefit of them. 

The churches of the city are numerous, and many of them 
are of beautiful design; and on approaching it from the 
elevated points in the vicinity, a dozen lofty spires, sur- 
mounting churches of various denominations in different 
parts of the city, meet the eye, and present a beautiful appear- 
ance. The Catholic Cathedral is as fine a church edifice as can 
be found anywhere. It is built of brick, and was commenced 
in 1835, and improved from time to time, and ornamented 
elaborately, until, to-day, it is a perfect gem. The interior 
decorations are costly, and it is ornamented with splendid 
paintings. This church building is surmounted by a spire 
one hundred and sixty-eight feet high, of beautiful propor- 
tions, and contains a clock and the largest bell in the State. 
The German Catholics have also a splendid church edifice, 
built of brick, in a cruciform, and capable of accommodating 
1,500 worshipers. Its walls are beautifully frescoed, and it 
is also surmounted by a spire about one hundred and twenty- 
five feet high. The Presbyterians have two large and fine 
churches, finished within and without in the finest style. The 
one on Main street was built in 1863, and is in the most 
approved style of architecture. The Methodists, Baptists, and 
Christians have each fine church edifices. 

The buildings of the banking and business houses in the 
city are among the finest in the State. The city possesses 
many supei-ior advantages, which cannot fail to make it one 



410 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of the most prominent and important places in the west. It 
has unrivaled advantages for trade, manufactures, and com- 
merce combined, such as are possessed by no other single 
point in the State, and only need the talismanic touch of 
capital and labor to make them tell upon the future of the 
place. It is situated in the midst of the finest timbered region 
in the west, where all kinds of wood material for manufactur- 
ing are at hand, in inexhaustible quantities. It is also in the 
centre of the finest coal region in the State — the coal fields of 
Daviess, Pike and Knox counties being the richest and most 
productive in Indiana. It is also situated on a gravel founda- 
tion, and is blessed with the best streets and sidewalks and the 
finest water. The streets are never muddy, and the natural 
gravel foundation makes a better sidewalk than either brick or 
stone. Yincennes is also situated in the midst of one of the 
most fertile agricultural districts in the West. The county of 
Knox is bounded on all sides, except the north, by natural 
boundaries— the Wabash and White rivers — and the pocket of 
land enclosed between them forming the county, contains a 
vast area of rich alluvial bottom land, unsurpassed for fertility 
anywhere. The annual rise of the Wabash and White rivers 
overflowed a large extent of territory tributary to Yincennes, 
and prevented its settlement and development. The Wabash 
river opposite Yincennes has often, from overflow, been eight 
or nine miles wide, but, within the past few years, the con- 
struction of levees in Illinois and Indiana, have eflfectuallyi 
restrained the water and protected these lands from overflow, 
and they are rapidly being brought into cultivation, thus in- 
creasing the agricultural products that find a market at Yin- 
cennes. The levee on the Illinois side, extending from the* 
high land some ten miles above Yincennes, to a point four or 
five miles below, will eft'ectually protect from the overflow of 
the Wabash river a rich prairie, some ten miles long and six • 
miles broad, immediately adjoining the city and the west, 
which heretofore could not be cultivated with profit, on 
account of the annual overflow of thea-ivei', and will make it 
the finest agricultural district in either of the States. Yin- 



KNOX COUNTY HISTOKIOAL AND DESCKIFTIVE. 411 

cennes, of course, will become the depot for the accumulation 
of the products of these improved lands. 

Besides these advantages, Yincennes has available co-mmuni- 
cation with all parts of the country, both natural and artificial. 
The Wabash river is navigable six months of the year by 
steamboats of as large a draught as can navigate the Ohio 
river; besides, it has become, within the past two years, a 
great railroad centre, and from it the iron hands radiate in all 
directions, like the spokes of a wheel from the hub. The 
Ohio and Mississippi railroad gives an outlet to the markets of 
the East and the West, and connects the Ohio and Mississippi 
rivers at this central point by a direct line at the cities of 
Cincinnati and St, Louis, The Indiana23olis and Yincennes 
railroad connects it with the State capital, the great railroad 
centre of the West, and the Cairo and Yincennes railroad, 
with the head waters of the continuous navigation on the Mis- 
sissippi. The Evansville and Crawford sville railroad co-nnects 
it with the Ohio river at Evansville, and with the northwest 
of the State by the way of Terre Haute; and the Ciiicago rail- 
road, now nearly completed, will give direct communication 
with the entire ITorthwest. The various advantages, both 
natural and artificial, are attracting the attention of capital 
and labor, and, in consequence, the city is improving rapidly 
in wealth and population. In 1860, it contained less than 
2,000 inhabitants ; in 1870, about 4,000 ; and, to-day, Yin- 
cennes has a population of over 8,000. The city has an efii- 
cient fire department, and is in every respect a delightful, 
safe, comfortable, and healthy place to reside. 

In the foregoing brief sketch of Yincennes and Knox county, 
the compiler has, no doubt, disappointed the reader, who, of 
course, expected to find only accounts of the thrilling incidents 
of war and pioneer life in the days of Clark and Bowman. 
Sufficient of this has been given in the general history of the 
State, in another part of this volume, and in this sketch the 
writer has given a history of the modern rather than the an- 
cient. This will be appreciated.* 

*We are indebted to Mr. Henry Cauthorn, one of the leading attorneys 
— a very intelligent and affable gentleman — of Vincennes, for assistance 
in producing the above sketch. 



CHAPTEE LII. 

VANDERBURGH COUNTY ETANSVILLE. 

AN historical and descriptive sketch of Vanderburgh 
can be but little else than of Evansville. The county 
has but few attractions outside of that city. In 1812, Col. 
Hugh McGary, of Kentucky, settled on the site of Evansville, 
erecting a log- house ^ — the first white man's dwellins' in that 
section. At the time of this settlement there was an Indian 
village, of the Shawanoe tribe, near Pigeon creek. " In 1813," 
says Mr. Pobert, "Warrick county was formed out of that 
portion of Knox county lying south of ' Rector's Base Line,' 
and extending from the boundary of Harrison county to the 
Wabash river, and Col. McGary, who owned the lower part 
of the present site of Evansville, laid out a number of lots, 
and donated some land to Warrick county, provided they would 
fix on this place as the permanent seat of justice. In 1814, 
the territorial legislature of Indiana divided Warrick county, 
creating Posey county on the west and Perry county on the 
east, which left the site of Evansville near the southwest 
corner of the then existing county of Warrick; for which 
reason the legislature ordered ' that the seat of justice be 
removed from Evansville to a certain tract of land owned by 
ISTathaniel Ewing,' which was afterwards called ' Darlington.' 
This removal came near nipping the existence of the embryo 
city in the bud, and from this period until 1817, Evansville 
made very little progress, hardly having an existence as a vil- 
lage," However, it was not destined to remain long in ob- 
scurity. In 1816 and 1817, Gen. Robert M. Evans and James 
W. Jones, united with Col. McGary, and establislied the town 
on an enlarged plan. They ijurchased additional land, and 

(412) 



VANDERBTJEGH county KVANSVILLE. 413. 

made some general preparations for improvements. It is said 
that Col. McGary entered the land soon after his arrival, and 
endeavored to make a survey; bnt, when Gen. Evans arrived, 
he made another survey, and had the whole tract platted. 

This town, in its unsettled state, was called Evansville, in 
honor of one of its founders — General Evans. Gen. Evans 
was a Virginian, having been born in that State in 1783. He 
settled in or near Princeton, Gibson county, in 1805, and re- 
moved to Evansville to reside permanently, in 1824. 

So soon as the town had been remodeled on its enlarged 
scale, a number of lots were sold and attention was attracted 
to the place as a convenient landing point for Yincennes (the 
Old French Fort), and other interior towns in the Wabash 
valley, which then gave promise of far outstripping Evans- 
ville. In 1818, Yanderburgh county was formed from the 
western portion of Warrick, and named in honor of Judge- 
Henry Yanderburgh, one of the territorial judges and early 
settlers of Indiana. In the same year commissioners were 
appointed to fix the seat of justice of the new county, who 
reported to the county commissioners that, in consideration 
of the local advantages of Evansville, and of a liberal donation 
by the proprietors, of one hundred lots and five hundred dol- 
lars in cash, or such materials as will suit in the erection of 
the public buildings, they have established and fixed the per- 
manent seat of justice of Yanderburgh county at Evansville. 
The town for a while made considerable progress. The first 
election was held in August, 1818, when twenty-five votes 
were polled. In one year from its establishment as a county 
seat, it became an incorporated town, by the election of Hugh 
McGary, Isaac Fairchild, Everton Kinnerly, Alfred O. Warner, 
and Francis J. Bentley, trustees. Hugh McGary was chosen 
president; Elisha Harrison, secretary, and lister of taxable 
property; John Conner, treasurer; and Alpheus Fairchild, 
collector and marshal. The first tax levy was twenty cents on 
the one hundred dollars of real property, and a specific tax on 
several kinds of personal property. The value of taxable 
property is not given in the records, but the total of tax dup- 
licate for that year amounted to $191 28f. On the twentieth 



414 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of March, 1819, the first meeting of the board of town trustees 
was held.* 

In 1819, Evansville had a population of one hundred souls. 
A hotel, kept by Mr. Ansel Wood, was situated on the 
State road, now Main street, and stood in rear of the present 
site of Armstrong's furniture warerooms. In the same year, 
a Frenchman opened a store near the river bank. Other stores 
followed. '' Their stocks were scant, but amply sufficient for 
the pioneers, with whom hard cash was a great rarity, indeed. 
Coon skins, and bartei* of that character, formed the medium 
of exchange, not only with themselves, but with the outside 
world." In this year, Amos Clark was made prosecuting 
attorney of the county; and Daniel Warner, postmaster of 
the new town. In 1820, John M. Dunham, David F. GU)ld- 
smith. Priestly Pritchett, William Mills, Jr., and John A. 
Chandler, were elected trustees; and James A. Boiss was 
appointed secretary; and Alanson Warner, treasurer. These 
early officers were, for many years, distinguished citizens of 
Evansville. They have all passed on to another stage of action. 
The first church in Evansville was built in 1821, under the 
auspices of Kev. D. C. Banks, of Ohio, a zealous Pr(isbyterian 
clergyman. 

We quote from Mr. Robert's somewhat remarkable pamphlet 
this authentic information concerning the early schools of 
Evansville: "The first school house was erected in 1824. It 
was a small brick building, and stood at the corner of Third 
and Main streets. Mr. Chute, an elderly gentleman, was ap- 
pointed and empowered to ' teach the young idea how to 
shooV As early as 1818, he had occasioually received pupils 
at his cabin; but now, for the first time, a school was instituted 
to which all could send children hitherto unprovided and un- 
aiForded regular educational privileges. The school house was 
also regularly used for religious purposes. Kev. Mr. Wood, 
a Presbyterian minister, often preached there, as well as clergy- 
men of other denominations. From 1825 to 1830, Evansville 
was under a deep shadow of commercial depression; but, in 

* Mr. Robert's woik — Evansville and her Commerce and Manufactures. 



VANDERBURGH COUNTY EVANSVILLE. 415 

the latter year, new hope and spirit seem to have possessed 
the people, and, as a consequence, improvement and develop- 
ment were visible. Produce began to find its way to southern 
markets in flat boats, on the Wabash and White rivers, and 
the convenient proximity of Evansville to these water-courses, 
made it a favorite landing place. During the spring and sum- 
mer months trade was quite lively, and hundreds of boatmen 
returning from the Lower Mississippi made Evansville their 
point of debarkation, and it thus became known and appre- 
ciated as the ' Landing for the Wabash.' Some lively ' scenes ' 
and gay fandangos characterized those times, but it grew to be 
a point of supply for much of the interior region of country 
watered by the Wabash and White rivers, and in this way laid 
the foundation for its present mercantile prosperity and im- 
portance. 

"In 1834, on the establishment of the first State bank, 
Evansville was designated as one of the points for the organ- 
ization of its branches. This greatly enlarged its financial 
facilities, and gave additional and timely impetus to all de- 
partments of business. In 1835-6, the State legislature having 
passed the Internal Improvement Bill, Evansville .was made 
the southern terminus of the Central and Wabash and Erie 
canals. The Wabash and Erie canal, commencing at Toledo, 
Ohio, was to strike the head waters of the Wabash river, and 
follow the rich and prolific valleys of that and White river, 
terminating on the Ohio at Evansville. The Central canal was 
intended to pass from Muncietown, through Indianapolis, to 
Point Commerce, on White river, where it would be united 
with the Wabash and Erie canal. Thus Evansville, by a grand 
scheme of hydrographical inosculation, was to be placed in con- 
trol of these stupendous works, commanding the outlet of two 
of the richest and most productive valleys on the globe. No 
wonder there was liberal impartment of new energy, new vigor 
and high hopes of the future. In June, 1836, the awarding of 
the contracts for the construction of the canal commenced, and 
a large immigration at once began to pour in; real estate ad- 
vanced to liigh and fancy speculative rates, and the town 
appeared to have again taken a hold on prosperity, and deter- 



416 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

mined to prove Phoenix-like. But here another drawback 
occurred, and energy was hampered and enterprise fettered. 
A great financial revulsion occurred in 1837-8, which caused 
a suspension of specie payment by our banks, and a very con- 
siderable depreciation in the value of real estate. The crisis 
was general, and was severely felt all over the country in its 
sweeping damage, thus, for a time, blighting the fair prospects 
of Evansville. The work of internal improvement was aban- 
doned, general stagnation in trade was prevalent, and the town 
not only ceased to prosper, but actually decreased in popula- 
tion. Much of the property of Evansville passed into the 
hands of Eastern creditors, in payment of the indebtedness of 
merchants and speculators, and for several years possessed very 
little market value. In 1840, the number of inhabitants had 
increased to 2,121, which shows quite a substantial gain for 
the time. 

" Some time about the year 1845-6, Evansville began to 
recover from the prostration occasioned by the failure of the 
internal improvement system and the commercial crisis of the 
country, and business generally began to revive. The natural 
advantages of location which it possessed, attracted to it the 
trade of the surrounding country, and its mercantile interests 
re-began to advance and thrive. From that period the growth 
of Evansville has been steady and substantial ; for many years, 
it is true, laggard and hardly perceptible, but never stationary 
or recedino;. Her course and career has been nothiny; less than 
a succession of progress and pause, but the latter seemed to 
have given strength rather than detriment; and if the ability 
of our people to recover after such damaging and discouraging 
impediments were repeatedly thrown in their way be any 
criteria, certainly such trials are brightly prognostic of an 
attainable power and excellence commensurate with what we 
to-day proudly claim for her. During the legislative session 
of 1856-7, a grant of land was obtained to extend the Wabash 
and Erie canal to Terre Haute, and subsequently another 
grant was obtained to aid in the construction of this work to 
the Ohio river at Evansville. This concession was made the 
basis of an arrangement by the State with her bondholders for 



VANDERBUKGH COUNTY EVANSVILLE. 417 

the sale of the Wabash and Erie canal, and a resumption of 
payment of State interest. The completion of the canal be- 
came a hxed fact, and the anticipation of the benefits to be 
derived from its successful workings did much to strengthen 
contidence in our future." * 

In 1847, Evansville was incorporated as a city. This was 
another stroke in favor of her progress. Wharf improvements 
were made, and in 1850 the Crawfordsville and Evansville 
railroad was commenced. In 1857 the limits of Evansville were 
extended by the annexation of Lamaseo, then an adjoining 
town. The city public schools of Evansville were established 
in 1863. Thus, it will be seen that during these years the city 
was growing rapidly, and also preparing for continual advance- 
ment. 'Nor was her interests, commercially, injured in 1861. 
The civil war proved a perfect God-send to her trade. Stand- 
ing as she did upon the verge and dividing line of the con- 
sumptive region and productive sections, her position was one 
of advantage, and, consequently, the growth during this period 
was decidedly great. 

To-day, Evansville has a population of over 30,000, and is 
the second city in Indiana, in wealth and importance. Her 
public schools are fully up to an advanced metropolitan grade, 
and her religious and literary institutions do credit to the 
State. Evansville is believed by many to be the handsomest 
city in the State. It is certainly a very beautiful city, and the 
streets always present a scene of wholesome activity. 

We will close our historical and descriptive sketch of Evans- 
ville with a brief notice of her public schools, for which we are 
in a great measure indebted to Mr. Charles E. Robert, of that 
city: Evansville has fostered her educational interests with 
peculiar care, and has sought by a liberal and judicious expen- 
diture of money, and by the employment of first-class educators 
to manage her institutes, to place her schools among the very 
first in the country. So well has she succeeded in attaining 
this desired object that the splendid facilities here offered for 
the free education of the young, more than any other cause has 

* Robert's Evansville. 

27 



418 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

induced immigration to that point, from a large section of the 
surrounding country. This is a potent argument with those 
citizens from other states and countries who are invited to 
settle there. Many of them have families of growing children 
— all of them, it is hoped, education and tastes, or natural 
instincts that would make them prefer the elevated to the 
degraded, the moral to the immoral, in the intellectual atmos- 
phere of a new home. All that has been said in behalf of 
Evansville as a commercial centre, as an inviting field for new 
enterprises, for the investment of capital, and for the transfer 
of manufacturins: or mechanical skill from the old to this new 
home of labor, would be unavailing with many, if something 
more could not be presented than mere appeals to selfish 
moneyed interests. Those whom Evansville most desires as 
citizens, hesitate to remove from Eastern cities to identify their 
interests with Western communities, no matter what the 
inducements for the employment of their capital, business exper- 
ience or skill, to new fields, because they fear it will be at the 
sacrifice of educational advantages, moral influences, a thousand 
individual comforts, the loss or practical deprivation of which 
might not be compensated for by the pecuniary advantages to 
be gained. 

But the social and practical characteristics of the citizens of 
Evansville are in nothing more clearly and favorable mani- 
fested, than in their zealous support of their scholastic interests. 
The city abounds in public, semi -public and private schools 
and colleges. Yet the quantity of the instruction given is, 
perhaps, less noteworthy than its quality. Public teachers 
compete with private teachers, and vice versa; and the result 
is, a lively spirit of emulation has ensued and been productive 
of some very beneficial results. The central location, the fer- 
tility and beauty of the surrounding country and th-e salubrity 
and healthfulness of its climate, have doubtless been among 
the causes which have led to the concentration there of those 
intellectual elements which have given tone and tenor to the 
society. And in addition to all this we may state that Indiana 
has the largest school fund of any State in the Union, and 
Evansville has taken full sharp, of this great advantage, thus 



VANDERBURGH COUNTY — EVANSVILLE. 4:1 iJ 

securing permanent and satisfactory basis for her scholastic 
structure. 

From the report of the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction made in September, 1874, we glean the following 
valuable facts: 

Estimated value of school property including grounds, seats, 

etc. - $10,015,344.48 

Estimated value of school apparatus .- 358,298.10 

Total $10,373,043.58 

No. of pupils in attendance -- 489,0'14 

" " teachers - --- 12,655 

" " volumes in township libraries 265,029 

Amount of revenue on hand September 1, 1874 $1,704,413.81 

Amount special " '■ " » " " - 498,396.96 

This admirable system of free public schools was established 
in 1853. They were organized under the assiduous efforts of 
H. Q. Wheeler, Esq., who having been made the first Superin- 
tendent, to his credit very much of their after success is to be 
set down. Each year, however, has witnessed additional growth 
and improvement, nntil at present the public school property 
will amount to $460,000, including fifteen supurb and costly 
buildings, erected in the most modern and excellent manner, 
finely ventilated and so located as to afford convenient school 
privileges to children in all quarters of the city. 

The schools are under the supervision of a Board of Trustees, 
three in number, elected by the Common Council, and at pres- 
ent is as follows: Luke Wood, i^resident; Dr. H. W. Cloud, 
treasurer; J. H. Polsdorfer, secretary. The direct manage- 
ment is under Prof Alexander M. Gow, as Superintendent, 
with the follovnng excellently appointed staff: Prof. Phil. 
Baker, first supernumery teacher; Prof. M. Z. Tinker, teacher 
of music; Prof. A. Bourgeois, teacher of writing; Prof. F. W. 
E. Peschau, teacher of German, and Simon Hecht and Miss 
Huldah Eahm, assistant teachers of German; assisted by a 
corps of one hundred and seven teachers, many of them ladies 
and gentlemen of superior talents and accomplishments fur 
their work, and all laboring faithfully to build up this most 
important and fundamental interest of the city. The total 



420 HISTORY OF IJSTDIANA. 

number of pupils enrolled December first, 1874, was 4,316; 
which was increased to 4,600 February first, 1875, when three 
new school buildings were completed. We can but congratu- 
late Evansville on the rare fortune which has placed her edu- 
cational interests in the hands of so able, experienced and suc- 
cessful an educator as Prof. Gow. Under the wise discipline 
of mind and conduct which he, during the past four years, has 
inaugurated, the schools are becoming nurseries of right and 
honorable principle, and diffusers of an invigorating atmos- 
phere of thoughtful study. Any communit}'^ that builds up 
such a system of schools as, from personal knowledge, we 
know those of Evansville to be, is deserving of the credit of 
being known as a national benefactor — for it is to that extent 
helping to meet the greatest demand of the nation. — the 
demand for men of brains and honesty. 



CHAPTEE LIII. 

PABKE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVK. 

PARKE county was organized in 1821, and was named in 
honor of Benjamin Parke, the first member of Congress 
from the territory. The county contains about four hundred 
and forty square miles, with a population of nearly 25,000. 
The county was first settled in 1818, by John M. Doty, who 
located on Henry's prairie. Judge Joseph Walker settled 
near where Numa now is, in Florida township, in 1819. 
Judge Seybold settled on Big Raccoon, not far from Bridge- 
ton, in the same year. The mills at Eoseville were erected by 
Chauncey Rose, Moses Robbins and Andrew Brooks, as early as 
1820. When the county was organized, an Indian reservation 
was made, running up and down the Wabash, from the mouth 
of Sugar creek to the mouth of Big Raccoon, and about seven 



PARKE COUNTY HI8T0KICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 421 

miles in width. Most of this territory was afterAvards included 
in Eeserve township. The last Indian representative who 
lived on these lands was a half-breed named Christmas Dozney. 
John Adams settled in 1820, at the forks of the two Raccoon 
■creeks, and Judge Steele, now a prominent resident of Terre 
Haute, settled at Portland mills in 1821. Moses Hart settled 
at the same place about one year before. Judge Strange and 
Tobias Miller settled in Eaccoon valley, in 1820, as also George 
and Alexander Kirkpatrick. James Kelsey and Francis Dick- 
son built Dickson's mills (now Mansfield mills), in 1821. 
Thomas White and James Allen were also among the early 
settlers. Daniel Buchanan settled in the county in 1822, and 
Selman Lusk settled at the narrows of Sugar creek in 1821, 
where he built a mill and had a postoffice. John Beard built 
mills near the mouth of Sugar creek, in 1822. In 1821, Perley 
Mitchell setttled in Penn township. 

In the year 1825, the friends settled in Penn township. 
Prominent among them may be mentioned Peyton Wilson, 
James Morrison, Solomon Allen, James Pickard and Jeremiah 
Siler. The Friends added much to the settlement, in the w^ay 
of industry and thrift. Theyliave now an excellent church and 
high school at Bloomingdale. The latter is under the super- 
vision of Prof. B. C. Hobbs, who has made it a superior school 
for the education of boys. Dr. E, Allen was one of the first 
settlers in Reserve township. His associate pioneers were 
William Cook and Joseph and Daniel Wolfe. Mr. Cook was 
father-in-law to Governor Joseph A. Wright. 

The first settlers of Wabash township w^ere James and John 
Laverty, Samuel Hill, Dr. Taylor, Colonel Hays and A. 
Punteny. Quite a number of the old log cabins of pioneer 
•days are still standing- — ^some that were erected in 1820, 

The first county court was held in 1821, at Eoseville, and 
was removed permanently to Rockville, in 1824. 

With regard to the soil and productions, we will remark that 
Parke is a county of timbered land. Although situated on the 
very margin of the great western prairie region, it has, with 
but the exception of a few acres, or bottom prairie along the 
Wabash river, nothing deserving the name of prairie in the 



422 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

county. Nearly every other variety of soil found in the north- 
vrest is represented in the county. However, for agricultural 
purposes, the soil is excellent, and most of the farmers have 
become wealthy. 

The available coal in Parke county belongs to the lower 
members of the great western coal field. Measuring from the 
base of the coal measures upward, the seams number one and ' 
two are the only reliable coal beds in the county ; but these are 
productive, and sufficient for all practical purposes. 

Eockville, the county seat of Parke county, county, was laid 
out in the fall of 1823, and became the permanent county seat 
in the following year. Previous to the latter date, the county 
courts had been held in Roseville and Armiesburg. "The 
donors of the land on which Rockville is situated, were the 
first settlers of the town," viz. : Arthur Patterson, Andrew 
Pay, Aaron Hand and James B. McCall. Andrew Kay built 
the first house, which was a log cabin, situated on the public 
square. It was the place of entertainment for all land " pros- 
pectors " in that section of the country for many years. He 
also built and conducted the first hotel in Rockville, which was 
opened first in 1824. Mr. Ray was a careful pioneer, lived 
economically, practiced industry, and died in 1872, a wealthy 
and respectable citizen of Parke county. The first white child 
born in Rockville, was James B. Ray, son of Andrew Ray, 
in 1824. 

Rockville being situated some distance from the "Wabash, 
and only accessible over almost impassable roads, it was for 
many years backward in its growth and improvements. The 
first house built expressly for school purposes, was a small 
brick structure, north of the old Baptist church, and the first 
teacher was a Mr. Patterson. The celebrated Lorenzo Dow 
preached in Rockville in 1832, in the woods, on a lot south of 
the public square. That was a great day for the infant town. 
The settlers gathered from far and near to see and hear the 
eccentric preacher. " A man came into the meeting with a 
cigar in his mouth, and was peremptorily challenged and 
ordered to throw it away." There were some other interesting 
incidents connected with the meeting. 



JOHNSON COUNTY HI8T0EICAI,. 423 

The first clmrch organized in Rock vi lie was by the Baptists. 
They held their first meeting in the old county court house. 

During the last ten or fifteen years Eockville, and, indeed, 
the whole of Parke count}^, has improved rapidly. The man- 
ufacturing and commercial interests of the former are now full 
of promise, while the agricultural prospects of the latter are a 
source of material comfort to the farmers. The railroad facili- 
ties of Kockville have done considerable to promote its com- 
mercial enterprise, and have been largely instrumental in 
placing it on a solid footing. 

The educational facilities of Rockville are second to no other 
town of equal population in the State. The new public school 
house was begun in the fall of 1872, and finished in January, 
1874, at a cost, including grounds, of $36,000. It is a fine 
three story brick, containing ten rooms, besides the large 
chapel, or lecture room, and is arranged to accommodate five 
hundred pupils, Rockville is a pleasant place to reside. The 
people are intelligent, sociable, and sensible; and the same 
remark holds good wherever you go in Parke county. 



CHAPTER LIY. 

JOHNSON COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

THE surface of Johnson county is quite level. There is 
scarcely an acre in the county that may not be cultivated. 
The only elevations that can be called hills, are to be found in 
the southwestern corner, and along the western border. The 
soil is rich and deep, and is underlaid by extensive beds of 
gravel. The streams are sluggish, and there are no rock-quar- 
ries of consequence in the county. The gravel beds are a 
source of immense wealth. Dirt roads are really impassable 
during three or four months of the year, so that before the 



424 mSTOKY OF INniANA. 

introduction of gravel roads, farmers, and, to a great extent, 
manufacturers and villagers, were obliged to suspend business. 
Now these roads extend in all directions from Franklin, the 
county seat, and as a consequence, all classes are nearly as 
active in business during winter as summer. Owing to the 
level surface, and the vast accumulations of carbon and other 
elements from the old forests, the prevalence of fever and ague 
was very manifest for many years. But owing to the later 
very general use of underdrainage, the miasma has almost 
disappeared. At least it may be truthfully said that Johnson 
is as free from fever and ague as any of the river counties. 
The main industry of the county is agriculture and stock- 
raising. The leading products are wheat, corn, and hogs. 
Most of the grain and stock find a ready sale in the county at 
the very highest prices. Vawter, Herriott & Co., slaughter 
from twenty-five to fifty thousand hogs each year at their 
establishment in Franklin, while Tilford & Co., of Edinburg, 
could find use for all the surplus corn in their immense starch 
factory. Flouring mills are abundant, and tlie railroads that 
cross at right angles at Franklin furnish as many shipping- 
posts as the farmers and manufacturers need. 

The county was organized in 1822. Among the very first 
settlers were Jacob Whitzel, John Campbell, and Abraham 
Sells. Elizabeth Campbell, (born in 1821,) is said to be the 
first white child born in the count}' . 

Among others who came in the early settlement, are George 
Cutsinger, Samuel Herriott, William R. Hinsley, William 
Hunt, James Ritchey, Daniel Trout, James Jacobs, George 
King, David W. McCaslin, the Webbs, the Davidsons, the 
Adamses, the Thompsons, the Wishards, and the everywhere- 
present Jonses and Smiths. The county was named in honor 
of Judge John Johnson, of the supreme court. 

The district and graded schools of Franklin county have 
made very decided progress within ten years. The old log 
houses were replaced by frame ones, and these ai"e now giving 
place to substantial and commodious brick houses. 

The school-term has come up from two months to over six 
months. The standard of teaching has materially advanced, 



/ 



I 



JOHNSON COUNTY DESCEIPTIVE. 425 

and better wages are paid teachers. There are about one 
hundred district schools in the county, and teachers' institutes 
are held in nearly every township during term-time. 

There are several graded schools in the county, and this fact 
speaks well for the prosperity of education. At Hopewell, 
four miles west of Franklin, is a school of long standing, and 
a good record. It is now under the superintendency of Prof. 
Cole, formerly of the State University. 

At Williamsburg, in the southwestern portion of the county, 
is a prosperous graded school, under the care of Prof. Moore, 
formerly of Hopewell. At Grreenwood, on the northern bor- 
der, is a prosperous graded school, at present under the care 
of Mr. Burdick. Edinburg, on the southern border, has an 
efficient graded school. Prof. Martin is superintendent, and 
has the assistance of from eight to ten teachers. The citizens 
have also presented the school with a very fair supply of 
philosophical apparatus. The trustees feel the necessity of 
adding to their school building. Franklin has one of the 
most convenient city school-buildings in the State. Prof. 
Hunter is the superintendent, and is aided by from ten to 
twelve teachers. The trustees have spared no expense in pro- 
viding the school with ample apparatus. There is also a good 
supply of philosophical apparatus, besides maps, charts, 
blocks, etc., and one of Estel's programme clocks in each 
room. The high school organizes a lecture course each year 
and the proceeds are applied to the purchase of a library for 
the school. 

Franklin College, the State Institution for Baptists, is sit- 
uated on a pleasant rise of ground in East Franklin, It was 
founded in 1834, as a " Manual Labor Institute," and it was so 
in fact. The students built log huts in which to study, and 
chopped wood to defray their necessary expenses. For many 
years the school had no endowment, but the endowment of 
earnest Christian workers, both in its Faculty and Board of 
Trustees. In 1844, Kev. G. C. Chandler, D. D., (now of 
Oregon) became President, and brought the school up to a 
high state of efficiency, and a high grade of scholarship. He 
resigned in 1852, and Kev. Silas Bailey, D. D., LL.D., became 



426 HISTORY OF INDIAUA. 

President. He worked in the Institution ten years with rare 
power and self-sacrifice. A nominal endowment of sixty 
thousand dollars Avas raised, but a real endowment of only 
twenty-seven thousand dollars. Seventeen thousand" dollars 
of this was expended in buildings and the liquidation of debts, 
in accordance with the agreement of the subscription. Under 
Dr. Bailey's administration a hirge number of young men 
were sent out into the State prepared for work, and they have 
uniformly done good work. In 1861, the war called almost 
all the students into the United States service. In 1862, 
declining health obliged Dr. Bailey to resign, and for lack of 
students the Institution suspended instruction till 1869. But 
it suspended only after a long struggle. For six weeks pre- 
vious to suspension there were but two students — and they 
were hoth lame. Their names are Oliver H. Stout and Mar- 
shall Grinstead. In 1869 college instruction was begun again. 
In 18Y0, Kev. H. L. Wayland, D. D., of Michigan, was elected 
to the presidency. He resigned in 1871. 

The present financial status of the college is: Real estate, 
forty thousand dollars; endowment subscription, fifty thou- 
sand dollars; bequests, representing, forty thousand dollars. 

Besides this, the board has completed a conditional addition 
to the endowment of twenty -five thousand dollars. 

Dr. Bailey, the former president, has given his private 
library (consisting of eight hundred volumes) to the college, 
and also his estate, valued at ten thousand dollars. 

The institution has had long and severe struggles, but it is 
now emerging into the sunlight of prosperity. It afibrds its 
advantages alike to young men and young women. 

Its present faculty of instruction are: Rev. W. T. Stott, 
A. M., president and professor of intellectual and moral phi- 
losophy; Miss R. A. Thompson, A. M., professor of math- 
ematics; , professor of ancient languages; J. 

W. Moncrief, A. B., tutor in preparatory department; Miss 
T. Parks, A. B., instructor in preparatory department ; 
Mrs. Belle R. Stott, teacher of painting and drawing; Miss 
Cattie McCoy, teacher of insti'umental music. 



CHAPTEE LY. 

W ABASH COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVB. 

THERE are four hundred and twenty-six square miles in 
Wabash county, the surface of which is generally level. 
There are no very high hills,'^ notwithstanding the land is 
rolling or undulating, near all of the water courses, excepting 
at the head of them, where it is generally level, and taken as 
a whole the face of the country is very pleasantly diversified. 
Almost the whole county is abundantly supplied with water 
by fine springs and running streams. The northern portion 
is watered by Eel river and its tributaries. Wabash passes 
through the centre, and is intersected by the Salamonie, four 
miles from the county line on the east, and Mississinawa runs 
through the southern part of the county. Among the larger 
streams are Josina, Grant and Ten Mile creeks, emptying 
into the Mississinawa, Eush, Lagro, Treaty, Mill and Charley 
creeks which empty into the Wabash; Clear, Paw- Paw and 
Squirrel creeks emptying into the Eel river. These rivers 
and streams are of suflScient size, and finely adapted for man- 
ufacturing purposes. The land north of Eel river being about 
fifty -five sections, is composed of prairie barrens, interspersed 
with small and beautiful lakes. The balance of the county 
was heavily timbered with walnut (black and white), hickory, 
oak, maple, beech, poplar, linn, cherry, etc. Along the Wa- 
bash and Mississinawa there are many fine quarries of lime- 
stone, suitable for building purposes. The soil is rich and 
very productive. There are few, if any counties in the State 
that promise a greater reward to the manufacturer or hus- 

* From a sketch by Hon. Elijah Hackleman. 

(437^ 



428 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

bandmaii than this. The county was organized in 1835, and 
is divided into six townships. 

\/ Not long after the general treaty with the Indians, in 1818, 
a mill was erected in the agency of Benjamin Level, on Mill 
creek, by order of the general government. This mill was 
located about four miles and a half southwest of the present 
town of Wabash, and was intended for the use of the Indians. 
The place of its location is known by the name of the Indian 

' Mills. The mill was kept up for several years, and proved 
efficient for the purposes designed by its projectors, but it has 
long since been demolished. In the autumn of 1826, General 
Tipton and Mr. Barron, the Indian interpreter, selected the 
Paradise Springs, on the north bank of the Wabash, as a suit- 
able place to hold a treaty with the Indians. James H. Kent- 
ner (now of Logansport) was present when the location was 
made. Suitable buildings were erected for the accommoda- 
tion of the commissioners, military, etc. The treaty was 
signed on the sixteenth and twenty-third days of October, 

1826, respectively by the Pottawatomies and Miainis. The 
commissioners for the United States were General Lewis Cass, 
General John Tipton and Governor James B. Pay. The site 
of the treaty grounds and Paradise Springs are those near the 
residence and now owned by Colonel Hugh Hanna, on the 
east side of the town of Wabash. The land south of the 
Wabash river and west of a line running due south from the 
mouth of the Salamonie, were reserved for the Indians, and 
constituted a part of the thirty miles reserve. In the year 

1827, the land between the Wabash and Eel river was sur- 
veyed, and the following year that north of Eel river was sur- 
veyed. On the fifteenth day of January, 1827, three months 
after the treaty, Samuel McClure moved from Ohio into the 
cabins at the treaty grounds, and during that winter he cleared 
fifteen acres of ground, and in the spring planted it in corn, 
and in May, when the section reserved to the Indian, Charley, 
was surveyed, McClure's clearing was included in its eastern 
limits. On the tenth of June of the same year, McClure built 
a loff house on the north bank of the Wabash, three miles 
l)elow the treaty grounds, where his son-in-law, Jonas Carter, 



WABASH COUNTY DESCRIPTIVE. 428 

now lives. This was the first house built within the limits of 
this county for a permanent residence. In the spring of the 
same year, Champion and Joseph Helvy arrived at the treaty 
ground, and shortly after settled opposite the mouth of the 
Salamonie river. The next settlers were Benjamin Hurst and 
Eobert Wilson, who arrived at the treaty grounds in May of 
the same year; soon after Mr. Wilson was employed as gov- 
ernment blacksmith at the Indian Mills, The next settlers 
were David Burr, who settled at the treaty grounds, Jonathan 
Keller at the Indian mills, and Frederick and James H. Kent- 
ner, who settled at the mouth of Kentner's creek, and estab- 
lished a saddle and harness shop (the first in the county). In 
1830 a post office was established at the treaty grounds. 
David Burr, postmaster, and Jonathan Keller had a contract 
to carry a weekly mail from the treaty grounds to Marion, 
Grant county. Samuel McOlure, Jr., now a citizen of Marion, 
opened the first dry goods store on the twenty-eighth day of 
August, 1827, in a log building at the bluffs, where Jonas 
Carter now lives. 

The town of Wabash was laid off in the spring of 1834, by 
Colonel H. Hanna and David Burr. It is situated on the 
north bank of the Wabash river, at the treaty grounds, partly 
on the first and partly on the second bottoms. The latter is 
elevated about forty feet above the former, and contains an 
abundance of excellent building stone but a few feet below the 
surface of the ground. It is about ninety miles northeast 
from Indianapolis. The sale of town lots was on the fourth 
of May, 1834. The first settlers in the town were George 
Shepherd, Colonel William Steel, Allen Smith, Alpheus Black- 
man, Jacob D. Cassett, John Smith, Zara Sutherland, Michael 
Duffy, Andrew Murphy, Dr. J. R. Cox, Colonel Hugh Hanna, 
David Cassett, Dr. I. Finley, Dr. James Hackleman, and 
James W. Wilson. 

The first lot cleared and enclosed was lot number 22, im- 
proved by Colonel Steel and Allen Smith. George Shepherd 
built the first house, which was on lot 63. Colonel Steel built 
the second on lot 22. These were built in May, 1834. This 
same year Alpheus Blackman made a kiln of brick, and Dr. 



430 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Finley built a small brick house (in the fall) on lot 54. This 
house is still standing, and occupied by William Ditton; 
Colonel Steel and Colonel Hanna built of the same kiln of 
brick. Colonel Steel opened the first provision store, and 
Colonel Hanna the first dry good store; this was in the spring 
of 1834. From this time forward the town improved rapidly. 
The first tavern was kept by A. Murphy, on lot 37. The first 
lawyers were Colonel Steel (still a resident) and William H. 
Coombs, now a resident of Fort Wayne. Colonel Steel was 
elected the first justice of the peace, in June, 1834. By an 
act of legislature, GilHs Smith, of Grant county, Daniel 
Worth, of Eandolph county, Jesse Carter, of Clinton county, 
Bartholomew Applegate, of Johnson county, and Thomas 
Watson, of Tippecanoe county, were appointed commissioners 
to locate a seat of justice for said county of Wabash. Said 
commissioners met at the house of David Burr, at the treaty 
grounds, on the third Monday in May, 1835, and after exam- 
ining dilferent locations, selected Wabash as the permanent 
seat of justice for this county. The present population of this 
town is 1,522. 

A log jail was built on the northwest corner of the public 
square, in the fall of 1835, by Jonas Carter and J. H. Keller. 
(It was destroyed by fire some years ago.) The present court- 
house was built in 1839 and 1840, under the agency of Colonel 
Hugh Hanna. It is a square building, two stories high, forty 
feet front, and terminates with a spire on the centre of the 
building. Court-room in second story, and jury-rooms below. 
The present jail was built in 1853. 

The Wabash circuit court met for the first time at the house 
of David Burr, on the fourth Monday (24th) of August, 1836. 
Present, Hon. Augustus A. Everts, judge of the eighth 
judicial circuit, also Hon. Daniel Jackson and Hon. Daniel 
Ballanger, associate judges; Samuel C. Sample, Esq., prose- 
cuting attorney; William Steel, clerk; and William Johnson, 
sheriff. After calling the court, they adjourned to the house 
of Andrew Murphy, in the town of Wabash, on lot number 
37. Charles W. Ewing, S. C. Sample, Thomas Johnson, J. 



ELKHAET COUNTY — HISTORICAL. 431 

W. Wright and WilHam C. Coombs were admitted to practice 
as attorneys in this court. 

We have no space in this work to mention the early settlers 
of all the towns in Wabash county. The county is thickly 
settled. The farmers are all prosperous and wealthy and 
intelligent. The district schools are in an excellent condition; 
good buildings and teachers are supplied in all parts of the 
county. 

The city of Wabash has grown to be quite a flourishing 
centre, and is to-day one of the most thrifty places in the 
State of its size. The Union high school at Wabash is an 
excellent edifice. It is situated on the summit of the hill, in 
the upper town, with a commanding prospect. It is three 
stories high, and contains six rooms, and is of sufiicient size 
to accommodate six hundred pupils. It was erected in the 
year 1858, at a cost of thirteen thousand dollars. 

On a Saturday afternoon the streets of Wabash present a 
lively appearance. There are to be seen on every hand evi- 
dences of thrift and prosperity. The population is between 
four and five thousand. 



CHAPTEE LYI. 

ELKHAKT COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVB. 

ELKHART county was organized in 1830, by James Math- 
ews, John Jackson and A. E. Penwell, constituting the 
board of commissioners. At a meeting of this board, in July 
of the same year, all the territory in the State east of the 
present limits of the county was created into a township, and 
called Mong-go-qua-nong. The territory constituting this 
extensive township was attached to Elkhart county, for judicial 
and other purposes, and has since been organized into several 
counties. 



432 HI&TOKY OF INDIANA. 

In May, 1830, the same commissioners located the county- 
seat in Concord township; but in 1831 this location was 
changed, and the seat of justice was finally established at 
Goshen, where it still remains. 

The county contains over 302,080 acres of land, all suitable 
for agricultural purposes. The soil is well watered. The St. 
Joseph river enters the county near the northwest corner of 
Washington township, and runs southwesterly through Bristol 
to Elkhart, thence nearly due west to St. Joseph county. The 
Elkhart river enters the county near the northwest corner of 
Benton township, and runs nearly west through the village of 
Benton to Jackson township, thence it pursues a northwesterly 
course through Waterford and Goshen to Elkhart, where it 
enters the St. Joseph. It is quite a stream, and has been 
valuable to mill owners. At Goshen it is made available for 
manufacturing purposes to a large extent. The little Elkhart 
passes through Middlebury, and joins the St. Joseph at Bristol. 
Christian creek rises in Michigan, enters Elkhart county in 
Osolo township, and runs thence nearly south to Elkhart, 
where it falls into the St. Joseph. Turkey creek enters into 
the Elkhart river about four miles south of Goshen, while 
Bang's creek and its tributaries water much of the western 
portion of the county. 

Elkhart county is also well provided with railroad conven- 
iences, and being one of the finest agricultural counties in the 
State, its business centres have grown into flourishing cities. 
Elkh-art city is one of the most delightful places in the State. 
The visitor is at once impressed with the great beauty of the 
locality and its wonderful adaptation to purposes of business, 
and especially to manufacturing. The city is situated on a 
gentle declivity, bounded on the north by the St. Joseph river. 
The streets are tastefully laid out and excellently improved. 
The whole place has the appearance of cleanliness and thrift. 
The citizens are among the most intelligent and enterprising 
in the State. They are justly proud of their city and its 
improvements. The bridge facilities, educational advantages, 
religious and literary institutions, combine to make Elkhart 
all that the intelligent resident could desire. But in addition 



ELKHART COUNTT — DESCRTPnYE. 433 

to these, Elkhart is an important railroad point and a com- 
mercial and manufacturing centre. 

Goshen is the county seat of Elkhart county. It is situated 
on the east bank of the Elkhart river, and near Elkhart prairie. 
This prairie is about five miles long and about three miles in 
width, and is noted for the depth and richness of its soil. The 
site of the city was formerly oak openings. The land upon 
which the city stands was entered by the county, and the iirst 
lots were sold in the fall of 1831. William Bissell was the 
first permanent white settler. The first mill was built on 
Kock Run, about half a mile from the centre of the town, by 
John Carpenter, in 1831. Goshen, as a town, began in true 
pioneer style; but, step by step, she has grown, until to-day, 
with a population of nearly six thousand, and rapidly increas- 
ing commercial and manufacturing industries, she stands 
among the important centres of wealth and population in the 
State. It will not be necessary to enumerate all the special 
features of Elkhart and Goshen; what can be said of one may 
be said of the other. They are both flourishing and prosperous 
cities, with a bright prospect for the near future. Goshen has 
excellent schools, and the higher educational advantages of the 
city are the pride of its citizens. 

Elkhart county affords to-day a happy contrast with its con- 
dition twenty years ago. Then the farmers were struggling 
for a living; now they are mostly independent, live in neat 
and commodious residences, and take a vast deal of solid com- 
fort. The youth have all the advantages of our great common 
school system, and the moral and intellectual condition of the 
people is not only improving, but already at a high standard. 
There are numerous thrifty villages in the county, all of which 
are graced with incorporated schools, fine churches, and other 
public improvements. 

A portion of this sketch is compiled from Mr. Turner's work. 
28 



CHAPTER LYII. 

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

THE surface of St. Joseph county is greatly diversified, and 
is thoroughly adapted to agriculture in all its branches. 
The soil is divided into four classes: 1st, The light, sandy 
soil of the original oak springs, or barrens; 2d, The black, 
sandy loam of the thick woods ; 3d, The deep vegetable mould 
of the prairies ; 4th, The natural meadows and marshes. 
There are some extensive prairies in the county, all of which 
are similar to the general prairies of the great west. " The 
marshes," says Mr. Turner, in his work on the St. Joseph 
valley, "are quite numerous, but none of them of much mag- 
nitude, except the celebrated Kankakee, which commences two 
miles from the St. Joseph river, near South Bend. It is but 
a few years since these lands began to be prized at something 
near their real value. At present, however, under a proper 
system of drainage, they have become very desirable. In 
many localities, the coarse marsh grass and useless weeds have 
given way to fields cultivated in wheat, corn, or other crops, 
or to pasture, or meadow lands, thickly set in timothy or blue 
grass. The Kankakee marsh, or perhaps more properly, the 
valley of the Kankakee, in particular, presents a remarkable 
illustration of the benefits of judicious drainage. Here, on 
four square miles of land, or about two thousand five hundred 
acres, there have been constructed over twenty miles of ditch, 
averaging eight feet in width by four feet in depth. These 
ditches have an average fall of about four feet to the mile. 
Three-quarters of this drainage is through the outlet of the 
Kankakee lake into the St. Joseph river, some two miles dis- 
tant, and more than forty feet below the lake and the sur- 

(434) 



ST. JOSEPH COUNTY HISTORICAL. 



435 



rounding country. Along here is the dividing line between 
the waters flowing into the St. Lawrence on the one hand, and 
into the Gulf of Mexico on the other. Indeed, so equal is the 
poise here, that it is frequently impossible to tell in which 
direction the water is inclined to run when unobstructed and 
unassisted by art." 

St. Joseph county is well watered by fine springs, clear run- 
ning streams, and several ponds and lakes, and at almost every 
point the best of water is found by sinking wells from iifteen 
to twenty-iive feet. 

St. Joseph county was organized on the twenty-seventh of 




"ftinliiniiiKiim'Tttyr 






t" 



STUDEBAKER BROS. CARRIAGE WORKS, SOUTH BEND 

August, 1830. " On that day," says the author last quoted, 
"in pursuance of the act of the general assembly. Adam 
Smith, Lambert McComb, and Levi F. Arnold, met at the 
house of Alexis Coqnillard. and having each presented his 
commission as a justice of the peace, from James B. Ray, gov- 
ernor of the State, took the oath of office before L. M. Taylor, 
clerk of the county. They then proceeded to elect Lambert 
McComb president of the board, and St. Joseph had a legal 
existence." The first act of the newly-created board was to 
appoint John D. Lasy treasurer of the county. Panels of 
grand and petit jurors were drawn to serve at the term of the 



436 msTORY or indiaiia. 

circuit court, to be held in the following IS'ovember. It is 
said, however, that this court was never held. The first court 
of record, of which there has been any record preserved, was 
held at South Bend on the twenty -ninth day of October, 1832, 
by Hon. John E. Porter, president judge of the first judicial 
circuit to which the county was then attached for judicial pur- 
poses. The session of this court lasted but one day, and was 
held in the bar-room of Calvin Lilley's hotel. 

The first steamboat arrived at South Bend in the spring of 
1834. " She was propelled by a stern wheel, and was called 
the Matilda Barrey. She was hailed with great rejoicings, 
and her advent celebrated with numerous and full-sized liba- 
tions of red-eye and tangle-leg decoctions." 

It should be observed, in this connection, (as it should more 
properl}^ have been in the first part of this volume,) that in 
1831, by an act of the general assembly of the State, the 
boards of justices of the peace, in whom the government of 
counties had previously been vested, were abolished, and the 
election of county commissioners provided for. The first 
election under this law was held in St. Joseph county, in the 
summer of 1831, and resulted in the election of Aaron Staun- 
ton, David Miller, and Joseph Rarer. 

In May, 1830, the commissioners appointed by the general 
assembly, met and located the county seat on the " McCartney 
farm," then owned by William Brookfield,. about two mike 
below the center of the present city of South Bend. " Each 
of the commissioners," says Mr. Turner, in his appropriate 
work, "was honored by having his name given to a street — 
an honor which, however brilliant in anticipation, has only 
been realized in successive crops of corn." In May, 1831, the 
county seat was located at South Bend. The first court house 
was completed in 1837, and this was taken down in 1854, to 
give place to the present one. 

The city of South Bend is located on both banks of the St. 
Joseph, " near a point where the river suddenly turns from a 
nearly west course and stretches away with a rapid curj-ent 
northward, into the State of Michigan. The site of the city 
is extremely picturesque and beautiful. * * The location is 



ST. JOSEPH COUNTY DESCKIPTIVE. 437 

elevated and commanding, and tlie character of the soil, and 
the excellent facilities for perfect drainage, are a perpetual 
guarantee of healthy and attractive places of residence, and 
dry, hard thoroughfares for locomotion." We quote still fur- 
ther from Mr. Turner, concerning the beautiful city of South 
Bend; "The rich sandy loam, of which the soil is composed, 
forms abundant nutriment for the healthy and rapid growth 
of innumerable shade and ornamental trees, indigenous to the 
locality, among which may be mentioned the sugar and silver 
maple, the elm, the sycamore, the walnut, and the oak; while 
gardens are filled with thrifty apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, 
and quince trees, and an abundance of the smaller fruits. 
The streets are wide and regular, crossing each other at right 
angles, and at convenient intervals. The grades are uniform, 
with a sufficient fall toward the river to secure perfect drain- 
age, and aftbrd a never-failing auxiliary to the natural liealth- 
fulness of the place. The business houses are capacious and 
convenient, while many of them, by their imposing appear- 
ance, impart a metropolitan air to the city. The private res- 
idences, many of which are of brick, are generally neat and 
tasteful, and frequently illustrate some of the most modern 
and artistic achievements in architecture. 

The- first white settlement at South Bend was made by 
Alexis Coquillard, in the Spring of 1824. This was also the 
first in the county. This gentleman was an Indian-trader, 
and agent for the North American Fur Company, then under 
the control of John Jacob As tor. He was a Frenchman, 
originally from Montreal, and, having lived a great portion 
of his life with the Indians, became a thorough pioneer of the 
old school. As a business man he was enterprising, prudent 
and successful. Other settlers soon followed, and step by step 
the little town grew into a city, and from an infant city to an 
important manufacturing and commercial centre. 

We have no space in this volume to speak of the educa- 
tional advantages of South Bend in the manner in which their 
importance deserves. ITotre Dame! Who is not familiar with 
the name, and with its great merits? "Notre Dame Univer- 
sity " is one of the few institutions of learning in the State 



438 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

which have taken a high stand in the estimation of the world. 
It is a Catholic institution, and is justly the boast of that 
people. From all parts of the world it attracts its pupils; 
foreign countries as M^ell as all parts of our own fair land, con- 
tributing their quota to swell the number who haunt the lovely 
shades of Notre Dame and imbibe instruction and knowledge 
in its princely halls. The professors, who deal out learning in 
the ablest manner, are selected with wondrous care, and by 
their attainments and power of imparting the gleanings of 
studious years of research, have made an education gained at 
this university a high honor to any young man. Not only in 
the more substantial elements of learning does this famed 
institution excel. The aesthetic is given a prominent place in 
the curriculum of study, and combines with the more solid aud 
practical branches to form a result but little short of perfec 
tion. The extent and magnitude of the grounds and build- 
ings are ever the wonder of the admiring stranger. He had 
dreamed of something on an enormous scale, but falling short 
of this. To the guest of South Bend, Notre Dame is a prom- 
inent place of interest, and the affability of its polite brothers^ 
tends not a little to make it so. The presiding genius of the 
institution is well and widely known as Father Lemonnier. 
revered, and loved of all. It is the headquarters of Father 
Sorin, general of the order. 

" St. Mary's is none the less perfect in its own peculiar attri- 
butes. Erected on a garden spot of earth, and in the midst 
of grounds which nature and art have both tried their most 
skillful hands upon, it affords within its hallowed shades a 
perfect home and school together. The common branches 
and the rugged paths of learning are by no means ignored 
nor slighted; but St. Mary's particularly excels in the perfect- 
ing of those accomplishments which adorn the mind of lovely 
woman and which send the elegancies of art into an otherwise 
sordid and too common-place existence. Music, painting and 
needlework here receive that critical attention so often disre- 
garded in other academies of this kind. From ' early morn 
till dewy eve ' music, dropping from rose-bud mouths, like 
pearls, or brought from ivory keys in some mysterious man- 



440 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ner, sounds through these stately buildings. Prominent among 
the delightful features here seen is the care bestowed upon the 
amenities of life. The polished manners of the Sisters of the 
Holy Cross are insensibly communicated to the students, giv- 
ing a well-bred and courteous air which a pupil of St. Mary's 
never loses. At commencement there are gala days here; 
crowds of friends, from afar, come to see and hear the ' sweet 
girl graduates with their golden hair,' and to praise the skill 
and excellence evinced in their instruction. 

" St. Joseph's Academy is under the same supervision, but 
situated on a commanding spot in our city, instead of some 
distance down the banks of the beautiful river, as is St. Mary's. 
It possesses the same excellencies, however, although on a less 
colossal scale. At both of these institutions special attention 
is given to health, and the watchful care and tender nursing 
of these gentle sisters is a great object to parents who would 
not otherwise dare to send their little ones away from home."* 

The public schools of South Bend are in a good, efficient 
condition. The high school has all the attractions of the 
metropolitan high school, and is under a very able manage- 
ment. The schools throughout the whole county are above 
the average county schools of the State. 

Tlie manufacturing interests of South Bend are very exten- 
sive, and are yearly increasing. The city has excellent bank- 
ing facilities; and the commercial industries are full of 
promise. There is no city in Indiana growing faster. The 
population is about twelve thousand.f 

* Compiled from Turner's Annual. 

f There are many of the special features of the county which we are 
compelled to pass over for want of space. 



CHAPTER LYIII. 

MADISON COUNTY HISTORIC Al AND DESOEIPTIVE. 

MADISON coimtj was first settled in 1S20, or during the 
year preceding. In 1820, the countj contained, probably, 
one hundred settlers, who were located, for the most part, near 
tlie falls of Fall creek. Among this nnmber may be mentioned 
the names of Elias Hollingsworth, Samuel Holliday, Thomas 
and William McCartney, Thomas Scott, Israel Cocks, and Saul 
Shaul. Adam Dobson, Parmer Patrick, and William and 
Thomas Silver followed soon after. " Prom this infant settle- 
ment," says Mr. Harding, " we have grown to a population of 
25,000." 

The county, as a rule, might be called level; "there are, 
however, on White river and Pall creek, hills of considerable 
size. There is comparatively little waste land in the county. 
The prairie, between Pendelton and Anderson, for many years 
considered as waste land, is gradually being subdued, and will 
soon become the garden spot of the county, instead of being 
the home of miasma and noxious weeds." * Improvements in 
this land, by a system of ditching, are rapidly going forward. 
The county is well watered by numerous creeks, which have 
served a valuable day for mill owners, and which drain the 
soil admirably. 

Madison county was organized in 1823. At that time the 
county seat was located at Pendleton, where it remained until 
1836, when is was permanently located at Anderson. The 
population of the county in 1830, was 2,238 ; in 1840, it was 
8,874; in 1850, it was 12,375; in 1860, it was 16,518; in 1870, 
it was 22,770; and, in 1875, is estimated in round numbers at 

* Mr. Harding's work. 

(441) 



442 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

25,000, with a voting population of 5,272. The number of 
acres of improved land in 1870, was 133,190. The number 
of acres of woodland was 87,521. A survey of the county at 
this time would show an extension of the former, not a little 
flattering to the husbandman. The cash value of farms in 
1870, was $9,399,441; the value of farm implements and 
machinery, 1242,571; value of orchard products, $70,262. 
The compilers of this work have ascertained that the increase 
in these items during the last five years has been over sixty 
per cent, per annum. 

There is nothing remarkable in the early history of the 
county, except the Indian murders of 1824, of which we have 
the following account in Mr. O. H. Smithes "Early Remiuis- 
cences of Indiana:" 

At the time of the Indian murders on Fall creek, the country was new 
and the population scattered here and there in the woods. The game was 
plenty, and the Indian hunting grounds had not been forsaken b}^ several 
of the tribes. The white settlers felt some alarm at the news of an Indian 
encampment, in the neighborhood, and although they were all friendly, a 
watcliful eye was kept on all their movements. The county of Madison 
had been organized but a short time before. Pendleton, with a few houses 
at the falls, was the seat of the new county. Anderson, on White river, 
was a small village. Chesterfield and Huntsfield were not then heard of. 
There were only a few houses between Indianapolis and the falls, and still 
fewer in other directions from the capital. Early in the spring of 1824, a 
hunting party of Seneca Indians, consisting of two men, three squaws, and 
four children, encamped on the east side of Fall creek, about eight miles 
above the falls. The country around their camping ground was a dense, 
unbroken forest, filled with game. The principal Indian was calted Lud- 
low, and was said to be named for Stephen Ludlow, of Lawrenceburg. 
The other man I call Mingo. The Indians commenced their seasons hunt- 
ing and trapping — the men with their guns, and the squaws setting the 
traps, preparing and cooking the game, and caring for the children — two 
boys, some ten years old, and two girls of more tender years. A week had 
rolled around, and the success of the Indians had been very fair, with bet- 
ter prospects ahead, as the spring was opening, and racoons were begin- 
ning to leave tlieir holes in the trees in search of frogs tha-t had begun to 
leave their muddy beds at the bottom Of the creeks. The trapping season 
was only just commencing. Ludlow and his band, wholly unsuspicious 
of harm, and unconscious of any approaching enemies, were seated around 
their camp fire, when there approached through the woods five white men 
— Harper, Sawyer, Hudson, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, Jr. Harper was the 
leader, and stepping up to Ludlow, took him by the hand and told him hia 



» 



MADISON COUNTY HISTORICAL. 443 



party had lost their horses, and wanted Ludlow and Mingo to help find 
them. The Indians agreed to go in search of the horses. Ludlow took 
one path, and Mingo another. Harper followed Ludlow, Hudson trailed 
Mingo, keeping some fifty yards behind. They traveled some short dis- 
tance from the camp, when Harper shot Ludlow through the body. He 
fell dead on his face. Hudson, on hearing the crack of the rifle of Harper, 
immediately shot Mingo, the ball entering just below his shoulders, and 
passing clear through his body. Mingo fell dead. The party then met 
and proceeded to within gunshot of the camp. Sawyer shot one of the 
squaws through the head. She fell and died without a struggle. Bridge, 
Sen., shot another squaw, and Bridge, Jr., the other squaw. Both fell 
dead. Sawyer then fired at the oldest boy, but only wounded him. The 
other children were shot by some of the party. Harper then led on to the 
camp. 

The three squaws, one boy, and the two little girls lay dead, but the 
oldest boy was still living. Sawyer took him by the legs, and knocked 
his brains out against the end of a log. The camp was then robbed of 
everything worth carrying away. Harper, the ring leader, left immediately 
for Ohio, and was never taken. Hudson, Sawyer, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, 
Jr., were arrested, and when I first saw them they were confined in a square 
log jail, fitting tight above, below, and on the sides. I entered with the 
sheriflF. The prisoners were all heavily ironed and sitting on the straw on 
the floor. Hudson was a man of about middle size, with a bad look, dark 
eye and bushy hair, about thirty-five years of age in appearance. Sawyer 
was about the same age, rather heavier than Hudson, but there was nothing 
in his appearance that could have marked him in a crowd, as any other 
than a common farmer. Bridge, Sen., was much older than Sawyer ; his 
head was quite grey, he was above the common height, slender, and a little 
bent while standing. Bridge, Jr., was some eighteen years of age, a tall 
stripling. Bridge, Sen., was the father of Bridge, Jr., and the brother-in- 
law of Sawyer. 

The news of these Indian murders flew upon the wings of the wind. 
The settlers became greatly alarmed, fearing the retaliatory vengeance of 
the tribes, and especially of the other bands of the Senecas. The facts 
reached Mr. John Johnston, at the Indian agency at Piqua, Ohio. An 
account of the murders was sent from the agency to the war department 
at Washington City. Colonel Johnston and William Conner visited all 
the Indian tribes, and assured them that the government would punish 
the ofi"enders, and obtaining the promises of the chiefs and warriors that 
they would wait and see what their " Great Father " would do before they 
took the matter into their own hands. This quieted the fears of the set- 
tlers, and preparation was commenced for the trials. A new log building 
wa* erected at the north part of Pendleton, with two rooms, one for the 
court and the other for the grand jury. The court room was about twent}- 
by thirty feet, with a heavy "puncheon " floor, a platform at one end, three 
feet high, with a strong railing in front, a bench for the judges, a plain 
table for the clerk, in front a long bench for the counsel, a little pen for 



444 HISTORY OF DIDIANA. 

the prisoners, a side bench for the witnesses, and a long pole in front, sub- 
stantially supported, to separate the crowd from the court and bar. A 
guard by day and night was placed around the jail. The court was com- 
posed of Wm. W. Wick, presiding judge ; Samuel Holliday and Adam 
Winchell, associates. Judge Wick was young on the bench, but with 
much experience in criminal trials. Judge Holliday was one of the best 
and most conscientious men I ever knew. Judge Winchell was a black- 
smith, and had ironed the prisoners ; he was an honest, rough, frank, ill- 
iterate man, without any pretensions to legal knowledge. Moses Cox was 
the clerk; he could barely write his name, and when a candidate for 
justice of the peace at Connersville, he boasted of his superior qualifica- 
tions : " I have been sued on every section of the statute, and know all about 
the law, while my competitor has never been sued, and knows nothing 
about the statute." Samuel Coiy, the sheriflF, was a fine specimen of a 
woods' Hoosier, tall and strong boned, with hearty laugh, without fear of 
man or beast, with a voice that made the woods ring as he called the jurors 
and witnesses. The county was thus prepared for the trials. In the mean- 
time the government was not sleeping. Colonel Johnston, the Indian 
agent, was directed to attend the trials to see that the witnesses were pre- 
sent and to pay their fees. Gen. James Noble, then a United States sen- 
ator, was employed by the secretary of war to prosecute, with power to fee 
an assistant. Philip Sweetzer, a young son-in-law of the general, of high 
promise in his profession, was selected by the general as his assistant; 
Calvin Fletcher was the regular prosecuting attorney, then a young man 
of more than ordinary ability, and a good criminal lawyer. The only inn 
at Pendleton was a new frame house near the creek, still standing by the 
side of the railroad bridge. 

The term of the court was about being held. The Sunday before the 
term commenced the lawyers began to arrive, and, as the custom was in 
those days, they were invited out to dine on the Sabbath by the most 
wealthy citizens, as a favor and compliment, not to the lawyers, but to 
their hosts. We had a statute in those days imposing a fine of one dollar 
on each person who should " profanely curse, swear, or damn," and making 
it the duty of all judges and magistrates to see that the law was enforced 
upon oflfeuders in their presence. Judge Holliday invited Calvin Fletcher, 
the circuit prosecuting attorney, and his Indianapolis friend, Daniel B. 
Wick — the brother of the judge — to dine with him. The invitation was 
accepted, of course, there being no previous engagement in the way. Din- 
ner was announced ; Judge Holliday asked a " blessing " at the table — Mr. 
Fletcher declining. The judge had killed a fat goose for the extraordinary 
occasion, which was nicely stuffed with well seasoned bread and onions 
and placed in the centre of the table. Mr. Wick, who was not a church 
member, fixed his eye upon the goose, and said, by way of compliment, 
" That is a damned fine goose, judge." " Yes, it is a fine goose, and you are 
fined one dollar for swearing." Not a word more was spoken at the table. 
Dinner over. Judge Holliday said, " 'Squire Wick, pay me the dollar." " I 
have not a cent with me, judge." " Perhaps Mr. Fletcher will lend it to 



MADISON COUNTY HISTORICAL. 445 

you." Mr. Fletcher : " I really have only enough with me to pay my 
tavern bill." Judge Holliday: " What is to be done?" Fletcher: "Lend 
him the money, judge, and take his note, or bind him over to court." " I'll 
bind him over; you'll go his security.?" "The rules of the court forbid 
lawyers from going security for any one, but you can go it yourself; just 
draw the recognizance that ' Daniel B. Wick and Samuel Holliday ap- 
peared before Samuel Holliday, associate judge of the Madison circuit 
court, and acknowledged themselves to be indebted to the State in the 
penalty of twenty-five dollars each for the appearance of Daniel B. Wick 
at the next term of the court to answer.' " The reasonable proposition of 
Mr. Fletcher was at once accepted by all parties. The recognizance was 
taken in due form, and forfeited at the next term, by the absence of Mr. 
Wick. Judgment was rendered against Judge Holliday for twenty-five dol- 
lars. A petition to the governor was drawn up, and signed by the whole 
bar ; a remittance soon followed. 

The trial of Hudson commenced the next day after the Sabbath dinner 
at Judge HoUiday's, and will now be sketched. 

The day for the trial of Hudson, one of the prisoners, arrived. A 
number of distinguished lawyers were in attendance from this State, and 
several from the State of Ohio. Among the most prominent I name 
General James Noble, Philips Sweetzer, Harvey Cregg, Lot Bloomfield, 
James Rariden, Charles H. Test, Calvin Fletcher, Daniel B. Wick, and 
William R. Morris, of this State ; General Sampson Mason, and Moses 
Vance, of Ohio. Judge Wick being temporarily absent in the mornine:, 
William R. Morris arose and moved the associate judges — "I ask that 
these gentlemen be admitted as attorneys and counsellors at this bar; 
they are regular practitioners, but have not brought their license with 
them." Judge Winchell — "Have they come here to defend the prison- 
ers ?" " The most of them have." " Let them be sworn ; nobody but a 
lawyer would defend a miirderer." 

Mr. Morris — "I move the court for a wi'it of habeas corpus, to bring 
up the prisoners now illegally confined in jail." Judge Winchell — "For 
what ?" " A writ of habeas corpus." " What do you want to do with it ?" 
"To bring up the prisoners and have them discharged." "Is there any 
law for that?" Morris read the statute regulating the writ of habeas 
corpus. "That act, Mr. Morris, has been repealed long ago." "Your 
honor is mistaken, it is a constitutional writ, as old as Magna Charta, 
itself." " Well, Mr. Morris, to cut the matter short, it would do you no 
good to bring out the prisoners. I ironed them myself, and you will 
never get them irons off until they have been tried, habeas corpus or no 
habeas corpus." Percuria "motion overruled." Judge Wick entered and 
took his seat between the two side judges. " Call the grand jury." All 
answer to their names and are sworn. Court adjourned for dinner. Court 
met; the grand jury brought into court an indictment for murder, drawn 
by Mr. Fletcher, against Hudson. Counsel on both sides — " Bring the 
prisoner into court." The court — "Sheriff, put in the box a jury." 
Sheriff— "May it please the court, Dr. Highday just handed me a list 



446 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

of jurors to call on the jury." Judge Wick — "Bring Dr. Highday into 
court." "Did your honor wish to see me?" "Dr. Highday, is this your 
hand writing?" "I presume it is." "Dr. Highday, we have no jail to 
put you in, the one we have is full; hear your sentence: it is the judg- 
ment of the court that you be banished from these court grounds till the 
trials are over. Sheriff, see the judgment of the court carried strictly into 
execution." 

I digress to give the scene in court, published by General Sampson 
Mason, in a Springfield, Ohio, paper. "As I entered the court room, the 
judge was sitting on a block, paring his toe nails, when the sheriff 
entered, out of breath, and informed the court that he had six jurors tied, 
and his deputies were running down the others." General Mason, with 
all his candor, unquestionably drew upon his imagination in this 
instance. 

Hudson, the prisoner, was brought into court by the deputy sheriff and 
two of the guard. His appearance had greatly changed since I first saw 
him in the log pen with his comrades in crime. He was now pale, 
haggard, and downcast; and with a faltering voice, answered upon his 
arraignment, " Not guilty." The petit jury were hardy, honest pioneers, 
wearing moccasins and side knives. The evidence occupied but a single 
day, and was positive, closing every door of hope to the prisoner. The 
prosecuting attorney read the statute creating and affixing the punish- 
ment to the homicide, and plainly stated the substance of the evidence. 
He was followed for the prisoner, in able, eloquent, and powerful 
speeches, appealing to the prejudice of the jury against the Indians: 
relating in glowing colors the early massacres of white men, women and 
children, by the Indians; reading the principal incideq^ts in the history of 
Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton ; relating their cruelties at the battle of 
Blue Licks and Bryant's station, and not forgetting the defeat of Brad- 
dock, St. Clair, and Harmar. General James Noble closed the argument 
for the State in one of his forcible speeches, holding up to the jury the 
bloodjr clothes of the Indians, and appealing to the justice, patriotism, 
and love of the laws of the jury, not forgetting that the safety of the 
settlors might depend upon the conviction of the prisoners, as the chiefs 
and warriors expected justice to be done. The speech of the general had 
a marked effect upon the crowd, as well as the jury. Judge Wick 
charged the jury at some length, laying down the law of homicide in its 
different degrees, and distinctly impressing upon the jury that the law 
knew no distinction as to nation or color; that the murder of an Indian 
was equally as criminal in law as the murder of a white man. The jury 
retired, and next morning brought into court a verdict of "guilty of 
murder in the first degree," motion for a new trial overruled. The pris- 
oner was brought into court, and sentence of death pronounced in the most 
solemn manner, by Judge Wick. The time for the execution was fixed, 
as is usual, for a distant day. In the meantime Hudson made his escape 
from the guard one dark night, and hid himself in a hollow log in the 
woods, where he was found and arrested. 



MADISON COUNTY — HISTORICAL, 447 

Time rolled on, the fatal day for execution arrived, multitudes of people 
were there. Among them were seen several Senecas, relatives of the 
murdered Indians. The gallows was erected just above the falls, on the 
north side. The people covered the surrounding hills, and at the 
appointed hour, Hudson, by the forfeiture of his life, made the last 
earthly atonement for his crimes. 

Such was the result of the first case on record in America where a 
white man was hung for killing an Indian. The other cases were con- 
tinued until the next term of the court, and will be the subject of a 
distinct sketch. 

TRIAL OF SAWYER. 

Monday morning came. Court met. Judge Eggleston, in fine health, 
on the bench in the center; Adam Winchell on his left, and Samuel 
Holliday on his right, Moses Cox at the clerk's desk, Samuel Cory on the 
sheriff's platform, and Colonel John Berry, captain of the guard, leaning 
against the logs. The grand jury were called, sworn and charged, and 
court adjourned for dinner. In the afternoon, the evidence of the main 
witness was heard. I had prepared the indictments in my office and had 
them with me. The foreman signed the bills on his knee, and they were 
all returned into court before the adjournment. That night, Colonel John 
Johnston, the Indian agent, called at my room and offered me one 
hundred dollars on behalf of the United States. I informed him that I 
was a State officer and could not accept the money, however tempting it 
might be under other circumstances. 

The court met in the morning. "We agreed to try Sawyer first for shoot- 
ing one of the squaws. The prisoner was brought into court by the sher- 
iff, lie appeared so haggard and changed by his long confinement, that I 
scarcely knew him. The court-room was crowded. General James Noble, 
Philips Sweetzer and myself for the State ; James Rariden, Lot Bloom- 
field, "William R. Morris and Charles li. Test, for the prisoner. Judge 
Eggleston — " Sheriff, call the petit jury." Judge Winchell — " Sheriff, call 
Squire Makepeace on the jury, he will be a good juror; he will not let 
one of these murderers get away." Judge Eggleston, turning to Judge 
Winchell: "This will never do. What! the court pack a jury to try a 
capital case ? " The jury was soon impanneled. The evidence was con- 
clusive that the prisoner had shot one of the squaws at the camp with his 
rifle after the killing of Ludlow and Mingo by Harper and Hudson in the 
woods. The jury were a hardy, heavy-bearded set of men, with side 
knives in their belts, and not a pair of shoes among the whole of them ; 
all wore moccasins. 

Mr. Sweetzer opened for the State with a strong matter-of-fact speech ; 
that was his forte. He was followed in able speeches by Mr. Morris, Mr. 
Test and Mr. Rariden, for the prisoner. General Noble closed for the 
prosecution, with a powerful speech. The general was one of the strong- 
eat and most effective speakers before a jury, or a promiscuous assembly, 



448 HTRTORT OF INDIANA. 

I have ever heard. The case went to the jury under an able charge from 
Judge Eggleston, and court adjourned for dinner. 

At the meeting of the court in the afternoon, the jury returned a verdict 
of "guilty of manslaughter," two years hard labor in the penitentiary. 
Mr. Rariden sprang to his feet, "If the court please, we let judgment go 
on the verdict, and are ready for the case of Sawyer, for killing the Indian 
boy at the camp." "Ready for the State." The same jury were accepted 
by both sides — being in the box. They were immediately sworn. The 
evidence was heard again conclusive against the prisoner. General Noble 
opened for the prosecution, and was followed by Charles II. Test, William 
R. Morris and James Rariden, with powerful speeches. The jury were 
referred to their verdict in the previous case, and their judgment warmly 
eulogized. This was, by arrangement, my case to close. I saw my posi- 
tion, and that the only point I had to meet, was to draw the distinction 
between the two cases, so as to justifj^ the jury in finding a verdict for 
manslaughter in the one case, and of murder in the case before them. In 
law there was no difference whatever. They were both cold-blooded mur- 
ders. The calico shirt of the murdered boy, stained with blood, lay upon 
the table. I was closing a speech of an hour. Stepping forward, I took 
up the bloody shirt, and holding it up to the jury: "Yes, gentlemen of 
the jury, the cases are very different. You might find the prisoner guilty 
of only manslaughter, in using his rifle on a grown squaw ; that was the 
act of a man, but this was the act of a demon. Look at this shirt, gentle- 
men, with the bloody stains upon it ; this was a poor, helpless boy, who 
was taken by the heels by this fiend in human shape, and his brains 
knocked out against a log! If the other case was manslaughter, is not 
this murder?" The eyes of the jury were filled with tears. Judge Eg- 
gleston gave a clear and able charge upon the law. The jury, after an 
absence of only a few minutes, returned a verdict of '' murder in the first 
degree." The prisoner was remanded, and court adjourned. 

TRIAL OF BRIDGE SCENES AT THE EXECUTION. 

The next morning the case of Bridge, Sen., for shooting a little Indian 
girl at the camp, was called. The prisoner entered with the sheriflf. He 
was more firm in his step and looked better than Sawyer, though a much 
older man. A jury was impaunelled. The proof was positive. The case 
was argued by Mr. Morris and Mr. Rariden for the prisoner, and Sweet- 
zer and myself for the State. The charge was given by Judge Eggleston, 
and after a few minutes' absence the jury returned a verdict of " murder 
in the first degree." The only remaining case — of the strippling, Bridge, 
.Ir., for the other Indian boy at the camp — came on next. The trial was 
more brief, but the result was the same — verdict of murder in the first 
degree, with a recommendation, however, to the governor for a pardon, in 
consequence of his youth, in which the court and bar joined. The trials 
closed. Pro formn motions for new trials were overruled, the prisoners 
remanded, to be brought up for sentence next morning, and the court 
adjourned. 



MADISON COUNTY DESCRIPTIVE. 449 

Morning came and with it a crowded court house. As I walked from 
the tavern I saw the guards approaching with Sawyer, Bridge, Sen., and 
Bridge, Jr., with downcast eyes and tottering steps, in their midst. The 
prisoners entered the court room and were seated. The sherift' commanded 
silence. The prisoners rose, the tears streaming down their faces, and 
their groans and sighs filling the court room. I fixed my eyes upon Judge 
Eggleston. I had heard him pronounce sentence of death on Fuller, for 
the murder of Warren, and upon Fields, for the murder of Murphy. But 
here was a still more solemn scene. An aged father, his favorite son and 
his wife's brother — all standing before him to receive sentence of death. 
The face of the judge was pale, his lips quivered, his tongue faltered, as 
he addressed the prisoners. The sentence of death by hanging was pro- 
nounced, but the usual conclusion, " And may God have mercy on j-our 
souls," was left struggling for utterance. 

The time for the execution was fixed at a distant day ; but it soon rolled 
around. The gallows was erected on the north bank of Fall creek, just 
above the falls, at the foot of the rising grounds you may see from the 
cars. The hour for the execution had come. Thousands surrounded the 
gallows. A Seneca chief, with his warriors, was posted near the brow of 
the hill. Sawyer and Bridge, Sen., ascended the scaffold together, were 
executed in quick succession, and died without a struggle. The vast audi- 
ence were in tears. The exclamation of the Senecas was interpreted — 
"We are satisfied." An hour expired. The bodies were taken down and 
laid in their coffins, when there was seen ascending the scaffold Bridge, 
Jr., the last of the convicts. His step was feeble, requiring the aid of the 
sheriff. The rope was adjusted. He threw his eyes around upon the 
audience and then down upon the coffins, where lay exposed the bodies of 
his father and uncle. From that moment his wild gaze too clearly showed 
that the scene had been too much for his youthful mind. Reason had 
partially left her throne and he stood wildly looking at the crowd, appa 
rently unconscious of his position. The last minute had come, when 
James Brown Ray, the Governor of the State, announced to the immense 
assemblage that the convict was pardoned. Never before did an audience 
more heartily respond, while there was a universal regret that the exec- 
utive mercy had been deferred to the last moment. Thus ended the only 
trials where convictions of murder were ever had, followed by the execu- 
tion of white men, for killing Indians, in the United States. 

Anderson, the connty seat of Madison county, is located on 
the «outh bank of White river. It is named in remembrance 
of a Delaware chief of that name, and is the site of an old 
Indian village. This Indian village, or what remained of it, 
was consumed by fire, by order of General Harrison, in 1813, 
Not far distant were the small villages of Bucktown, Nanticoke 
and Greentown. Among the first settlers of Anderson, were 
William Allen, John Berry, Alford Makepeace, Samuel Carry, 
29 



450 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

N. Berry, and William Curtis. A few years later, this little 
community was increased by Joseph Howard, G. T. Hoover, 
Dr. Wyman, R N. AVilliams, J. M. Zeke, C. D. Henderson, 
and Andrew Jackson. About the year 1828-30, they were 
joined by W. G. Atherton, "W. B. Allen, Oren Toddhunter, 
John Davis, William Beard, and Dr. T. Byan. But we have 
no space to follow the growth of Anderson. Step by step, in 
all its measures of growth, it has become one of the most enter- 
prising cities in the State, and has a population of nearly five 
thousand. It is thrifty in business, enterprising in manu- 
factures, and prominent in education. Anderson does, however, 
need one thing- — indeed, the whole county needs it — a better 
court house. Probably this will be erected soon. The schools 
and school buildings, both in the city and county, are in a fair 
condition. 

The following are among the leading business and profes- 
sional men of Anderson at the present time: Col. N. Berry, 
Col. M. S. Eobinson, Ex-Judge Lake, Ex- Judge West, William 
Crim, John E. Corwin, J. M. Dickson, T. Ryan, W. R. Pearse, 
J. W. Mcxillister, Hon. James Sansbery, I^. C. McCollough, 
banker: H. 'N. McComber, dentist: James H. McConnell. 

The principal banks are, the Exchange Bank (W. Crim, 
president, and Jos. Fulton, cashier); the Citizens' Bank (N. 
C. McCollough, cashier); and the Madison County Bank (J. E. 

Corwin, j)resident, cashier.) These banks are all in a 

sound condition, and are enjoying the well -merited confidence 
of the j)ublic. 

Among the leading commercial houses in Anderson, there 
may be mentioned : John P. Barns, hardware ; J. M. Warner, 
clothing merchant; J. T. Elliott, boots and shoes; Klein & 
Sharp, groceries ; J. H. Crider, hatter ; D. H. Patterson, 
grocer; Bell Bros., dry goods; D. C. East & Bro., dry goods; 
W. W. Williams, dry goods: Bosworth & Bro., doors, sash, 
blinds, etc.; Lee M. Trees, dry goods. 

The court house, such as it is, is located in the public square, 
around which the principal business houses of the city have 
been located. Many of the buildings are of a modern style of 
architecture, and, in every particular, Anderson presents a 
thrifty appearance. 



CHAPTEE LIX. 

SULLIVAN, CLAY, OWENS, GREENE, LAWRENCE, AND JACKSON 
COUNTIES HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

STJLLIYAN county was organized in 1817, and embraced, 
at the date of its formation, all the territory nortli of 
Knox county to the lakes. The present limits include about 
four hundred and twenty square miles. The county received 
its name in honor of General Sullivan, of revolutionary fame, 
who was the intimate friend of General Knox, after whom 
Knox county was named. 

The first settlement in Sullivan county was made by the 
family of James Ledgewood, who located near the present site 
of Carlisle, in 1803. Colonel Samuel Ledgewood, a son of 
James, lived within a mile of where his father settled, for many 
years after, and was a leading and respected citizen of the 
county. The Ledgewood family were the first settlers north 
of Knox county, and should have a prominent place in the 
history of Sullivan county. 

Those who followed James Ledgewood, and were early set- 
tlers in the county, were Benjamin Price, Major Watson, 
Thomas Holden, Edward Parcell, Col. John Benefiel, and 
others. Colonel Benefiel was a member of the first constitu- 
tional convention, held in 1816. He represented Knox county, 
which, at that time, included Sullivan. 

In 1808, Carlisle was laid off", and quite a settlement sprang 
up in that vicinity during the same year. It was at this place 
that the early county courts were held. Judge Prince, presid- 
ing; George K. C. Sullivan, prosecuting attorney; and R. 
Buntin, sheriff. The courts were often held under a large 
beech tree in the north part of the town. At aii early day. 

(451) 



452 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the county seat was removed to Merom, where it remained 
until 1843, when, after a good deal of difficulty, it was per- 
manently located at Sullivan. Carlisle being the oldest town 
in the county, though not the largest, has several historical 
phases. In the first place, it is one of the oldest American 
settlements in the State. During the war of 1812, it figured 
prominently, furnishing many bravo soldiers for the field. It 
was near Carlisle that the " Dudley Mack " massacre took 
place during the war. 

The county is watered by Busseron and Turman's creeks. 
The latter was named after Benjamin Turman, the first settler 
on the west side of the county in 1806. The lands lying in 
Sullivan county are equal to those of the best agricultural 
counties in the State, and for mineral wealth the county has 
but few rivals. The Wabash bottoms, which are extensive in 
this county, are excellent lands for corn. There are large 
tracts of beach and sugar lands, which are well adapted to the 
production of clover and timothy, as also oak lands to that of 
wheat and other grains. The townships of Curry, Jackson, 
Cass, and Jeft'erson, have an abundant supply of the very best 
bituminous coal in the State. These extensive coal fields are 
being mined, without interfering in any degree with the agri- 
cultural interests of the surface of the country. Numerous 
coal shafts are already in working order, from which immense 
quantities of coal are shipped to Chicago and other cities. 

The town of Sullivan, located nearly in the center of the 
county, is the county seat, and has a population of over two 
thousand. It is incorporated as a town, having a board of 
trustees and a town clerk and a marshall. Until within a few 
years, the town government has not been very enterprising, 
but recently a new spirit of enterprise has taken hold of both 
people and government. The public schools, for so many 
years neglected, are now both an honor and an ornament to 
the town. The public school building, an engraving of which 
we present herewith, is one of the finest in the State. It is a 
magnificent three story brick structure, having been erected at 
a cost of over twenty thousand dollars, and capable of seating 
about six hundred pupils, exclusive of the spacious hall for 



SULLIVAN COUNTY. 



453 



general exercises, which is capable of seating about five 
hundred people. There is a well conducted school kept open 
in this building the whole year. When the town school year 
is closed, the school is continued as a private enterprise. It 
is known as the " Ascension Seminary," and is called one of 
the most successful graded schools in the State. Governor 
Hendricks, at a visit to this school, two years ago, expressed 
himself happily surprised at finding it so efficient, and the 
pupils so well advanced in all branches of study. 




PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDING, SULLIVAN. 

Sullivan is situated on the Evansville, Terre Haute and 
Chicago railroad, and will soon have the benefits of an east 
and west road, which is now in contemplation, to run through 
Greene county. With an extensive and abundantly rich agri- 
cultural region around it, with inexhaustable coal fields on 
either side, and with sterling business men, may we not expect 
Sullivan soon to reach a position of eminence among the 
cities of the State. The court house, located here, is a fine 
building, having cost over sixty thousand dollars. It is 
located in a pleasant square of over two acres, and will, during 
the present season, be enclosed by a substantial iron fence. 



454 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Merom is also a lively town in this county. It has the 
Union Christian College, one of the best institutions of the 
kind in the State, under the patronage of the denomination 
of Christians (New Lights,) and destined to become a leading 
college. This institution has a most delightful site, being 
built upon the highest point on the Wabash, and commanding 
an extended view of the Illinois prairies. This town is also 
interesting to the scientist and antiquarian on account of the 
recent discovery at that place of the remains of a once petri- 
fied town, located on one of the highest points of the Wabash. 
Investigation in this mound, has revealed stone vaults, human 
skeletons, implements of war, and many other rare curiosities. 

The county was settled principally by Kentuckians, but 
embraces persons from nearly every State. The citizens are 
an exceedingly industrious and very intelligent class of people. 
Sullivan county will keep pace with the rest of the] State, in 
its grand march to progress and wealth. 

The schools and churches all over the county are in a fair 
condition, and, what is still better, there is a disposition man- 
ifesting itself to improve these. The county has fully entered 
upon a new era of progress in all branches of industry, and in 
all the professions.. The population of the county is about 
twenty -five thousand. 

CLAY COUNTY. 

This county is well watered by Eel river, a branch of the 
west fork of the White river, of which Birch creek and Croy's 
creek are tributaries. Numerous other small streams flow 
through the county. We should hasten to say that the general 
health of the county is good, for the reason that at an early 
day it gained a bad reputation in this respect. It will be 
remembered that the Wabash and Erie canal passed through 
this county, but this canal is now entirely abandoned south of 
Terre Haute. ■ The supply of water for this section of the 
canal was obtained from the great reservoirs fed by Eel river 
and Birch creek, etc. Splurge creek reservoir embraced over 
four thousand acres, and the Birch creek reservoir about four- 



CLAY COTINTT. 465 

teen hundred. When these reservoirs were created, the exten- 
sive tracts of land overflowed were covered with a dense forest, 
but the stagnant water killed the trees and caused the vegeta- 
tion to decay. This process charged the atmosphere with 
miasmatic poison to such an extent that a general sickness 
was engendered among the people for several miles in every 
direction. These facts were scattered abroad, and did much 
to turn the tide of immigration in other directions. Being 
sorely grieved and unable to obtain redress from the courts, 
the citizens of Clay county, who resided near these " stinking 
pools," resolved to take the law in their own hands. They 
assembled in force, cut the embankment, and let the water 
free. This of course created a great sensation. Those inter- 
ested in canal navigation were injured, and the laws were 
outraged. Troops were sent out by the governor of the State 
to bring the guilty parties to justice, but the people doubled 
their resistance. They had taken a decided stand against 
having these miasmatic pools in the county and were not 
wanting in courage when the militia appeared. The governor 
finding that an armed force was not calculated to enforce the 
law, and being convinced of the impracticability of keeping 
up the canal, concluded to withdraw the troops and leave the 
matter with the citizens. It is hardl}'- necessary to add that 
the canal reservoirs have not been seen since that day. ISTot a 
vestige of them can now be found, and the health of the 
county could not be better. 

There is considerable bog-iron ore in this county, large 
quantities of which were successfully made into pig-iron in 
the days of the canal, but when that system of inland com- 
munication was abandoned, the smelting works were discon- 
tinued. With the establishment of railroads, these will be 
re-established and the valuable mineral resources of the State 
developed. There are also some valuable mineral waters in 
this county, which will be the means, when brought to notice, 
of attracting considerable attention. 

The agricultural advantages of Clay county cannot be com- 
pared with those of other counties, but farming is conducted 
with moderately good results. Stock raising is also profitable. 



456 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

There is an abundance of good timber, consisting chiefly of 
white, red and black oak. 

The county seat of the count j is Bowling Green. This 
place has now a population of over one thousand, and is grow- 
ing rapidly. It has hrst-class school facilities. The inhab- 
itants are quite enterprising, and keep pace with the age in 
their public improvements of all kinds. The schools of the 
county are, for the most part, very acceptable, yet there is 
much room for improvement — an improvement that will soon 
be inaugurated. Brazil, with a population of over three 
thousand, is the largest town in the county. 

The county is very generally settled, and mostly its inhab- 
itants are in a sound condition financially. The farmers are 
all increasing their comforts, and adding to their means. In 
every part of the county ma}'^ be seen evidences of thrift and 
good feeling. 

OWEN COUNTY. 

Owen county was settled in 1816-17. The first settlers 
were David Thompson, Philip Hart, Captain Bigger, John 
Dunn and Hobert Blair. The county was named for Colonel 
Abraham Owen, who was in the battle of Tij^pecanoe, on the 
eighth of November, 1811. He was a volunteer aid-de-camp 
to General Plarrison. 

The first court held in the county took place at the residence 
of John Dunn, in March, 1819, located about one mile east of 
Spencer, Judge Blackford presiding, when Philip Hart, the 
second settler, was fined twenty-one dollars and costs for com- 
mitting an assault on Dr. David Thompson, the first white 
settler of the county. Here is a case where the second settler 
whipped the first settler. The respect shown to "first set- 
tlers" in those daj's, however, is evinced by the fine. The 
first white child born in the county was John R. K, Dunn, 
M^hose father established the first feriy on the west fork of the 
White river. In the year 1818. William Baker built a mill on 
Raccoon creek, and soon after a few of the early settlers " rig- 
ged up a corn -cracker "on a small stream near the present 
town of Gos2)ort. 

John Dunn was the third settler of the county. He came 



GREENE COUNTY. 457 

in the winter, when the ground was covered with eight inches 
of snow, and arriving on the banks of the White river in Feb- 
ruary, 1817, with his family, without a house of any kind to 
protect them from the cold, he commenced life in a rude camp, 
and at once set about building a log house, which he accom- 
plished after great difficulty aud suffering. 

Spencer, the county seat, was located in 1820. The site was 
donated by Richard Beem, Isaiah Cooper, John Bartholo- 
mew and Philip Hart. It was laid out by James Galletly 
and others. Spencer is very pleasantly situated in the valley 
of the west fork of the White river, on the Indiana and Vin- 
cennes railroad. It has a population of about fifteen hundred, 
and is in a flourishing condition. The town is named for Cap- 
tain Spier Spencer, who fell at Tippecanoe. 

There is some of the finest landscape scenery in this county 
to be found in the State. The county has also its curiosities, 
in the " Boone Cave," and the various Indian mounds. We 
have been unable to procure as full statistics from this county 
as we desired, but have ascertained that the schools in the 
rural districts are in a fair condition, while those in. the towns 
are equal to any in the State. 

GEEENE COUNTY. 

This county, which was named in honor of Gen. !N^athaniel 
Greene, was organized in 1821. The county seat was first 
located at Burlington, but was afterwards removed to Bloom - 
field. The county has a population of about 26,000, and there 
is every reason to suppose that it will be nearly, if not quite, 
doubled in the next decade. 

The resources of the county are excellent. The soil is good, 
and there is an abundance of coal, iron ore, and limestone. 
The coal and iron are easily mined, and exist in great quanti- 
ties. Extensive business interests will, undoubtedly, spring 
up out of the mineral resources of this county, which will be 
fully developed in the course of the next five or ten years. 
The extensive coal fields only await increased facilities for 
transportation. 



458 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

Bloomiield is the county seat, and is in a flourishing condi- 
tion. Tlie public buildings are in good order. Good schools 
and school buildings exist in every quarter, with a few excep- 
tions, and the religious societies represented have all substan- 
tial houses of worship. 

The first settlers of the county were John Van "Vorst and 
Daniel Carlin, who came in the spring of 1818. In Novem- 
ber of the same year, Peter C. Yanslyker, Sen., and his son, 
Cornelius P., came with their families. In the spring of 1819, 
James Warwick, R. Hill, Thomas Bradford, W. Robinson, 
and Wm. Scott settled near the others. In 1819, the Indians 
who resided in the county, departed for their western homes. 
They bid an afiectionate adieu to the graves of their forefathers, 
and to their favorite hunting grounds. The scene was an 
impressive one, and was long remembered by the settlers of 
that year. 

Worthington, in this county, is also a very lively town. 
Tlie White River Valley Times is published at this place. 
The town has unusual commercial advantages, and is destined 
to become a prominent business centre. 

LAWRElSrCE COUNTY. 

In 1810, a few heroic pioneers, fearless of danger, accustomed 
to Indian life and usage, and lovers of border pastimes, settled 
in Lawrence county. They came originally from Virginia, and 
had remained one year in Kentucky, intending to settle per- 
manently there, but changed their minds. At this early day, 
especially in this section of the State, the hardy settler was not 
permitted to erect his log cabin in peace. Tecumseh and the 
Prophet had been at work, and the Indians were, at that time, 
pretty well aroused. But these pioneers resolved to settle in 
Lawrence county, and were not disposed to fear the Indians. 
Their first business was to erect a fort, wliich was located about 
one mile and a half north of Leesville, near where the old resi- 
dence of " Granny White " stood for so many years afterwards. 
This little fort was put up as a necessary defense of the pro- 
posed settlement, and, although not of heavy proportions, 
withstood many assaults from the Indians. The settlement 



LAWEENCE COUNTY. 459 

was made by Daniel Gunthrie, a hero of Braddock's defeat, 
his sons, and Jacob and William Flinn. These have all, long 
ago, gone to their rest and their rewards. 

The little settlement had scarcely been formed, when the 
Delawares began to make raids upon it, stealing everything 
not secured within the fort. Horses were their favorite spoils, 
and it was difficult for the settlers to keep their animals, with- 
out the strictest watch. These Indians scarcely ever made 
open war on the settlement, but, professing friendship in day, 
they would come in bands by night, and steal anything they 
could obtain. At one time, a party of these Indians was 
pursued by Major Tipton, at the head of fifty militia. On 
this occasion the stolen property was recovered, and the In- 
dians severely punished. 

On the tenth of March, 1815, the settlement, which by this 
time had been largely increased, was attacked by a body of 
Pottawatomies. This was a desperate day for the few early 
settlers of Lawrence county. John Gunthrie was shot, and 
Josiah Flinn scalped and tomahawked. Grunthrie was saved 
from death by the heroism of his wife, who lifted him up and 
carried him to the fort, where he recovered. Jacob Flinn was 
captured at the same time, and carried off, but, after several 
months, he managed to escape from his persecutors; but, be- 
fore he reached the settlement, or obtained food of any kind, 
except roots, he was reduced with hunger until his weight 
was less than fifty pounds. His adventure was only one among 
the thousands of thrilling incidents of pioneer life in the north- 
west that will never be fully recorded. 

In the winter of 1813-14, Roderick Eawlins made a settle- 
ment in the bottoms, near the site of the present town of 
Scottville. He was accompanied by two other parties. They 
built a rude cabin in the winter, and felled a large number of 
trees for a clearing, and, in the spring, visited Jeffersonville, 
during which time their hut was I'obbed. In 1815, Edward 
Johnston made a settlement opposite Scottville, on the farm 
aftenvards owned by Harry Bright. Other settlements were 
also made, but nothing of importance transpired in the way 
of improvements in the county until 1816, at the date of the 



460 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

erection of the State, wlien a new spirit of enterprise seized 
the settlers, and the great tide of immigration commenced. 

In 1816-17 and 18, numerous settlements were made in the 
county, but during these years, and for several thereafter, there 
was great suffering among the settlers. They were nearly all 
very poor, and there was not available market for the scanty 
produce which their industry yielded. But after many years of 
toil, and constant hardship, these pioneers have emerged from 
poverty to wealth, from toil to comfort. 

From 1815 the little fort fell into disuse, and finally into 
ruins, but the spot upon which it stood will always be sacred 
to the people of Lawrence county, as that around which all 
the exciting scenes and incidents of pioneer life centered. 

Lawrence county was named after Captain Lawrence, of the 
navy, and was organized in 1818. The county seat was at first 
located at Palestine. As an object for locating the capital of 
the county at this point, Messrs. B. and E. Blackwell and H. M. 
Massie donated the authorities two hundred acres of land. 
The first court house was erected at Palestine, and was of 
hewed logs that would "face a foot." It was two stories, 
twenty by twenty-four feet. The old settlers inform us that 
there was as much political wrangling over the erection of 
this log court house, as over the one recently erected at Bed- 
ford, the present county seat. The first court held in the 
county, convened at the house of James Gregory, in June, 
1818. Hon. Thomas H. Blake was the presiding judge, and 
John Milroy and William Erwin were the associate judges. 

In 1825, owing to the unhealthy condition of Palestine, the 
county seat was removed to Bedford. This was a happy 
change; one that marked the commencement of the real 
prosperity of the county. Bedford is now a toM'n of over 
tM^o thousand inhabitants, in which is one of the finest court 
houses in Indiana, having cost over one hundred thousand 
dollars. The school building, in which the graded schools are 
located, is an honor to the town and county. It lias been 
erected at a cost of o\'er thirty thousand dollars, and is capable 
of seating as many pupils as can be properly attended to in 
one school. This house is elegantly appointed and fully su])- 



JACKSON COUNTY. 461 

plied with all the necessary agencies for imparting instruction 
in all branches of education. 

There are in the county over one hundred and twenty good 
school buildings. The children of the county, between the 
ages of six and twenty-one, number five thousand seven hun- 
dred and seventeen. The population of the county is about 
nineteen thousand. The town of Mitchell has also a fine 
gi-aded school, of which the people of that place are justly 
proud. 

The resources of Lawrence county compare favorably with 
the other counties of the State, while its educational facilities 
are considerably ahead of most counties of equal population 
and wealth. 

JACKSON COUNTY. 

Jackson county has a good soil, well adapted to the produc- 
tion of all kinds of grain. Some parts of the county, how- 
ever, have a clay soil, which is very poor. The county was 
first settled in 1809, by parties from the falls of the Ohio and 
from Kentucky. When they first came to the county they 
met with a few French traders, who complained that the trade 
with the Indians had been ruined by the war. These rreneh^ 
men left the county, and went, probably, to Vincennes. 
Among the first Americans who settled in the county, were 
H. and A. Hogers, Abram Miller, J. B. Durham, James 
Hutchinson, Thomas Ewing, John Ketcham, William Gra- 
ham, Abram Hufi", Thomas Carr, and Alexander Craig. 

In 1812, the Indians became troublesome, and some of the 
settlers removed to escape their wrath; others sent their fam- 
ilies, but remained themselves. They built a little fort for 
their defense, which alone saved them from the " Pigeon 
Roost " massacre, where, in 1812, twenty families perished 
beneath the tomahawk. This little fort was frequently 
besieged, but always held out. The Indians, however, drove 
05" all the horses and cattle, and otherwise impoverished the 
settlers. 

John Ketcham lived near the site of the present town of 
Brownstown, where he had a block house for his own protec- 



462 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

tion. Id the fall of 1813, Mr. Ivetcham and a hired man 
named Bnskirk, were hanlino; pumpkins from a field to the 
house, Mr. Ketcham drivin^^ and the other man following the 
team, when they were fired upon by Indians. Buskirk was 
instantly killed, and Ketcham was wounded and would have 
been tomahawked, only that his team became exceedingly 
frightened and ran away, taking him along on the cart. 

The news of this disaster was at once sent to the fort already 
mentioned, which was at Yallonia, where a company of militia 
had been organized. The troops started out the following day, 
and finding the body of Buskirk, buried it, but so bold were 
the Indians, in their assaults upon the militia, that one of the 
men lost his life, being fired on by the enemy from some 
hiding place. During the war of 1812-13, several persons 
were shot and killed or wounded in this county. The Indians 
were very hostile, and kept a close watch for an opportunity 
to pick off the settlers. However, the only battle fought in 
the county during the war, was at Tipton Island, in 1814. 
There were about fifty Indians opposed to thirty whites, but 
they were quickly dispersed, leaving one or two killed upon 
the field. This encounter was conducted by General Tipton, 
the commander. 

Jackson county was organized in 1815, by an act of the 
Territorial legislature. In the following spring, the county 
seat was located at Brownstown, which received its name in 
honor of General Jacob Brown, who distinguished himself in 
the war of 1812. Brownstown was laid out in the woods, and, 
in consequence, the county seat was temporarily located at 
Yallonia. Very soon after the organization of the county, 
the population began to increase, and general improvement 
was pushed forward. The surplus produce of the early set- 
tlers was generally shipped down the Driftwood river in flat- 
boats, but since the completion of the Ohio and Mississippi 
railroad, the trade of the county has been carried to Cincin- 
nati. 

In 1830, a number of Germans settled in the eastern part 
of the county. They were a very enterprising class of people, 
and since their first residence in the county their numbers 



WELLS COUNTY HISTORICAL. 463 

have been largely increased. They have done much to pro- 
mote the material and moral growth of the county, and are 
mostly all wealthy. 

Brown stown, one of the principal towns in the county, is 
located on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, and is in a flour- 
ishing condition. It has a fair court house and good school 
facilities ; population about one thousand. The largest place 
in the county is Seymour, a tow^n of over three thousand 
inhabitants. It has every appearance of thrift, and is press- 
ing forward in all valuable industries and improvements. 



OHAPTEE LX. 

WELLS COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

THE first smoke of civilization, said the Hon. Newton Bur- 
well, within the limits of Wells county, curled above the 
log cabin of Dr. Joseph Knox. That cabin was reared in the 
year 1829, on the western bank of the Wabash, about five miles 
below Bluffton, and on the farm now occupied and owned by 
Mr. Henry Miller. There was made the first foothold on the 
Indian's hunting ground, on the Wabash river, between Fort 
Recovery and the town of Huntington. It was there, about 
forty years ago, in the solitude of that awful wilderness, when 
the first sound of the white man's axe disturbed the wolf and 
panther in their jungle, and echoed throughout the wilderness 
the knell of the red man's destiny. 

Messrs. Yantrees and Warner, sons-in-law of Dr. Knox, soon 
afterwards settled near him, and made the first openings on 
the farms known, respectively, as the James and Robert 
Harvey farms. These three families lived there about three 
years, when, becoming tired of pioneer life, they sold tlieir 
interests in the lands on which they had settled and left the 



464 HISTORY OV. INDIANA. 

country. Mr. Miller succeeded Dr. Knox in November, 1832, 
and " fell to work with strong heart and arms," and by dint 
of his industry, the little field and track-patch that sur- 
rounded the cabin of his predecessor, and afforded him a 
scanty supply of coarse bread and vegetables, have been trans- 
formed into extended meadows, a fine large orchard, and fields 
that were last autumn waving with golden grain. His brother, 
Jacob Miller, settled a short distance below him about the 
same time. 

Following the address of the gentleman referred to in the 
opening sentence of this chapter, we learn that Mr. Allen Nor- 
cross had settled on the opposite bank of the Wabash about 
a year before Dr. Knox and his friends left, and was there 
when Henry Miller moved into the settlement. 

The Black Hawk war, which in the year 1832 raged so fear- 
fully in Illinois, and which spread such consternation through- 
out the western settlement, began to alarm these new comers, 
and Mr. Norcross "pulled up stakes," and with his family 
returned to his native State, where he remained until there 
was no longer any danger to be apprehended. 

This was a trying time with the two brothers and their 
families, who were thus left alone in the wilderness. When 
we take into consideration that Black Hawk, himself so heart- 
less and blood-thirsty, was daily increasing his force by acces- 
sions from the restless and disaffected of the western tribes, 
and that he had received encouragement from the British in 
Canada, it is no wonder that these families, so destitute of 
means of defense, and so far from material aid, should be 
terror-stricken at the rumors that occasionally reached their 
ears. The facilities for getting war news were not so good as 
they are now. Then the western lightning had not been 
taught to carry messages, nor had that animal, so peculiarly 
domestic, the Iron Horse^ been introduced into the wilderness. 
There was not even, at that time, a government mail carried 
on horseback through the western settlement to give informa- 
tion from the seat of war. Weeks, or even months, might 
intervene without knowing how many white families had been 
made victims of the savage butchers, and then they would 



WELLS COUNTY — DESCRIPTIVE. 465 

only get the news from some wanderer, on his return from a 
western trapping or fur-buying excursion, as he might chance 
to come that way. Thus, these pioneers were liable to be in 
constant fear, for they knew not but that the next news would 
be brought by the dusky warriors themselves, who would deal 
out death to them before they could have an opportunity of 
escape. 

In the years 1834-35-36, immigration set in rapidly. Among 
the first settlers were Adam Miller, Charles Bennett, Thomas 
W. Yan Horn, David Bennett, Solomon Johnson, Solomon 
Sparks, Mason Powell, R. C. Bennett, Sen., Isaac Covert, Wm. 
Covert, Adnah Hall, Thomas T. Smith, Bowen Hale, James 
Scott, Wm. H. Parmalee, "Wm. McDole, Abram McDole, Wm. 
Priliaman, Solomon Kemp, John A. Deam, Chads Chalfant, 
James Guthrey, Gabriel Markley, John Markley, Daniel Mil- 
ler, Michael Miller, Joseph Logan, Eliin Hooker, and a few 
others. 

The following sketch of pioneer life in "Wells county, from 
the pen of Mr. Burwell, we quote entire. It is interesting 
and truthful. Concerning the early settlers, he says: "They 
settled in different parts of the county, or, rather, within the 
limits of the county, for the county was not yet organized. 
That was, indeed, a time that tried men's souls. If we will 
but reflect on the condition of afl^'airs then, and consider the 
privations these early settlers had to suffer, we will readily see 
how unjust, and almost criminal it is for us to complain of our 
condition now, surrounded as we are by the bounties of a kind 
Providence. Then they had to go fifty or sixty miles to mill, 
carry their grists on horses through the trackless wilderness, 
and would be from five to eight days in making the trip, of 
course camped out at night, and very often awakened from 
their dreams by the approach of wolves and other wild 
animals in pursuit of prey. During their trips for provisions, 
their wives were left at home to superintend affairs; hoed the 
corn and potatoes, and attended to other no less arduous work 
by day, and passed sleepless nights in watching and protecting 
their little ones from the jaws of hungry wolves and panthers 
whose howls and screams they nightly heard around their 
30 



466 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

cabins. A few of those brave women are present to-day, sur- 
rounded by stout, middle-aged sons and daughters, who were 
then the objects of their solicitude. 

" It is hard for the present generation of people, surrounded 
as they now are by all the improvements, comforts and luxu- 
ries of o-ur civilization, to realize that the old settlers suffered 
and endured the many hardships that they can tell about. 
When they would run out of bread-stuffs, and their neighbors 
had none to lend them, they would pound up their corn in a 
wooden mortar which was improvized for the purpose, and 
some of them will now tell you of having lived for months on 
bread made from meal prepared in that way. The line part 
was made into bread and the coarser into hominy. They 
could not go off to mill at any time. It must be remembered 
that there were no roads in those days, and the streams were 
not bridged; so that it was sometimes not only inconvenient, 
but extremely dangerous, to go fifty miles to mill. James 
Guthrey had a son and horse drowned crossing the Limberlost, 
on his way to Greenville to mill." 

The history of Wells county politically, dates back to the 
first of May, 1837, a little more than thirty- seven years. At 
this date, the legislature of the State provided for the incor- 
poration of the county, with a regular jurisdiction. The first 
circuit court met at the house of R. C. Bennett, on the nine- 
teenth day of October, 1837, Hon. C, W. Ewing, presiding. 
The county seat was permanently located at Bluffton, in 1838. 
For many years it was a small hamlet, but, after a long and 
severe struggle, it has become a prominent business center, 
with ample railroad communication with the surrounding 
country. Bluffton has the appearance to-day of a substantial, 
well built town. The streets are regularly laid out, and are 
for the most part graded and graveled, and provided with 
substantial sidewalks. The court house is located in the busi- 
ness centpr of the town, and although a little out of style, is 
still useful and durable. The schools and school buildings 
are the pride of the town. The county is new, and only par- 
tially developed, but a majority of the farmers are already 
wealthy. The people are beginning to cultivate a spirit 



MONKOE COUNTY. 467 

friendly to all kinds of public improvements. The soil is rich 
in agricultural resources, and there is every prospect of a con- 
tinuous rapid growth in all the industries and professions rep- 
resented in the county. 



CHAPTEE LXI. 

MONEOE COUNTY THE INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 

OUR sketch of Monroe county is made shorter than was at 
first designed, on account of the importance of the State 
university, which is located at Bloomington, in that county. 

The soil of the county is well adapted to all kinds of grain 
indigenous to the State. There is an abundance of valuable 
timber in many parts of the county, for which there is a ready 
market. The surface of the county is well watered with num- 
erous beautiful springs and small streams. The western portion 
of the county abounds in coal and iron ore of a superior quality. 
These inexhaustible mineral deposits are now comparatively 
dormant, awaiting only increased railroad facilities to awaken 
a commercial activity over them. There is an abundance of 
excellent building stone in the county, and several quarries are 
now working a large number of hands profitably in supplying 
the adjacent towns and cities with stone for building purposes. 
There are already ample railroad facilities for nearly all parts 
of the county. The farmers find a ready and profitable market 
for their produce. Most of them have become wealthy, and 
nearly all of them are in good circumstances. 

The educational facilities of the county, in reference to the 
public schools, as also the higher branches of education, are 
without a parallel in the State, which is due, no doubt, to the 
beneficent influences of the State university. Every school 
district in the county has six good, substantial and well- 
arranged school houses, conveniently located; and it is ac- 



468 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

knowledged that, in point of healthfnlness, Monroe county is 
not surpassed by any other portion of the State. 

Bloomington, the county seat of Monroe county, is a pros- 
perous city, of over 3,000 inhabitants. It is located on the 
line of the Louisville, 'New Albany, and Chicago railroad, and 
is the commercial centre of a large and prosperous district of 
country. Naturally a pretty site, it is rendered artistic and 
beautiful by well directed good taste and enterprise. The 
principal sti-eets are handsomely graded and macadamized; 
the side walks are well improved, and highly ornamented with 
shade trees; the private residences and business houses are 
attractive and elegant; the public buildings are handsome, 
commodious, and of the best style of architecture. Such is 
the beautiful little city in which the 

INDIANA STATE UNIVERSFTY 

is located. This institution has not reached as high a place in 
the State and nation as its friends desire it to reach, but it has 
done, and is still doing, a grand work, and is destined, as we 
shall see, to fill a higher station, as the educational growth of 
the State advances. 

We give, following, a somewhat lengthy history of the origin 
and growth of the Indiana State University, which has been 
compiled from sketches furnished by Rev. Dr. Cyrus Nutt, 
president of the institution, and others: 

As early as 1802, Congress made a grant of a township of land in Gibson 
county, and, in the year 1816, another in Monroe count}"^, for the support 
of a seminary of learning. In 1807, an act incorporating the Vincennes 
University passed the legislature, and the township of land in Gibson 
county was placed in the market by the trustees of this institution. The 
sale of land being slow, and proceeds small, and the board failing to meet, 
the institution was supposed to be dead, and treated as such. 

The trustees of the Indiana Seminary were appointed by an act of the 
legislature, passed in 1820, and the board met in June following, at Bloom- 
ington, and selected the site for the institution. This was the same as that 
upon which the university now stands. 

In March, 1822, the contract was made for the erection of the seminary 
building, but it was two years from this time before the building was ready 
to be occupied, and then it was only in an unfinished condition. The first 
session was commenced with about twenty students, in the spring of 1825, 



INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 469 

with but a single teacher, Rev. Baynard R. Hall, and he at a salary of one 
hundred and fifty dollars per year. The academic year was divided into 
two sessions of five months each. In this way the school continued for 
two years, when, in May, 1837, John H. Harney was elected professor of 
mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, at a salary of one hun- 
dred and fifty dollars per session, that of the principal having been raised 
to four hundred dollars per year. The success of the institution thus far 
caused the legislature to designate it with the name, " Indiana College," 
in the year 1828. At this time. Dr. D. H. Maxwell was the president of the 
board of trustees, and the first faculty of the college was organized as fol- 
lows: Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D., president of Washington College, Pa., 
was chosen president and professor of mental and moral philosophy and 
belles letters: Rev. John H. Harney, A.M., professor of mathematics and 
natural philosophy ; and Rev. Baynard R. Hall, A.M., professor of ancient 
languages. In the year 1828, the trustees adopted measures for the sale of 
the college lands in Gibson county, and for the erection of a new college 
building. This building, which was completed in a few years, was a brick 
structure, eighty feet long, thirty wide, and three stories high, and was 
bairned in 1854. 

The career of the institution, under the leadership of Dr. Wylie and his 
efficient assistants, was very successful until some time during the years 
1831-2, a personal diflaculty grew up between the president and members 
of the faculty, which, to a great extent, jeopardized the interests of the 
college. The trustees first attempted a reconciliation, but, failing in that, 
they declared the chairs of Harney and Hall both vacant. Beaumont Parks, 
A.M., was elected in the place of Hall, and Rev. E. N. Elliott, A.M., in that 
of Harney. In 1836, Prof. Elliott resigned to accept the presidency of a 
college in Mississippi, and his place was filled, temporarily, until the next 
meeting of the board, when two professorships of mathematics were estab- 
lished; one of pure mathematics, and the other of natural philosophy. The 
first of these was filled by James F. Dodds, the latter by Rev. T. A. Wylie. 
At the same time the board divided the chair of ancient languages, and to 
Prof. Parks was assigned Latin language and literature ; and A. W. Rut- 
ter was elected to the chair of Greek and modern languages. 

The Indiana College was re-organized by an act of the legislature in 1839, 
the name was changed to Indiana University. It was endowed with uni- 
versity powers and a new board of trustees, with authority to establish such 
departments as the funds of the institution would justify, were appointed. 

This new board re-elected the old faculty, but soon after the chairs of 
Profs. Dodds, Parks and Rutter were declared vacant, and were afterwards 
filled by the election of Jacob Ammen, from the West Point military ac- 
ademy, to the chair of mathematics ; and John I. Morrison to the cliair of 
ancient languages; and also M. M. Campbell as adjunct professor of lan- 
guages and principal of the preparatory department. 

Professor Ammen retained this position until the thirtieth of June, 1843, 
when he resigned. Prof. Morrison resigned during the same year, but 
Prof. Campbell continued in charge of his department for thirteen years. 



470 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



a 



He was succeeded by James Woodburu, who served in that position until 
his death in 1865. 

The chair of ancient languages was, at the next meeting of the board, 
filled by Daniel Read, of the Ohio University, and that of mathematics by 
the Rev. Alfred Ryors, of the same university, and thus the faculty remained 
for four years, when Prof. Ryors resigned, and Charles Marshall, of Vir- 
ginia, was elected in his stead. 

President Wylie, after having discharged the duties of that office for 
twentj'-three years, died on the eleventh of November, 1851. The presi- 
dency was filled by Prof. T. A. Wylie, until January, 1853, wlien the Rev. 
Alfred Ryors, who had previously been elected, entered upon the duties of 
the office. At the close of this year the facility was again re-organized. 
The Rev. Wm. M. Daily, D.D., was elected president; and Rev. Alfred 
Ryors, D.D., was elected to the chair of mathematics, but resigned, and 
Rev. Robert Milligan, A.M., was chosen to fill his place. 

The administration of Dr. Daily was marred by much discord. Charges 
were at times preferred against him, and, pending one of these trials, he 
resigned. His term of office was five years and six months. Prof. Milli- 
gan filled the chair of mathematics from 1853 to 1855, and was transferred 
to that of natural science, left vacant by the resignation of T. A. Wylie, 
and the chair was filled by the election of Rev. Elisha Ballentine, A.M., of 
Richmond, Virginia. In 1856, Daniel Read resigned the chair of ancient 
languages. It was filled by Prof. Ballentine ; and Prof. Daniel Kirkwood, 
who was then president of the Delaware College, was appointed to the 
chair of mathematics and civil engineering. Prof. Milligan resigned the 
professorship of natural science in 1855, and Prof. T. A. Wj'lie was elected, 
and after a two years' absence in the Miami University, returned to his for- 
mer position. Dr. Daily resigned the presidency in 1859, and was suc- 
ceeded by Dr. J. H. Lathrop. Soon after this another professorship was 
established, "the chair of English literature," and Rev. H. B. Hibben was 
elected to fill it. Dr. Lathrop resigned in July, 1860, and the Rev. Cyrus 
Nutt, D.D., then acting president of Asbury University, was elected presi- 
dent, and he has continued to fill that office ever since. In 1863, Prof. 
Ballentine resigned the professorship of ancient languages, and Prof. 
Wylie was transferred to that chair, his place being filled by Col. Richard 
Owen, M.D., LL.D. Prof. Kirkwood resigned his place, accepting the 
chair of mathematics of the Washington and Jefferson College, Pa., where 
he remained two years, after which he returned to his old position. Prof 
Kirkwood's place was filled during his absence by C. M. Dodd, A.M. 

In 1867, three new chairs were established. The department of ancient 
languages w^as divided, the chair of Latin language and literature, and the 
chair of Greek language and literature established. Prof. Dodd was 
transferred to the chair of Latin, and Prof. Ballentine was re-elected to the 
chair of Greek. The department of natural science was also divided, and 
two chairs established, one of natural philosophy, and another of natural 
science and chemistry. To the former T. A. Wylie was assigned, and 
Richard Owen to the latter. The professorship of English literature and 



INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 471 

the theory and practice of teaching was established, to which G. W. Hoss, 
LL.D., was appointed in 1868. The chair of modern language was e&tab- 
lished in 1867, but was not filled for two years, when John A. Eenbelt, 
D.D., was chosen for it, but, holding it one year, he resigned, and was suc- 
ceeded by H. B. Boisen. The military department was organized in 1868, 
and Eli Long, Major-Gen. in the United States Army, was given the pro- 
fessorship. Long resigned in 1869. Civil engineermg was added to the 
department, and Col. James Thompson, a 'graduate of West Point, was 
elected to the chair, and continues to hold it to this time. 

James Woodburn died in 1865, and Rev. A. Atwater was appointed tutor, 
but the regular preparatory department was soon after abolished, and 
Atwater was elected professor of the Latin language and literature, a posi- 
tion M'^hich he has held since, with the exception of a year or two. The 
preparatory department being abolished, it was found necessary to employ 
tutors to bring forward such students as were ready for the freshman class 
with most of their studies, but behind in Greek and Latin. Scott Butler, 
A. M., served in this department from 1868 to 1871, and was succeeded by 
Alexander Kirkpatrick, A. B., and Samuel Tilly, A. B., and they by T. H. 
Mallow, A. B. Mallow died in 1871, and was succeeded by W. R. Hough- 
ton, A. B., who still continues to hold the position. 

Prof Hoss resigned his professorship in 1871, and his place was filled 
by Rev. John L. Gay, A. M., but he resigned in 1872, and was succeeded 
by Rev. George W. Parrott. Parrott resigned in 1873, and Prof Hoss hav- 
ing been re-elected, resumed the duties of the office on the first of Jan- 
uary, 1874. 

But, aside from the changes in the faculty of the university, which have 
been frequent, we must refer to its various relations to the legislature and 
people of Indiana. 

The donation of a township of land in Gibson county for the Univer- 
sity of Yincennes, the organization of a board of trustees, the attempt to 
sell the land, and the supposed death of that corporation, have already 
been mentioned. After the board of ti'ustees of tlie Vincennes University 
had thus failed to perform the functions of the corporation, the legislature 
passed an act authorizing the sale of the land and an appropriation of the 
proceeds to the Indiana State University. After this land had all been 
sold, and the board of trustees of the Vincennes University had slept for 
forty years, they began to awake and make an attempt to reinvest them- 
selves with the property which formerly belonged to them. Reorganizing 
the board and filling its vacancies, they proceeded to bring suits against 
the purchasers of the college lands, for their recovery. But the State had 
sold the lands to these defendants, and would be liable to them on her 
warranty in case they were thrown out of possession, so the legislature 
passed an act authorizing the board of trustees to sue the State directly, 
and thus settle the matter without putting the holders of the lands to the 
expense and annoyance of defending their titles. Suit was accordingly 
brought in the circuit court of Marion county by the trustees of tlie Vin- 
cennes University, and was lost. They appealed from this decision to the 



4:72 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

supreme court of the United States, and the decision of the court below 
was reversed. Judgment was accordingly given against the State for sixty 
thousand dollars. To have paid this would have almost exhausted the 
endowment fund of the State University, but Congress happily came to 
her aid with a donation of twenty-three thousand and forty acres of land, 
and the State also assumed the judgment in favor of the Vincennes Uni- 
versity, thus preserving the endowment fund of the State University 
intact. 

The State University having thus passed the ordeal of this suit, it was 
for a few years thought her final success was insured. But soon another 
misfortune overtook her. In April, 1854, the college building which had 
been erected about twenty-five years before, with all its apparatus and 
libraries, was destroyed by fire. That this fire, occurring at a season of 
the year when there was no fire kept about the building, it was supposed 
to be the work of an incendiary. The libraries then in the building were 
the college library and the libraries of the two literary societies, contain- 
ing, in all, about nine thousand volumes, many of the books being rare 
and valuable. These were dark days for the friends of the university, and 
it was even thought, by many, that the institution was lost. The faculty 
and trustees, however, decided to continue recitations, and measures were 
taken for the erection of a new building. The citizens of Bloomington 
and Monroe county rallied to the rescue, generously donating ten thousand 
dollars to aid the cause. The remainder of the money necessary for the 
completion of the building was borrowed from the sinking fund of the 
State, and thus the work went on until the confidence of success again 
lighted the countenances so recently marked with despair, and a magnifi- 
cent new building arose, " Phoeuix-like," from the ashes of the old, the 
finest and best university building at that time in the West. 

A tuition fee of eighteen dollars per year in the preparatory department, 
and of thirty dollars per year in the collegiate, was required until 1838, 
when the legislature provided for the admission of two students from each 
county free*. In 1860 the doors of the institution were thrown open to all 
alike, and since that time no tuition fee is required of any student in any 
of the departments of the university, thus complying with the spirit of 
that constitutional provision, which says, " It shall be the duty of the 
general assembly to establish a public school system, embracing a regular 
gradation from the primary school to a State university, in which tuition 
shall be free and equally open to all." 

Another step onward was taken in 1867. Though a long time coming, 
it is, perhaps, of as much importance as any. This was a step that the 
growing sentiment of the people demanded for the equal education of 
women, and was no less than the complete breaking down of the barrier 
that kept the female sex entirely out of the college from its beginning to 
tliat time. "By one fell swoop the old prejudice against the co-education 
of tlie sexes was swept away, and the doors of the institution opened to 
the daughters of the State, as it had been to the sons before, and they are 
now invited to come and drink of the crystal fountains of knowledge and 



INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITY. 4:'<3 

to enjoy all the rights and privileges that are enjoyed by the 'lords of cre- 
ation.' And come they do, and right well do they cope with the young 
men in the ascent of the hills of science. Several young ladies have 
already graduated from this institution, and experience proves that the 
co-education of the sexes is a real benefit to all."* 

In this connection it is, perhaps, proper to notice, briefly, some of the 
causes that have operated against the success of the university, as well as 
against the advancement of the high educational facilities of the State. 
The first board of trustees of the Indiana State University, unfortunately 
for the interests of the institution, was a close corporation, the vacancies 
in the board being filled by themselves, instead of being filled by the legis- 
lature, or, as they now are, by the State board of education; hence the 
religious denomination, or sect, which had the supremacy at first, would 
perpetuate the supremacy through all time ; and thus the institution be 
made substantially sectarian. Such was practically the result during- the 
first ten years of its history. This was the source of many complaints 
from the Methodists, Baptists, and other denominations, not represented 
in the faculty, who were members of the Presbyterian church exclusively. 
The murmurs against this exclusiveness were long and loud, as it was per- 
sistently continued. This dissatisfaction with the management of the 
State University finally culminated in the withdrawal of the support of 
the denominations who could not obtain representation in the faculty, and 
the establishment of several sectarian colleges in diflerent parts of the 
State. In 1836, Franklin College was established at Franklin, by the Bap- 
tists, the Northwestern Christian University, at Indianapolis, by the reform- 
ers, was established at a later period ; as also the Christian Union College, 
at Merom, by the New Lights. The Indiana Asbury University was estab- 
lished at Greencastle, by the Methodist in 1839. 

The Indiana Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, several 
years before they resolved to establish a university of their own, by con- 
ference action, tendered the support and patronage of the denomination 
to the Indiana College, provided the general assembly would so modify 
the organization thereof as to make the trustees elective by the legisla- 
ture ; or, if the trustees would place a Methodist in the faculty of the uni- 
versity. These requests were steadily denied until 1836, after the confer- 
ence had selected Greencastle as the location of the university, for which 
the legislature had just granted a charter. Then the authorities of the 
State college elected Augustus W. Rutter, A. M., a Methodist, who was 
professor of languages in Alleghany College, Pennsylvania, to the chair 
of political economy and modern languages. But this liberality came too 
late, for the denomination had a college of its own. For the same reason 
the legislature withheld all financial support for thirty years, and the State 
university made no progress. Had a more liberal course been pursued 
from the beginning, all the denominations would have rallied to the State 
university, and instead of having sixteen colleges, Indiana, to-da3\ would 

* Indiana Patriot. 



474: HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

have but one gTand university, fully equaling, if not excelling, that of 
Michigan. 

It should be observed, notwithstanding, that the Presbyterians were not 
more to blame in this case than any other church would have been in like 
circumstances. " Anxiety for their own creed makes any church an unsafe 
guide in questions involving conflicting interests. The highest prosperity 
of the common school system, as well as all other American institutions, 
will be found when fartherest removed from all religious intermeddling." 

LAW DEPARTMKKT. 

A law professorship was created in 1835, and Judge Blackford was 
elected to the chair, but he declined to accept, and no one was found to 
take the place until 1840, at which time it was accepted by Hon. David 
McDonald, LL. D. Judge McDonald remained in this position for twelve 
years. In 1847 the law faculty was increased by the election of Hon. 
William T. Otto, LL. D. This department was marked with great success 
under the charge of these able jurists until 1852, when they both resigned. 
Hon. James Hughes succeeded to the chair of law, and held the position 
from 1852 to 1855, when, being elected to Congress, he was succeeded by 
Hon. James R. M. Bryant, who filled the professorship for six years. Bry- 
ant was succeeded by Hon. George A. Bickwell. LL. D., who filled the 
chair from 1861 to 1870, when he resigned. 

This department was re-organized in 1869, by establishing another chair, 
and by making tuition free. The law professors had, previous to this time, 
depended upon tuition for their compensation, and this was so small that 
the term only lasted for three months, but now the law professors ar*^ paid 
salaries, and the term lengthened to six months ; Hon. John W. Pettit, 
LL. D., was employed in connection with Judge Bicknell. Both these 
resigned in 1870, and were succeeded by Hon. Samuel E. Perkins, LL. D., 
and Hon. B. E. Rhoads. Two years later, Judge Perkins resigned, and 
was succeeded by Hon. Delaud R. Dekles, who served one year and was 
succeeded by Hon. D. W. Lafollette. He also served one year, and was 
succeeded by Hon. Cyrus F. McNutt. 

PRESENT CONDITION OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

The departments of instruction are as follows: 
Fwst — The school of Mental, Moral and Political Philoso- 
phy, Cyrus Nutt, D. I).,' LL. D., Professor. In this depart- 
ment are taught mental philosophy, embracing the human 
intellect, sensibilities, and will; moral science, including the 
theory of morals, and practical morals ; the former embracing 
the moral sense, the grounds of right and wrong, the nature 
of virtue, the authoritj^ of conscience, the rules of moral 



476 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

conduct, and tlie sources from which they are derived, and the 
nature of moral obh'gations; the latter, or practical morals, 
embraces the duties which we owe to ourselves, viz.: self-sup- 
port, self-protection, self-control, and self-culture; the duties 
we owe to man, justice, veracity, and benevolence; justice in 
regard to life, liberty, property, character, and reputation; 
veracity, in respect to the past, present and future; embracing 
lying, promises, contracts, and oaths; duties arising from the 
constitution of the sexes, the law of chastity, the law of 
marriage, the rights and duties of parents; the rights and 
duties of children; benevolence, its nature and obligation; 
benevolence to the unhappy, to the wicked, to the injurious; 
and lastly, the duties which we owe to God, obedience, love, 
and worship. Political philosophy, embraces civil polity, 
constitution of the United States, political economy, interna- 
tional laws. The evidences of Christianity are also taught in 
this department. Text-books are used, accompanied by lec- 
tures by the president, who has charge of this department. 

Second — The school of Natural Philosophy, Theophilus A. 
"Wylie, D. D., professor. In this department are taught 
descriptive geometry, mechanics, the nature and laws of light, 
heat, and electricity, the laws of motion, statics, dynamics, 
hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics, pneumatics, acoustics, optics, 
and astronomy. While text-books are used, the larger part of 
the instruction is given by lectures. The great laws of matter 
are clearly and beautifully illustrated by experiments, for 
which an extensive apparatus furnishes the requisite facilities, 
thus rendering their comprehension easy, and their acquisition 
attractive to the student. 

Third — The school of Natural Science, Richard Owen, M. 
D., LL. D., professor. Thos. S. Yan Nuys, M. D., professor 
of analytical and practical chemistry. In this department 
are taught botany, physical geography, anatomy, physiology, 
hygiene, zoology, mineralogy, geology, and chemistry. In- 
struction is given by lectures, accompanied by the use of text- 
books. Facilities for illustration are furnished by one of the 
largest and best museums in the United States; containing 
specimens of almost every genus and species of the vegetable 



INDIANA STATE TTNIVERSITY. 4TT 

and animal kingdoms, together with a very extensive collection 
of specimens in mineralogy and geology. In 1867, the cele- 
brated cabinet of Dr. David Dale Owen, of JN^ew Harmony, 
which was reputed by scientific men as fully equal, in the 
number, variety and volume of its specimens, to any in the 
country, was purchased by the trustees and transferred to 
Bloomington. This cabinet is now scientifically and tastefully 
displayed in the new college building. Another large addi- 
tion to the museum has recently been made by the purchase 
of the Ward specimens in palaeontology, which are exceed- 
ingly rich and varied. 

The chemical apparatus is extensive, and admirably adapted 
to experimental illustrations, and all kinds of chemical anal- 
ysis. A full course of experiments is given to the classes in 
this department. IS'o institution in the country is better pro- 
vided with facilities for an extensive and thorough course of 
instruction in the natural sciences than the Indiana State 
University. 

FourtJi — The school of Mathematics, Daniel Kirkwood, LL. 
D., professor. In this school are taught algebra, geometry, 
(plane, solid, and spherical,) plane trigonometry, spherical 
trigonometry, surveying, navigation, analytical geometry, dif- 
ferential and integral calculus. In addition to the full course 
of recitations, lectures are delivered from time to time on 
these various branches and their applications taught in con- 
nection with their theories. 

Fifth — The department of the Greek Languages and Lit- 
erature, Elisha Ballantine, A. M., professor. In this school 
are taught Greek grammar, Greek reader, Greek compositions, 
Xenophon's anabasis and cyropedia, Herodotus, Homer, Thu- 
cydides, Demosthenes, Xenophon's memorabilea, Sophocles, 
Eurepides, Greek prosody, antiquities and mythology. Thor- 
ough instruction is given in the structure of this language, 
with constant attention to the accents and grammar. 

Sixth — The school of Civil Engineering and Military Sci- 
ence, Colonel James Thompson, U. S. A., professor. In this 
school are taught practical surveying, with operations in the 
field, and instructions in regard to the use of the theodolite 



478 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

and the other instruments used in civil engineering. The 
students in this department are also taught mechanical draw- 
ing, and the theories of the construction of bridges, railroads, 
turnpikes, etc., and the various styles and kinds of archi- 
tecture. 

Practical instruction in military drill in the school of the 
soldier, and that of the company, is also furnished in this 
department. Those in this military school drill twice a week, 
which, in addition to giving them a knowledge of the manual 
of arms and military tactics, tends greatly to promote their 
physical development, giving them a graceful bearing, as well 
as firmness of muscle and general good health. 

Seventh — The school of the Latin Language and Literature, 
Amzi Atwater, A. M., professor. In this school are taught 
Latin composition, and the elements and structure of the Latin 
language, and the following classical authors are read, viz.: 
Cicero, Horace, and Tacitus; Roman antiquities and mythology 
are also studied. 

Before entering this department, the student must have 
mastered the preparatory course in Latin, consisting of Latin 
grammar, the elementary exercises of rendering Latin into 
English, and English into Latin; Latin reader, Latin prose 
composition, Ceesar, and Yirgil. Direct reference is had con- 
stantly to intellectual discipline which the study of the classics 
furnishes the student, and to perfect him in his command of 
the powers and resources of his vernacular tongue. 

Eighth — The department of English Literature and Elocu- 
tion, Geo. "W. Hoss, LL. D., professor, and Sarah A. Morrison, 
A. M., assistant professor of English Literature. In this 
school are taught English composition, rhetoric, philosophy 
of rhetoric, logic, criticism, sentential analysis, English litera- 
ture, art of discourse and elocution. In logic, rhetoric and 
art of discourse, practice, as well as theory is required. 
Especial attention is given throughout the course in this 
department to criticisms in English; and in the daily recita- 
tions and exercises, every effort is made to render these studies 
oi practical utility to the student, in giving him perfect com- 
mand of the English language. Classes are formed in elocu- 



i 



INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, 479 



tion. and daily lessons are given in vocal culture and delivery. 

Ninth — The school of Modern Languages and History. In 
this department are taught German grammar, German com- 
position, the translation of German into English, and of Eng- 
lish into German; French grammar and composition, and the 
translation of French into English, and of English into French. 
The students daily practice conversation in these languages in 
connection with the professor. The most distinguished Ger- 
man authors are read; and selections from the best French 
writers are read and translated. General history, ancient and 
modern, is studied, with daily recitations throughout the fresh- 
man year. 

Tenth — The preparatory school, Walter B, Houghton, A. 
M., and Miss S. May, professors. In this department are 
taught English grammar, arithmetic, geography, orthography, 
sentential analysis, English composition, history of the United 
States, book-keeping, algebra, (elementary and higher), geom- 
etry, Latin grammar, Latin reader, Latin prose composition, 
Caesar, Yirgil, and Cicero's orations. 

A change has recently been made in the studies requisite for 
admission to the freshman class in the university. One year 
more of mathematics, and one year less of Greeks are now 
required in the preparatory course. This modification adapts 
the collegiate course of the university to the course of study 
in the best class of high schools in the State. The student 
who completes the high school course and passes satisfactory 
examinations, is entitled to enter the freshman class in the 
university without further examinations ; and he is not com- 
pelled, as heretofore, to spend two years in some private acad- 
emy or preparatory department of some college, in order to 
bring up his studies in Greek. Thus the public system of 
education of Indiana is consolidated and harmonized; and a 
complete gradation of schools is established, in accordance 
with the provisions of the State constitution, from the pri- 
mary, intermediate, and high school, to the university, in all 
of which, tuition is free. 

Eleventh — State geological, mineralogical and agricultural 
reconnoissance, Edward T. Cox, A. M., State geologist. By 



480 • HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

an act of the general assembly, passed in 1861, the State geol- 
ogist is made, ex officio^ a member of the faculty of the Indiana 
State University, and one of the stated lecturers. He is also 
required to present to the cabinet of the university a duplicate 
of all the specimens in geology and mineralogy collected in 
the State of Indiana. 

TwelftJi^-ThQ Law School. Faculty: Cyi'us N'utt, T>. D. 
LL. D., president; Hon. B. E. Rhodes, A. M., and Hon. Cyrus 
F. McNutt, law professors. 

This department now occupies the commodious and beauti- 
ful room prepared for it in the new edifice, just completed. 
The course of instruction begins on the seventeenth of Sep- 
tember, and closes on the last Thursday before the fourth of 
July in each year. The year is divided into three sessions 
corresponding to the sessions of the collegiate department. 
Moot courts are held every Wednesday and Saturday, in which 
all the students are exercised in the preparation of papers and 
pleadings, the rules of practice, forms of record and in the 
discussion of legal questions. Tuition is free for all. The 
contingent fee is three dollars per session. Students of the 
law department are allowed to attend lectures and recitations 
in the university, under the direction of the faculty of arts. 
Students receive the degree of bachelor of laws after an 
attendance of not less than two years, provided they pass the 
requisite examinations. Connected with this department, 
there is a large and valuable law library, containing the works 
of the best writers upon jurisprudence, together with English 
reports, and the reports of the supreme court of the United 
States, and the reports of the supreme courts of most of the 
States. To this library the students have free access. 



If we have made a longer chapter on the Indiana State 
University than its importance, compared with other interests 
of the State, demands, we have done so in the hope tliat it 
may awaken a more general interest in its welfare. This is 
much needed. The medical department of the university is 
located in Indianapolis, and will receive due notice in our 
sketch of Marion county, in a succeeding chapter. 



CPIAPTER LXII. 

HENEY COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

HENRY county was first settled in 1818'-19. In the latter 
year Asahel Woodard, Andrew Shannon, Allen Shep- 
herd, a Mr. "Whittinger, David Cray, George Hobson, and 
Wm. Shannon, settled in what is now Henry township. Mr. 
Woodard erected his log cabin just north of the site of the 
present town of ISTew Castle, within a few yards of his residence. 
The Whittingers and Mr. Cray built a " log residence " not 
many yards from the site where Joshua Holland's house was 
afterwards erected. Allen Shepherd settled nearly two miles 
north by east of ISTew Castle, on what was afterwards known 
as the Huddleson farm, and his "elegant residence,* erected 
fifty-five years ago is still standing." Andrew Shannon located 
just north of Shepherd, and near the present site of the Hern- 
ley mills. George Hobson settled on the farm afterwards 
owned by Judge Elliott, about a mile and a half southwest of 
New Castle. William Shannon settled on what was afterwards 
known as the Holloway farm, four miles southwest of New 
Castle. Following these came Joseph Hobson, who settled 
near the Elliott farm, two miles southwest of New Castle. It 
was at his house that the first county courts were held. 
" George Hobson, Andrew Shannon, Mr. Whittinger, and D. 
Cray," says Mr. Pleas, "brought their families with them, and 
made their caffes afterwards. Mrs. Ashel Woodard and Mrs. 
William Shannon arrived on the thirty-first of July following, 
and Mr. Woodard planted about two acres of corn, the first 
crop, he thinks, ever raised by a white man in this county. 
He planted an old Indian field or clearing, and although culti- 

* From Mr. Pleas' narrative. 

31 481 



482 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 

vated with the hoe alone, he thinks he never saw such corn 
before or since." Thus was commenced the settlement of 
Henry county. The record is a simple one, yet full of mean- 
ing, and the same plain story can be told of the first settlement 
of nearly every county in the State. These were the pioneers 
of pioneers — those who felled the first trees of the forest, and 
tilled the first patch of ground, and built the first rude log 
cabins; and then there were the other pioneers who followed 
and increased the settlement, bringing with them new hopes, 
new ideas, new energies, new resolutions that braced up the 
weary original settlers. Then there were the long, cold, cheer- 
less winters, with a scarcity of clothing and provisions; with 
sick infant children, that were often laid away, after death, in 
the snow-covered earth, with only the little mound to mark 
their graves among the tall trees; with absent husbands and 
fathers, and lonesome nights, when the beating hearts of fore- 
boding wives and mothers longed for the return of paternal 
footsteps, or chilled as the dismal howl of the hungry wolf 
floated on the midnight winds. And then there were toiling 
men, brave men, and indeed great men, the greatest men this 
State has ever had — pioneer men — who through the " dark 
days " of want, privation, hardship and peril, worked on, and 
opened the way for the glorious civilization that followed them 
so closely. Such was pioneer life in Indiana, and it is scarcely 
necessary to repeat the same story in these short county 
sketches. 

Henry county was organized by an act of the legislature, 
adopted in February, 1821. Lawrence Brannon, and John 
Bell, of Wayne county, John Sample, of La Fayette, Eichard 
Biem, of Jackson, and J. W. Scott, of Union, were appointed 
as commissioners, to meet at the house of Joseph Hobson on 
the first Monday in July, 1821, for the purpose of locating the 
county seat. The first county election was held in 1822, and 
resulted in the election of the following ofiicers: Jesse H. 
Healy, sheriff; Reme Julian, clerk and recorder; Thos. R. 
Stanford, and Elisha Long, associate judges; Allen Shepherd, 
Wm. Shannon, and Samuel Goble, commissioners. 

New Castle was chosen the county seat of Henry county, 



HENRY COnNTT HISTOEICAX, AND DESCRIPTIVE. 488 

and in February, 1823, the county commissioners ordered that 
" the agent of Henry connty shall ofier for sale, to the lowest 
bidder, in the town of ISTew Castle, the building of the court 
house of Henry county of th^ following dimensions, to wit: 
being logs twenty-two by eighteen feet, each log to face not 
less than twelve inches at the little end, being seven inches 
thick, twelve rounds high, with a cabin roof to consist of 
eleven joists, to be four inches by nine, the joists to be eight 
feet nine inches from the floor," etc. In the following May, 
however, the commissioners ordered that the plans for the 
court house should be changed so as to make the building 
larger. 

]N"ew Castle, the county seat of Henry county, is pleasantly 
located in the center of the county. It was first laid off in 
1822. After the usual pioneer struggles, the town grew in 
population and importance, and in 1833 it contained about 
three hundred inhabitants. It has now a population of about 
two thousand five hundred, and is a flourishing business 
center. It has excellent educational facilities, and contains 
within it the elements for an extensive future development. 

Ejiightstown, a thrifty village, is pleasantly situated on Blue 
river. It was first platted in 1827, and is now one of the most 
enterprising villages in the county. In educational matters 
it has excelled. The Knightstown academy building is a com- 
modeous structure, capable of accommodating nearly four 
hundred pupils. The graded school at this town is also a 
flourishing and eflficiently managed institution. The popula- 
tion of Knights tovsoi is over two thousand. There are several 
enterprising and prosperous villages in the county. In the 
rural districts the scene is fully as refreshing as in the villages. 
The farmers have all put aside their pioneer habits and have 
taken on the modern regime. They are nearly all either 
wealthy or in comfortable circumstances. The county has 
good railroad facilities, and with a productive soil, its future 
material progress is guaranteed. The area of the county is 
about three hundred and ninety square miles. The surface is 
well watered, and the soil adapted to all kinds of grain indi- 
genous to the State. 



CHAPTEK LXIII. 

CARROLL COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

HENRY ROBINSON and his son, Abner Robinson, were 
the first settlers of Carroll county. Others followed 
close in their footsteps. The Robinsons built their cabins in 
the winter of 1824:-5, and, in the fall of 1825-6, the settle- 
ment had reached quite a neighborhood. There is a long train 
of interesting pioneer reminiscences connected with the early 
experiences of the Robinsons, and those who settled in the 
county about the same time. These would afford a nai'rative 
full of romance and interest, and full of evidences of the great 
energy and perseverance of those early settlers. But we have 
no space for this narrative. Carroll county was organized by 
an act of the general assembly, in 1828. The commissioners 
appointed for the purpose selected the site of the present city 
of Delphi for the county seat. It was first given the name of 
Carrollton, but was soon after changed to Delphi. The sale 
of lots took place on the eleventh day of August, 1828, but 
land was not very valuable then, and the lots went off at a low 
price. So little enthusiasm was manifested at the sale, that it 
was decided to dispose of only part of the town lots, and await 
a more profitable season for the sale of the others. Not long 
after the sale a Presbyterian church was organized at Delphi,, 
and the residence of Henry Robinson was used as a place of 
worship. In the fall of 1828, a large number of new settlers 
arrived, and the little town began to show evidences of growth 
and prosperity. 

The fall and winter of 1828-9, were unusually dry. " The 
merchants shipped their goods from Cincinnati for the Wabash 
on steamboats, which could proceed no further than the rapids 

484 



486 HISTORY OP INDIANA. 

below Yincennes, at Mount Carmel." From that point they 
were conveyed to Delphi on wagons, " very much to the injury 
of the merchants, and the disappointment of the people." 
Early in the year 1830, Mr. Henry Eobinson's mill was put 
in operation. During that year the summer was exceedingly 
dry and sickly.* Tlie county improved rapidly, but, unfortu 
nately for Delphi, as it first came into notice that season, the 
unusual amount of sickness gave it a bad name, from which 
it did not recover for many years. This idea, however, has 
long since been lost in the general and well-founded reputation 
of the present Delphi for healthfulness. 

At the first meeting of the Old Settlers' Society of Carroll 
county, held in 1855, the following list of the names of the 
early settlers of the county was obtained. It gives their 
names, their native States, age at that time, and the date of 
their settlement in the county : 

Name. Where Born. 

A])ner Robinson Ky 

AVilliam McCord Ya 

James Odell Ind 

Thomas Gillam, Sen Penn. . . . 

John M. Gillam Penn. . . . 

Thos. Sterlin Penn. . . . 

John Little N. C. . 

John M. Ewing Penn. . . . 

Daniel McCain Ohio .... 

William Hughes Ya 

Adam Porter Ya 

Aaron Gregg Ohio .... 

William McCain Ohio. . . . 

John W. Gillam Ind 

Isaac Kobbins Ohio .... 

William B. Givins Ya 

Henry M. Graham Ind 

John B. Milroy Ind 

John Archer Ohio .... 



Age. 


Date of Settlement. 


54 . 


. . . Dec. 31, 1824. 


59 .. 


...Feb. 6, 1827. 


44 . 


...Feb. 1825. 


68 . 


...April 4, 1829. 


69 . 


. . . Mar. 4, 1829. 


54 . 


...Mar. 3, 1825. 


66 . 


...Nov. 6, 1826. 


58 . 


...April, 1827. 


55 . 


...April, 1826. 


68 . 


...Feb. 1829. 


50 . 


...Nov. 1829. 


53 . 


. . . Oct. 1830. 


52 . 


...Dec. 10,1828. 


44 .. 


..April 1,1827. 


39 . 


. . . Oct. 1828. 


37 . 


. . . April, 1829. 


38 .. 


..Jan. 6, 1829. 


35 .. 


. . Dec. 1826. 


40 .. 


. . April, 1831. 



* James Harvey Stewart's compilatioa. 



OABEOLL COUNTY EAELT HISTORY, 487 

Joseph Cox Ky 37 . . . .April, 1829. 

John Barr Ohio 47 .... Sept. 1831. 

Isaac Jackson Ya 40 Oct. 1827. 

Jas. F. Givins Ind 28 .... April, 1827. 

George Royster Ind 29 Jan. 1830. 

James H. Stewart Ky 46 Apr. 10,1830. 

Andrew Bnrntrager Ya 55 .... Sept. 1829. 

Enoch Stancel Ohio 49 .... Nov. 1830. 

David Baum Penn 50 April, 1825. 

Noble Conklin Ohio 48 .... Oct. 1830. 

Jas. McDowell N. C 69 .... Aug. 14,1826. 

Sam. D. Gresham Ya 49 Apr. 30,1830. 

These are by no means all the early settlers, or even a com- 
plete list of those who settled previous to 1829. But it 
embraces nearly all who located in the county in 1828, and 
previous to that date. 

The first circuit coart of Carroll county was held at the 
house of Daniel Baum, on the eighth of May, 1828, Judge B. 
F. Morris, presiding. This was a pioneer court scene, but 
Carroll county has beautifully outgrown those early days. 
Delphi has, to-day, an elegant court house, and the Carroll 
Circuit Court is one of its boasted evidences of a high intel- 
ligence. 

The surface of Carroll county is undulating along the 
Wabash, Tippecanoe and Wild Cat, which are the principal 
streams; in other places it is level. About one-fifth of the 
county was originally dry prairie, the balance forest, consist- 
ing mostly of oak, walnut, poplar, beech and sugar tree. The 
soil is mostly a rich loam, well adapted to corn, wheat, etc., 
and these, with cattle, hogs, etc., are the principal surplus 
articles produced for exportation. The rural districts of the 
county present one general scene of prosperity. The farmers 
are nearly all wealthy. They have good residences, thrifty 
farms, excellent schools, commodious and substantial churches. 
Education is encouraged, and the youths promise much for 
the future welfare of a prosperity already flourishing. The 
towns and villages of the county are all enjoying superior 



488 toSTOEY OF INDIANl. 

graded schools. Delphi has a population of over two tlioti6* 
and, and is the largest town in the county. Its school facili- 
ties are excelled nowhere in the State. 



OHAFTEE LXIV. 

SWITZERLAND COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESOKIFriVE. 

THE first settlement within the limits of Switzerland, of 
which any definite account can be obtained, was made by 
Heathcoat Picket, who settled above Plum creek, about three 
miles above Yevay, in 1795, where he built a cabin and re- 
mained for several years. There being an abundance of game, 
his family were always supplied with meat. The bread was 
made from corn ground in a hand mill. The family consisted 
of the father, mother, two sons, and one daughter. They all 
endured severe privations, and often narrowly escaped the 
dreaded tomahawk of the treacherous savages. In 1798 the 
Cotton and Deckason families settled on Indian creek, about 
three miles from the Ohio river, some distance from Vevay. 
In 1799 Eobert Gullion settled in the Ohio river bottom, 
above the mouth of Loglick creek. 

In 1796 John James Dufour, a native of Switzerland, 
Europe, explored the country along the Ohio river between 
Cincinnati and Louisville, seeking a suitable location for the 
future homes of himself, his son, four brothers, three sisters, 
and a few of their associates who were desirous of coming to 
America to introduce the cultivation of the vine. He finally 
located between Indian and Plum creeks, and entered, under a 
special act of congress, about three thousand acres of land, at 
two dollars per acre, with interest, on a credit of twelve years 
— the extended credit being given for the purpose of encour- 
aging the cultivation of the vine and making domestic wine. 



SWlTZERLAiSI) COUNTY — KAKLT HteroRY. 481) 

" I'iie Golonists, numbering seventeen souls^ embarked for the 
tJuited States in January^ 1801, and landed at JSTorfolk, Vir- 
ginia, in May of the same year. They began arriving at their 
destination, IN^ew Switzerland — the name given to their new 
settlement — in 1803, and by 1809 they had built comfortable 
log houses, cleared considerable land, planted orchards and 
vineyards, and commenced making considerable quantities of 
wine, which in the market was always known as ' Vevay wine '." 

In November, 1813, John Francis Dufour and Daniel Dufour 
laid out the town of Yevay — the lots being sold at public 
sale. This sale was quite successful, many persons from 
neighboring settlements being present and purchasing liberally. 
In the spring of 1814 persons from Ohio, Pennsylvania and 
l!^ew York commenced settling in the new town. The site of 
the town, for the most part, was lying in a very heavy timbered 
tract of land, and it required much hard work to clear off the 
timber and build houses. The county was organized in 1814, 
and the county seat was located at Yevay. 

The hardships of the early settlers of Switzerland county 
may be imagined, from the fact that from 1803 to 1813 the 
settlers within the limits of the county were in continual 
dread of being attacked and massacred by bands of hostile 
Indians. As a means for better protection against surprise by 
the Indians, several families would meet at night at the house 
of one of the number, and while the women and children and 
part of the men retired to rest, part of the men kept watch 
with loaded guns. Through these precautions, but few, if any, 
persons ever met their death at the hands of hostile Indians in 
that county. 

Immediately after the organization of the county it began 
to increase in population, and from 1816 to 1822 towns were 
laid out in different parts of the county, and the general scene 
was that of activity, industry and thrift. In 1815 James 
Mclntire laid out the town of Erin, opposite Carroll ton, Ky., 
but was unsuccessful in his attempts to attract population at 
that' point. In 1816 Peter Demaree laid out the town of 
A-llensville, which for some time promised to become an im- 
portant point. It is now a pleasant village. Thus we might 



490 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

name several towns that were laid out in that county in 1816- 
17-18, etc. In short, its progress was fully up to the best 
counties in the State. 

The farmers of the county are a very industrious, moral, 
hard-working people; most of them have gained an independ- 
ence, and are now enjoying the fruits of their labors, having 
excellent residences, while their children enjoy the best of 
schools. Hay is the great staple of the county, and has been 
exported with great profit. The county is well timbered with 
the very best quality of wood, and the farmer has all the 
opportunities and advantages for success. Switzerland county 
has not increased in population as rapidly as in wealth. Its 
villages are all established on a firm footing, and its commerce 
and agriculture are exceedingly prosperous. 



CHAPTER LXV. 

OHIO COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

OHIO county contains eighty-seven square miles, or 55,680 
acres of territory. Of this, 54,750 acres are tillable. 
The general character of the land is rolling, and in some parts 
broken by ranges of hills; these, however, are not so high or 
so steep as to prevent cultivation. Many of these hill farms 
rival the bottom lands in fertility; "while the bottom farms, 
lying along the courses of the Ohio river, Laughery or Arnold's 
creeks, are fully equal to the far-famed Miami bottoms in rich- 
ness." Some time previous to its settlement by Americans, 
the soil of Ohio county was the scene of a terrible massacre — 
that of Colonol Laughery and his party, which occurred in 
1781. Colonel Laughery, with a party of about one hundred 
men, was descending the Ohio, endeavoring to overtake and 
and re-enforce the celebrated General G. R. Clark, who was 



OHIO COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 491 

then on an expedition against the western Indians. He was 
waylaid and surprised near Langherj creek, where he, with 
most of his men, were overpowered and massacred. 

In the spring of 1798, Benjamin Chambers, a government 
officer, first planted his compass and carried his chain over the 
land on which now stands Eising Sun- — the county seat of 
Ohio county. " This, together with several tracts which he sur- 
veyed, was granted to him and Lewis Davis by government, 
the patent bearing date of October twenty-first, 1807, and the 
signatures of Thomas Jefferson, president, and James Madison, 
secretary of state of the United States. In 1803 he had built 
a double log house, and moved his family out here the same 
year. In the same year, John Fulton and his son, with their 
families, emigrated here from Lancaster county. Pa. They 
bought land the following year from Benj. Chambers, and 
Samuel Fulton built a cabin on the river bank, near where the 
woolen factory now stands, in Rising Sun. The beautiful 
scenery of green and lofty hills, opening fields, giant forests, 
and winding river, presented an enchanted picture to his fam- 
ily. He was a pioneer of many excellent qualities, and noted 
for his daring skill as a hunter, simplicity of manners and 
integrity of character. He opened his house for the use of the 
Eev. James Kemper and Rev. David Eiske to preach the gos- 
pel, from 1804 to 1808." * In 1799, Benj. Avery located on a 
tract of land bordering on the river, a half a mile above Rising 
Sun. In 1802, Thomas Fulton settled on the bank of Arnold's 
creek, on what is now known as the ISTelson farm. The 
Indians encamped there . often and held their councils, but 
they were seldom troublesome. In 1803, the Brown family 
began to settle in the county. First came Ethan Allen Brown. 
He and David Brown established the " old Brown homestead." 
Roger Brown, Jr., came in 1810, and the rest of the family in 
1814. Ethan Allen Brown rose to honorable distinction in the 
civil service of his country. He became judge of the supreme 
court, governor of the State of Ohio, commissioner of the land 
office, senator of the United States, and minister to Brazil. 

♦From a sketch in State Atlas. 



492 HistoRY OF nroiANA. 

He died at Indianapolis, February twenty-fourth, 1852, aged 
seventy-six years. 

The early settlement of Ohio county is — as also that of all 
other counties in the State — full of romance. In the winter 
of 1805, Samuel Fulton made a large party for his neighbors; 
Benj. Chambers, an invited guest, put his oxen to a large 
pirogue (a water craft, or dug-out), and, with all of his family 
and a few of his neighbors in it, gave them a merry sleigh-ride 
to the party. This was a common conveyance during the sea- 
son of sleighing, in those early days of our history. 

In 1817, an attempt was made to organize Ohio county, but 
the measure was not carried into efiect until 1843. In Decem- 
ber, 1844, the first court was held in Rising Sun — the latter 
place having been selected as the seat of justice for the county. 

Rising Sun is situated upon the Ohio river, thirty-five miles 
from Cincinnati, Ohio, upon a high rolling table land; so high 
there is no possibility of an overflow from any rise in the river. 
A complete natural drainage is afforded. The city was first 
laid out in the spring of 1814, in a dense forest, which then 
covered its present site, by John James. Rising Sun was 
incorporated as a city by a special charter, in January, 1848, 
and has long been celebrated for its beautiful location, health, 
wide and pleasant streets, numerous shade trees, cozy and 
elegant residences, and congenial and intelligent inhabitants. 

The land in Ohio county is very fertile, and well watered by 
numerous small streams. There are throughout the county 
numerous mounds, near which interesting relics of the '' stone 
ao-e " have been found. 



CHAPTEE LXYI. 

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY HISTOKIGAL AND DESCEIPTrVE. 

BAETHOLOMEW county was organized in 1821, under 
an act of the general assembly, approved January ninth 
of that year, and was taken from what was then known as 
Delaware county.* It was named in honor of General Joseph 
Bartholomew, of Clark county. He was a distinguished 
soldier of the Indian wars, and commanded a battalion of 
Indiana militia in the battle of Tippecanoe, where he was 
severely wounded. In 1819, when the treaty by which the 
lands in Bartholomew county were ceded to the United States 
by the natives, there were no white settlers in the county, yet 
such was the inviting character of the country that it was 
rapidly settled by an intelligent and enterprising population. 
At the first election after the organization of the county, there 
were three hundred and fifty -five votes cast, indicating nearly 
two thousand inhabitants. 

The central and eastern portion of the county is generally 
level and the soil productive; the western portion is broken 
and less fertile, although there is but little really poor land in 
the county. The country known as the " Haw Patch," which 
is twelve miles in length and six in width, would compare 
favorably with any portion of the famous " Blue Grass " 
region of Kentucky. "Between Flatrock and Driftwood," 
says tile author of the " Indiana Gazetteer," " there were 
originally forests for miles, without any undergrowth, and 
where the tall and thinly scattered walnut, blue ash and sugar 

* Our sketch of Bartholomew county is compiled principally from MS. 
furnished by Dr. J. C. Beck, of Cincinnati, an old and respected resident 
of the county. 

488 



494 rasTORT OF Indiana. 

trees no more interfered with travelers on horseback or in car- 
riages, than wonld open parks, where trees had been planted 
and trimmed for the purpose." 

The principal water courses are the Driftwood or East Fork 
of White river, Flatrock, Big Sand creek. Little Sand creek, 
Clifty, Blue river, Eock creek, Haw creek, Duck creek, Tough 
creek, White creek, Bear creek, Denio's creek, Nineveh creek, 
Cook's creek and Pleasant run; Driftwood fork was, by an 
act of the legislature in 1824, declared a public highway; 
nearly all these streams afford mill facilities during a greater 
part of the year, and a never-failing supply of water for stock. 
Fish were formerly found in abundance, but of late years the 
supply has notably diminished, and artificial means have been 
resorted to, to restore it, with a fair prospect of success. 

Prominent among the early settlers were, John Lindsay, 
Luke Bousteel, John Prathea, David Deitz, John P. Eobinson, 
Williamson Terrell, Francis J. Cramp, Joseph Cox, Tunis 
Quick, William S. Jones, David Kellar, Pansom Davis, Arch- 
ibald McEwau, Solomon Stout, Samuel Nelson, Jacob Cook, 
James Hamner, Joseph McFall, Samuel Beek, and Jessie and 
William Puddick. They had mostly emigrated from Ken- 
tucky, and were all men of character and force, and contrib- 
uted largely to the subsequent prosperity of the county. 
Many of their descendants reside there, and are numbered 
among the most prominent and influential citizens. 

Columbus is the county seat of Bartholomew. It has 
been incorporated as a cit3^ Ilartsville, Hope, Taylors- 
ville, Azalia, Elizabeth town, Jonesville, Walesboro, Wajmes- 
ville, Newburn, Mount Healthy, Waymansville, Clifibrd, 
Bethany, Kansas, Burnsville, and St. Louis Crossing are 
incorporated towns, all of them prosperous and thriving. 
The county seat was selected by William P. Thomasson, of 
Harrison county, Ebenezer E. Morgan, of Crawford county, 
John E. Clark, of Washington county, and James Hamilton, 
of Jackson county, commissioners appointed by the general 
assembly for that purpose. They met at the house of John 
Parker, on Haw creek, February twelfth, 1821, and after care- 
ful consideration, agreed upon the site They decided to call 



496 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

it Tiptona, in honor of General Tipton, who owned lands in 
the vicinity, but the connty commissioners, at their second 
meeting, in March, 1821, changed the name to Columbus. 

The first settlers of Columbus were John Lindsay and Luke 
Bonesteel, who had purchased by entry from the general gov- 
ernment in 1820, the ground upon which a considerable por- 
tion of the town was located, and which was donated by them 
for the purpose of securing the location. David Deitz, the 
oldest settler in Columbus, now living, came there in the 
spring of 1821. The next in seniority, still residing there, is 
Francis J. Crump, president of the First ISTational bank, who 
came early the following year. "Williamson Terrell came to 
the place, from Kentucky, in 1821. There were but three 
houses in it, and so unpromising was its prospects that he 
left. He returned, however, in 1828, and remained till his 
death in 1873 

Bartholomew county has all the elements of greatness, and 
it naturally invites capital and remunerates abundantly the 
husbandman. 

In consequence of the donation of a large amount of land, 
by the Indians, at a treaty for the specified purpose of build- 
ing a road from the Ohio river to Lake Michigan, the building 
of this road, and especially as no point on the Ohio river had 
been designated in the treaty, every place from the mouth of 
the Miami to the Wabash intrigued for it. For several ses- 
sions this was the prize coveted and contended for.* 

Jefferson county was ably represented in the house by Mil- 
ton Stapp, and in the senate by Joseph G. Marshall, who, by 
th-eir energy and talents, secured Madison as the starting point 
from the Ohio river, and as they suspected Philip Sweetser, 
who represented Bartliolomew county, of having senatorial 
aspirations, which would naturally lead him to prefer Jeffer- 
sonville as a starting point, they had the road laid off by the 
way of Greensburg and Shelby ville, instead of through Ver- 
non, Columbus and Franklin, as it ought, if it was to become 
a great thoroughfare. 

* From Dr. J. C. Beck's MS. 



BARTHOLOMEW COUNT T. 4:97 

This caused the defeat of Sweetser and the election of Wil- 
liam Herod the following year, who became our next repre- 
sentative. 

Colonel T. G. Lee, who represented the county in 1835-6, 
secured charters for railroads from Madison and Jeffersonville 
through Columbus to Indianapolis, and the people, on learning 
the fact, assembled and had a time of great rejoicing, bonfires, 
etc., little suspecting that the very next day, the charter for 
the Jeffersonville branch railroad had been repealed by the 
efforts of Marshall and Stapp. Some years after the same 
charter was again granted, and made only a few years later 
than the Madison railroad, and is now the more important of 
the two roads. 

The first train on the latter road reached Columbus on the 
fourth day of July, 1844, greeted with great joy by the people 
of the county. Now they are accommodated by two railroads 
crossing at Columbus and traversing the county in the form of 
an X; the Jeffersonville road having trains direct without 
change of cars to the eastern cities. The Madison and Jeffer- 
sonville roads unite here and go direct to Indianapolis. What 
is called the Cambridge City Branch railroad, is the direct 
route to the Eastern cities. 

A.nother projected line from Cincinnati, passing through the 
middle of the county, from east to west, to the famous coal 
and iron fields in the western portion of the State, will per- 
haps be built in a few years. ; 

The county is well improved by turnpikes and other works 
for the convenience and comfort of the people. During the 
year 1821, and until July, 1822, the courts occupied the house 
located on lot No. 119 of the original plat of Columbus, and 
known as the " Luke BonesteeT House. ' John Pence and 
Ephriam Arnold, associate judges, held the first court March 
twelfth, and the second court June eleventh, 1821. At the 
third term, held in October of the same year, Davis Floyd, 
judge of the second judicial district of the State, presided, with 
the same two associates previously named. The next court 
was held in a log house on lot No. 148, north-east corner of 
Lindsay and Walnut streets, owned by Wm. Y. Snyder, and 
32 



i 



498 HIOTORY OF INDIANA. 

the youthful Wm. W, Wick, presiding judge, with Pense and 
Arnold as " side judges." In 1824, court moved into a house 
provided by Philip Sweetser. 

In 1825, court was held in Newton C. JTones' house, on the 
north-east corner of Jackson and Walnut streets. We have 
been thus minute in the history of the courts, to show the con- 
trast between then and now, as Bartholomew county now has 
the most elegant temple of justice in the State, outside of 
Indianapolis. 

The brick court house, built by Giles Mitchel, was occupied 
by the courts and received by the county commissioners 
IS^oveinber, 1825. This court house was regarded by the 
pioneers as " extravagantly costly," but the rapid progress of 
the county in wealth and population, and the early decay of the 
building, caused, in 1838, the board of justices to order '' that 
the old court house be sold, and a new court house built." 

Columbus has now a population of over five thousand. Its 
schools are conducted on the most efficient plan, in commodi- 
ous buildings. The new court house is an ornament to the 
city, and a credit to the county. The city is quite prosperous 
in commerce, education and public improvements. 

The rural districts of the county are nearly all wealthy. 
The farmers are enjoying the richest fruits of the husband- 
man's toil, and are mostly indej^endent in this world's goods. 
They had early provided excellent schools for the young, and iu 
every quarter there are noticeable evidences of industry and 
thrift. 



CHAPTEK LXYII. 

FLOYD COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

FLOYD county was named in honor of Colonel Jolm Floyd, 
of Yirginia. The surface of the county contains some 
of the distinguishing physical features of the State. A range 
of hills called the "knobs," about two and a half miles in 
breadth, runs through the county from north to south, reach- 
ing the Ohio a short distance below New Albany, the county 
seat. They present a very rugged surface, and are composed 
of slate, clay, soft sandstone and iron ore. Above the clay and 
ore is a layer of freestone, valuable for building purposes. 
East of the knobs, and in a portion of the country west, the 
land is gently rolling, but the general character of the county 
is hilly and the soil poor, with the exception of some tracts of 
good land. The county was formerly quite well timbered. 
Much of the county is well adapted to the cultivation of corn 
and grass, and to raising cattle, hogs, horses and sheep. 

Any sketch of Floyd county must be principally of New 
Albany. Within the limits of that city we find concentrated 
most of the industry, wealth, and materials for future great- 
ness in the county. 

New Albany was laid out in 1813, by Joel, Abner and 
Nathaniel Scribner. The original plat of the town did not 
embrace more than one- third of its present area, the purchase 
of the Scribners amounting to but eight hundred and twenty- 
six and one-half acres. The land was purchased by the Scrib- 
ner brothers of John Paul, who entered it at the government 
land office at Yincennes. The lots were disposed of by public 
auction on the first Tuesday and Wednesday of November, 
1813, and there was a stipulation in the advertisement of the 

(499) 



500 HISTOKY OF INDIAJSA. 

sale that " one-fourth part of each payment upon the lots sold 
shall bo paid into the hands of trustees, to be chosen by the 
purchasers, until such payments shall amount to five thousand 
dollars, the interest of which to be applied to the use of 
schools in the town for the use of its inhabitants forever." 
This was the manner in which the Scribner high school of 
New Albany was founded, which, through the lapse of h/i;y- 
nine years, has flourished, and is now one among the njost 
efficiently managed and prosperous high schools in ludiyna. 
It is connected with the public schools of the city as the male 
high school. Provision was also made by the Scribners for 
lots upon which to erect churches, county buildings, and for a 
public park, all which generous designs of the founders of the 
city have been fully carried out. In 1814 a large number of 
families removed to New Albany, and from that time forward, 
notwithstanding the nearness of Louisville, and the start that 
town had gained in population and business, the contiguity of 
Jefferson ville and shipping post, and the laying off and settle- 
ment of Portland, on the opposite side of the Ohio, with the 
active competition these towns offered, New Albany had a 
steady and substantial, but not a rapid, growth. 

There are no thrilling incidents in the early history of 
New Albany, It has had a quiet growth, and has "• ever been 
more celebrated for its moral, religious and educational advan- 
tages, fine climate and good health, than as a 'fast town,' 
where vice is predominant, and the temptations to youth 
numerous and alluring. In its religion, benevolent and educa- 
tional enterprises, it has always held the rank of the first city 
in the State." 

The location and scenery are admirable. " It is laid out," 
says Mr. Cotton, "upon a beautiful plateau, above high water 
mark in the Ohio, upon two benches or plains that sweep 
northward by a gentle rise from the river, with wide streets 
crossing each other at right angles. To the west and north- 
west is a range of hills from three to five hundred feet in 
height, known to the Indians as the ' Silver Hills,' from the 
peculiarly bright, smoky halo that ever hangs around and 
over them. These lulls, now called the ' knobs,' are crowned 



FLOYD COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 501 

with grand old forest trees, or dotted here and there with neat 
and often elegant farm houses. They add greatly to the 
beauty of the city, giving it a most charming and romantic 
appearance. From these hills a magnificent view of ISTew 
Albany, Louisville, Jeffersonville, the Falls of the Ohio, the 
great Ohio river bridge at the Falls, the far-away hills that 
loom up in grandeur along Salt river, in Kentucky, the famous 
Muldi-augh hill of that State, the entire range of knobs in 
Indiana for many miles, and a long stretch of river. A more 
grand and beautiful natural panorama is nowhere else unrolled 
in Indiana. This range of hills protects the city from storms, 
and such a thing as a hurricane is unknown at ISTew Albany, 
while the violence of such storms not unfrequently falls with 
destructive force upon the neighboring ci-ties of Louisville and 
J efiersonville. These 'Imobs' afibrd splendid building sites 
for suburban residences, and are especially celebrated for the 
superior quality and abundance of the peaches, pears, plums, 
apples, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, and other fruits grown 
upon them. For the purposes of fruit culture the lands on 
these ' knobs ' are in great demand. l!*I^evertheless, they sell 
at remarkably low prices per acre. The city, to the west, 
along the line of the Ohio river, overlooks miles of rich and 
highly cultivated garden lands, while to the east and northeast 
large and valuable farms meet the view." 

New Albany's river navigation facilities give her natural 
avenues of commerce and trade with fifteen States, having a 
population of over nine million. The cash value of the farms 
of this population in 1870 was over $901,000,000; of farm 
products, $519,876,412; of live stock, $189,301,721. This is 
but a portion of the wealth of the sections penetrated by the 
navigable rivers to which l^ew Albany is directly accessible. 
The railroad advantages of the city are extensive, and there is 
a fair prospect of their enlargement in the near future. 

The city is now the terminus of the Louisville, l^ew Albany 
and Chicago, the Jefiersonville, Madison and Indianapolis, and 
the Louisville and New Albany railroads. Concerning the 
railroads and their future, we have the following from the pen 
of Mr. Cotton : " The track of the Louisville and Cincinnati 



502 HISTORY OK INDIANA. 

branch of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad will soon be 
extended here, (the right of way into the citj^ having been 
granted by the city council,) making New Albany the terminus 
of this road. The Louisville, New Albany and St. Louis rail- 
way, now being rapidly constructed, and which will be speedily 
finished, also terminates here, though it connects with Louis- 
ville by the Louisville and New Albany road. The Terre Haute 
and New Albany road is projected, and the New Albany and 
Cincinnati road has a hona fide subscription to its stock of 
over eio-ht hundred thousand dollars. The Lake Erie, Louis- 
ville and New Albany railroad, (to Toledo, Ohio,) will be com- 
pleted early in the summer of 1873. These roads connect New 
Albany with all sections of the Union, north, south, east and 
west, giving her railroad advantages possessed by few cities in 
the west. The Louisville, New Albany and Chicago road runs 
from the Ohio river, at this city, to Lake Michigan, at Michi- 
gan City, a distance of nearly three hundred miles, connect- 
ing with the Ohio and Mississippi, the Toledo. Wabash and 
Western, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and Chicago, the Michigan 
Southern, the Michigan Central, and a number of other roads. 
The Jefferson ville, Madison and Indianapolis road is the 
soiithermost link of the great Panhandle route east via Cam- 
bridge City, Columbus, Pittsburg, and the Pennsylvania Cen- 
tral to Harrisburg, Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore; 
and at Indianapolis it connects with all the roads leading 
fVom that city east, northwest, and north. The Louisville and 
New Albany road connects at Louisville with the Louisville 
and Nashville, and the Louisville and New Orleans roads to 
all points south; with the Chesapeake and Ohio to New York 
City and Norfolk, Virginia; with the short line to Cincinnati 
and the Baltimore and Ohio road east; and with all the roadi^ 
in Kentucky centering at Louisville. The Ohio and Missis- 
sippi road will connect New Albany directly with the Balti- 
more and Ohio and all the lines leading east from Cincinnati. 
The Louisville, New Albany, and St. Louis Air Line railway 
is, as its name indicates, an air line road to St. Louis, connect- 
ing the two great commercial cities of Louisville and St. 
Louis, passing for nearly forty miles through the coal fields 



FLOYD COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 503 

of Indiana, and the shortest route from Louisville to St. Louis 
by forty-six miles. This is one of the most important rail- 
roads in Indiana. The Lake Erie, Louisville and New Albany 
road will, when completed, give to 'New Albany an almost air 
line road to the great pineries and famous iron mines of 
Michigan, The New Albany and Cincinnati road is projected 
along the north bank of the Ohio river, via Madison to Cincin- 
nati. The New Albany and Terre Haute road is projected by 
way of the coal fields and iron mines of Owen, Clay, Greene 
and Yigo counties to Terre Haute, on the Wabash river, at 
the western limit of the State. Thus it will be seen that the 
railroad interests of New Albany are of vast magnitude, and 
promise to make her one of the first cities of Indiana." 

The manufacturing interests of- New Albany are foremost. 
The most extensive glass works in the United States are 
located there. These works are organized under the name 
and style of the Star Glass Company. They cover an ai'ea of 
fifteen acres with the buildings and necessary grounds, and 
manufacture the very best quality of plate glass, in all respects 
equal to the best French and English plate, and also window 
glass, fruit jars, and bottles. The manufacture of plate glass 
in America is as yet an experiment so far as relates to 
profitable returns upon the very large investment of capital it 
requires to operate such works. There can, however, be little 
cause to doubt that the experiment now making at New 
Albany in the manufacture of a first quality of plate glass 
will prove successful, inasmuch as the capital employed, the 
extent of the buildings, and the amount and superiority of the 
machinery used, will compare favorably with the like condi- 
tions in the extensive plate glass works of Europe. The 
commercial interests of the city are very extensive and con- 
stantly expanding. 

The people of New Albany boast, and perhaps justly, that 
they have the most efficient system of free schools, in the 
State. "Their claim in this regard," says Mr. Cotton, "is 
well founded, as the carefully collated official statistics of the 
schools will show. There are in the city ten elegant and very 
large brick school buildings, and one frame school building. 



504 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

The value of these buildings is about one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars, and they furnish accommodations for fully 
three thousand pupils. Eight of the buildings are used for 
the primary, intermediate, and grammar schools, and one as a 
male hi^h school, and one as a female hia^h school. The svsteni 
of grading is a most perfect one, and works admirably and 
efficiently. Tuition is absolutely free in all departments; and 
the pupils who pass all the grades and graduate through the 
high school receive a thorough English and scientific educa- 
tion, and are competent for any department of business, or for 
any of the professions. The city has erected a lirst-class brick 
editice as a school house for the colored inhabitants of the city, 
who have the same rights to admission into their own schools 
as the whites have into theirs — the same law governing both. 
Forty-tive white and two colored teachers are employed in 
these public schools, while the average attendance of pupils is 
about two thousand three hundred. The annual cost of the 
schools is not far from thirty thousand dollars, and the total 
number of school children in the city entitled to the privi- 
leges of the schools is seven thousand one hundred and thirty. 
The schools are managed by a board of three school trustees, 
elected by the city council, which secures to them permanency, 
and the best educators in the way of teachers. These public 
schools aiford the poor man, the mechanic, laborer, and small 
dealer or trader, superior facilities for giving his children an 
excellent education free of all expense; so that no man who 
lives in New Albany can have the least excuse for permitting 
his sons or daughters to grow up in ignorance. It is doubtful 
if a better system of public free schools can be found in any 
section of the Union than the one now in operation, with the 
most eminent success, at JN^ew Albany, 

The Depauw college for young ladies is one of the best and 
most popular female colleges in Indiana. The institution is 
the property of the Indiana Conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church. For the last six years, or since its reorgan- 
ization in 1866, it has been under the direction of Rev. Erastus 
Rowley, D. D., as president, who has been recently re-elected 
to the same position for the next three years. This college 



506 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

occupies one of the most pleasant and commanding situations 
in the most beautiful portion of the city of New Albany. 
This city has long enjoyed a high reputation for its educa- 
tional advantages, as well as for the high moral and religious 
tone of its inhabitants. It is noted for its healthfulness, and 
is accessible in all directions by various railroads and by the 
Ohio river. The college building, originally erected for a 
ladies' boarding school, has been enlarged and improved within 
the past six years, at an expense of near twenty thousand 
dollars, and now other improvements, embracing the entire 
renovation of the interior of the building, are just completed. 
The rooms for the boarding pupils and teachers are all carpeted 
and well furnished. The capacity of the building is sufficient 
to accommodate seventy-iive boarding and an equal number 
of day pupils. This college affords very superior facilities to 
those desiring to educate and accomplish their daughters 
The faculty embraces six experienced and successful educators 
besides the president. The college year opens September 
eleventh and closes June fourteenth. The institution confers 
upon its graduates the degrees of Mistress of English Litera- 
ture and Mistress of Liberal Arts. Every valuable improve- 
ment in method of instruction will be adopted, and the great 
aim will be to develop the mental and moral powers of the 
pupil, and to educate the mind to habits of thought and 
investigation. The college is furnished with globes, maj)S, 
charts, and apparatus to illustrate natural philosophy, chem- 
istry, electricity, and astronomy. The music department 
embraces instruction on the piano, organ, guitar, and in vocal- 
ization, while the French and German languages are taught by 
competent teachers. The graduating class in 1872 numbered 
nine young ladies. 

The St. Mary's female academy is a first-class one, under 
the care of the Sisters of St. Francis (Catholic,) and with 
Sister Yeronica as Lady Superior. The building is one among 
the largest and best adapted educational edifices in the State, 
having accommodations for eight hundred pupils. All the 
branches of a thorough and accomplished education are taught, 
including music, the modern languages, painting, needle-work, 



CLARKE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 507 

flowers, etc. There is probably no better Catholic academy in 
the west than St. Mary's, and it is the pride of the Catholics 
of southern Indiana. 

The Morse academy is a high school of the best grade, under 
the supervision of Prof F. L, Morse, in which the education 
of the two sexes together is a leading feature. This academy 
possesses all the advantages of a college in apparatus, and the 
high character of its board of instruction. The marked suc- 
cess that has attended it, and enabled Prof. Morse to erect the 
most commodious and convenient buildings, indicates its high 
character. 

Besides those schools already named, there are five Catholic 
parochial schools; German Protestant parochial school; Ger- 
man Methodist parochial school; and seven private schools. 
Add these private and parochial schools, colleges, and acad- 
emies to the grand system of public free schools, and it will 
readily be seen that the educational advantages of Kew Albany 
are unrivaled. 

The churches and benevolent institutions of the city are 
equal to the educational facilities in every respect. The New 
Albany Society of IS^atural History is well organized, and 
evinces the high culture of the citizens 



CHAPTER LXVIII. 

CLARKE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

IJST 1T84, the legislature of the State of Yirginia, in consid- 
eration of the important and valuable services rendered to 
that commonwealth by General George Rogers Clarke, donated 
to him large tracts of land in that part of the Indian territory 
which he had nominally placed under its government. Among 
these lands was a tract comprising a portion of the site of the 



508 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

present city of Jeffersonville, and including also the lands 
upon which the struggling village of Clarkesville is located. 
At the latter point old " Fort Clarke " was located, and around 
it many of the most thrilling scenes and incidents in the early 
history of Indiana were enacted. Many of the deeds of the 
brave Clarke, center to this old landmark of his remarkable 
career. He, with his brave Virginians, fought his way along 
the ever-bending banks of the Ohio, not only contending with 
Indians, but Englishmen, and through repeated triumphs, 
which shed an enchanting lustre upon the annals of border 
warfare, he unfurled the flag of a free people and a republican 
government over the soil now included within the limits of 
the State of Indiana. But as we have given an account of 
most of General Clarke's services in behalf of Indiana, in the 
tirst part of this work, we shall have to pass over his opera- 
tions around Fort Clarke, at this time, and deal with more 
recent events. It should be remarked, however, that the early 
settlement, or attempted, at Clarkesville, was not successful. 
However, in the year 1802, Jeffersonville was located, near 
this point, by John Gwathmey. This new seat of civilization 
was named in honor of the illustrious author of the declara- 
tion of independence, Thomas Jefferson. The town was incor- 
porated in 1816, and the city was incorporated in 1839. These 
two events mark its progress, which has been steady, but not 
rapid. 

Omitting, for want of space, the hundreds of incidents in 
th<i early history of Clarke county, we will observe only some 
of its most noticeable present features. 

The surface of the county along the Ohio river, and from 
three to five miles in the interior, is rolling, and the remain- 
der mostly level, except a chain of "knobs," which form a 
semicircle along the northwestern boundary of the county, and 
strike the Ohio river just below New Albany, in Floyd county. 
Only about half of these '' knobs " are cultivated, but they are 
covered with a good quality of timber, chestnut, oak and pine 
being the distinguishing classes. Aside from the " knobs," 
the lands in the county are susceptible of cultivation. The 
strip along the river, about thirty -five miles in length, and 

\ 



CLAEKE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCKIPTIVE. 509 

from five to ten in width, has a limestone soil, and, though 
mostly rolling, is, when well tilled, as productive as any of the 
celebrated bottom lands. There are no prairies in the county. 
The farms are generally well improved, and are graced with 
good buildings. Iron ore, marble, excellent building rock, 
and hydraulic cement are found in abundance. 

Most of the lands within the present limits of the county 
are embraced in what was known as the " Illinois grant." 
This was made, as before intimated, by the legislature of Vir- 
ginia in 1796, and conveyed to certain commissioners one 
hundred and forty-nine thousand acres of land, in trust, to 
be apportioned, according to their rank, to General Clarke, 
and the officers and men of the regiment which he commanded 
in the expedition to Yincennes and Kaskaskia. It was divided 
into five hundred acre tracts and apportioned according to the 
terms of the grant. One thousand acres more, lying along the 
falls of the Ohio, were also granted at the same time for the 
location of a town to be called Clarkesville. This was intended 
as a monument to the memory of General Clarke, and it was 
hoped that the town would develop into a great commercial 
centre, but these hopes were futile. It flourished for a short 
time, but soon sunk into decay. It is now only a small vil- 
lage, with no prospects of reaching metropolitan pre-emi- 
nence. The first settlements in the place were made from 
1790 along up to 1800. The early settlers located along the 
banks of the Ohio river, so as to be able to escape into Ken- 
tucky at the approach of the hostile natives, 

Jeffersonville, the county seat, has grown to be a handsome 
and important city, with a population of over eight thousand, 
and excellent free school facilities. The city is handsomely 
laid out. The streets are broad, crossing each other at right 
angles. The buildings are nearly all substantial and present 
something worthy of notice in the way of architecture. Many 
neat cottages beautify the streets and give the town a pictur- 
esque and rural appearance. 

" The chief manufactures of JefiBrsonville are railway cars, 
steamboats, and machinery of various kinds.* The Jefierson- 

* From a sketch of Jeffersonville in the Pittsburgh United Presbytericm 



510 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Company's machine 
shops and car works give employment to a considerable num- 
ber of mechanics, and besides these there are two ship-yards 
which afford, in active business times, regular employment to 
about two hundred skilled artisans. It is claimed that there 
are more steamboats built here annually than at any other 
point between Pittsburgh and New Orleans, and that they 
rank among the best steamers that navigate the western 
waters. Just beyond the city limits, 'the Ohio Falls Car 
Ojmpany ' conduct a large establishment, with a capacity for 
the employment of eight hundred workmen, and near by is 
its competitor, 'the Southwestern Car Company,' the princi- 
pal work for which is done by the convicts (three hundred and 
lifty in number), of the Indiana State Prison South, whose 
white front is in sad contrast with the gloom that dwells 
within. Beside these, there are two iron-foundries, an oil- 
stone factory, an extensive coopering establishment, and just 
at this time more noticeable than any of them, in consequence 
of the horrid screams of its steam-whistle every morning, the 
large pork-house on the river bank, where two hundred men 
are employed in killing twelve hundred hogs daily. The loco- 
motive whistle, too, is heard nearly every hour of the day and 
night in Jeffersonville, whose heart is pierced by the iron 
bands of the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis, and 
the Ohio and Mississippi, besides those of other minor local 
roads. 

" The local government is presided over by Mayor Pile, a 
venerable gentleman of three score years and ten, who, being 
to *" the manor born,' has grown up with the growth of Jeffer- 
sonville, and is a fair specimen of the plain, frank, honest, 
hardy western pioneers who lived in this section of country 
when it was an unbroken wilderness, and have been spared to 
see it blossom like the rose. But the crowning glory of Jef- 
fersonville, and that which imparts to it much of its business 
life and vitality, is the extensive depot of the Quartermaster's 
Department. Some idea of the magnitude of this structure 
may be formed when it is stated that the series of fire-proof 
warehouses, built in the shape of a hollow square, contain oue 



CLARKE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 511 

hundred and fifty thousand square feet, or three and one-half 
acres of flooring, with a storage capacity of two million seven 
hundred thousand cubic feet. The ground upon which the 
depot is located, covering about fifteen acres, was donated for 
the purpose by the city of Jefiersonville. The building has a 
frontage of over three thousand two hundred feet, and the 
principal ofiices are above the main entrance. In the centre 
of the court yard is a tower one hundred feet high, in which, 
at an elevation of seventy feet, is a watchman's room, from 
which every one of the numerous warehouse doors are visible. 
On the summit of this tower there is also a, large tank, of the 
capacity of six thousand gallons, from which copious streams 
of water can be thrown to any part of the building. In the 
court-yard there are also two reservoirs, of the capacity of 
three hundred thousand gallons each. This immense structure 
was erected at the cost limited by the appropriation of con- 
gress, viz.: one hundred and fifty thousand dollars — a rare 
fact in the financial history of public buildings. * 

" The public property now stored in this depot is estimated 
to be worth about twenty-two million dollars. From it are 
now supplied with clothing, camp and garrison equipage, and 
all kinds of Quartermaster's stores, the military posts in the 
South and West, and most of the troops operating in those 
sections. The depot is so capacious and so well arranged, !liat 
if all the old material now stored in it were disposed of, and 
new and serviceable material stored in its place, enough could 
be kept on hand to supply the entire army of the United 
States. There are now nearly one hundred male employes on 
the rolls of the depot, exclusive of about seven hundred 
women, who are engaged in making shirts, drawers, stable 
frocks, and bed-quilts to meet the demands of the service. 
This work is a god-send to the poor sewing-women of Jefier- 
sonville. ' Ladies' pay-day,' at the depot, is always an event- 
ful and memorable occasion. It is full of sunshine and joy, 
and the source of a general diftusion of comfort and happiness 
throughout the community. Hundreds of poor women, with 

♦ From a sketch in the United Presbyterian. 



512 HISTORY OF INDIAKA. 

smiling faces, light hearts, and lighter steps, may be seen on 
that day returning from the depot, the cheerful possessors of 
their monthly earnings, which are destined to make so many 
homes look brighter and more happy. Seven thousand dollars 
distributed every month among the poorer classes in a com- 
munity of eight thousand, carry with them many comforts 
and delights, and the baker and the butcher, the grocer and 
the dry-goods dealer — indeed all classes of the populace — 
feel the happy influences of the welcome pay-day. 

"' The Jeifersonville Depot is the conception and design of 
Major-General M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General, and may 
justly be ranked among the proudest monuments of his 
enlightened and efficient administration of the Quartermaster's 
Department." 

Jeifersonville is destined to reach a point of considerable 
commercial importance. Its citizens are full of energy, and 
the required capital is fast concentrating at that point. 



CHAPTEK LXIX. 

SHELBY COUNTY HISTOKICAl. AND DESCRIPTIVE. 

SHELBY county was named in honor of Isaac Shelby, an 
officer of considerable distinction in the revolutionary 
war, as also the war of 1812. He was also governor of Ken- 
tucky. The county was originally level forest land, with fertile 
bottoms along the streams, from half a mile to two mileb in 
width. The uplands are elevated about forty feet above these 
bottoms. The soil in the bottoms is a rich dark loam, with a 
slight mixture of sand ; on the upland there is much clay, cov- 
ered with a dark muck, which required drainage before it 
could be successfully cultivated. The timber in the bottoms 
was principally walnut, ash, etc. ; on the uplands, beach, oak 



SHELBY COUNTY HISTOKIGAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 513 

and hickory were the distinguishing features of the forest. It 
is a first-rate farming county, in almost every respect. 

" Shelbyville, the county seat, was laid out on the fourth of 
July, 1822, * on a donation of land made by John Hendricks, 
James Davison, and John C. Walker. The commissioners 
appointed for that purpose, were Ebenezer Ward, of Bartholo- 
mew county ; Benjamin J. Blythe, of Dearborn county ; Amos 
Boardman, of Ripley county; George Bentley, of Harrison 
county, and Joshua Cobb, of Delaware county. They met at the 
house of David Fisher, July first, and after four days deliberation 
decided upon the location of the county seat, where it at pres- 
ent stands, giving it the name of Shelbyville, a double honor 
to the venerable and patriotic ex-governor of Kentucky, Isaac 
Shelby. Jacob Wetzel, of the noted Indian fighting family of 
that name, on learning of the treaty of October, 1818, had 
blazed a trace from. Jehu Perkins', on the old boundary line, 
to the bluffs of White river, about eighteen miles below the 
present site of Indianapolis. Richard Thornburg settled the 
same fall on Flat Rock, and James Wilson the same fall also 
on Blue river, the Wetzel trace crossing at both places. B, F. 
Morris was the first surveyor; Oapt. McLaughlin, one of his 
assistants, camped on Wilson's place in JSTovember, 1818. He 
put his field notes and some other papers and valuables in a 
keg and concealed it, together with a hatchet, on the creek near 
his camp, when he left the neighborhood for the winter, and 
on returning in the spring found them safe and uninjured, 
James Wilson may be regarded as the first settler. He came 
from Jefferson county, Ind., in 1819, and he induced Bennett 
Michael, a shoemaker, to settle near him; also John Forman, 
Benjamin Castor and John Smith, who came afterwards. 
Isaac H. Wilson, a son of James, who was born in Jefierson 
county in 1807, and came to Shelby county with his father, is 
still living in Shelbyville. He informed me that Indians were 
occasionally met with when he first came to the county. He 
frequently saw Joseph White-eyes, a Delaware chief, who had 
a son called Charles and a grandson named James, who was 

*From a sketch by J. C. Beck, M. D. 
33 



514 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

red headed. Two Indians, known as Ouman and Pishaw, lived 
on Bine river, a few miles from his father. They had verv 
handsome half-breed wives. On one occasion Mrs. Wilson 
invited them to visit her, which they did, riding npon pennies 
in gaily decorated side-saddles. They were very tastefully 
dressed, and wore silver brooches on their arms, and neat 
slippers fastened to the feet with silver bands, and exhibited a 
good breeding and politeness that might have excited the envy 
of their more civilized white sisters. 

"Marion is the oldest town in the county. It was laid 
off in 1820, on the south-west qnarter of section twenty, 
township thirteen north, of range seven east. John Sleeth 
was one of the original proprietors. His daughter Nancy 
was the first person married in the county; she was mar- 
ried to Abel Summers, May fifteenth, 1822, by Rev. Henry 
Logan, then living near the Bartholomew county line." 

After 1828, Shelby county increased rapidly in population 
and wealth, and it still continues to thrive. To-day, the rail- 
road facilities of Shelbyville, and also of Shelby county, are 
second to no connty in the State of equal population, Shelby- 
ville has grown to be a city of over 3,500 inhabitants, among 
whom are some of the ablest and most enterprising business 
and professional men in the State. The schools of the county 
are well organized and efficiently conducted. The incorporated 
schools of Shelbyville are the just pride of her citizens. 

CLINTON COUNTY. 

Clinton county was named in honor of DeWitt Clinton. 
The surface of the county is level, excepting along the Wild- 
cat, in the southwest corner. There is no barren or wast,e 
lands in the connty. In the south-western portion is the 
" twelve mile prairie." There are one or two other small 
praii'ies in the county, but, with the exception of these, and 
the one first named, all the balance of the surface was originally 
covered with a dense and heavy forest, containing an abund- 
ance of timber of a fine quality. The soil of the county may 
be termed alluvial, with a clay bottom. All the grains and 



516 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

grasses indigenous to the West can be produced in this county 
with profit. It is, perhaps, especially adapted to the cultivation 
of hay and for pasturage. Generally speaking it is one of the 
best farming counties in Indiana. As a proof of this, it may 
be mentioned that it is quite thickly settled with an intelli 
gent, wealthy class of farmers, who have grown up to inde- 
pendence with the growth of the county. 

Frankfort is the county seat. The section of country from 
which this young city derives its trade, is one of the best agri- 
cultural sections in the West. It already has a population of 
over three thousand, and is steadily progressing in all its 
industries. Its schools are excellent, supported by first-class 
talent, and provided with commodious buildings. The city 
has very good railroad facilities, and lias all the elements of 
future prosperity, which are being rapidly developed. 

500NE COUNTY. 

Boone county contains two hundred .sixty-seven thousand 
five hundred and twenty acres of good land. The county was 
organized in 1830, with a population of six hundred and thirty. 
It was named in honor of Daniel Boone, the hero of border 
life. The southeastern, western and northwestern portions of 
the county are gently undulating. The other portions are 
level. The soil, in most parts of the county, is a dark loam, 
deep and very rich. It is remarkably well adapted to the pro- 
duction of all kinds of grain, grasses and vegetables indigen- 
ous to the Northwest. Timber is plenty and of the finest 
quality. Boone county is .composed of the summit lauds 
dividing the waters of the Wabash and White rivers. This 
accounts, probably, for the level, wet lands so common on 
almost all dividing ridges. They are generally termed " sum- 
mit levels," and are frequently composed of many ponds 
and small lakes, with only occasional ridges of high land. 
The county is watered by Eagle creek. White Lick and Walnut 
Fork of Eel river, which empty into the former, and Big Ilac- 
coon and Sugar creek, which empty into the latter. Owing to 
the level surface of the county where these streams have their 
source, they are sluggish and comparatively of no value in the 



BOONE COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIPTIVE. 517 

way of propelling macbinery. "The dense forests of heavy 
timber and low w^et lands of Boone county, were not suffi- 
ciently attractive to bring within its borders a class of men of 
peculiar refinement and means, consequently it was first set- 
tled by mew of stout constitutions, iron wills, and but little 
financial resources. It required a vast amount of labor and 
untiring effort to clear away the heavy forests preparatory to 
raising crops. Many of the early settlers cleared out a little 
' truck patch,' sufficient to raise some ' roasting ears,' beans and 
other garden vegetables, after w^hich they applied themselves 
to hunting, fishing, etc. The settler who could command a 
good rifle, two or three dogs, a cow, and one old horse, with 
the means to buy powder and lead, was considered supremely 
happy. In these early days there was abundance of wild 
game — deer, bear, wolves, turkeys, pheasants ,and .pails. 
The currency of the country was the skins of deer, raccoons, 
mink and wild honey." 

The county was once the home and hunting-grounds of a 
tribe of the Miamis; upon the banks of the streams were the 
graves of their fathers. In these little mounds lie the remains 
of many a native warrior and hunter. The site of the present 
town of Thorntown was once the habitation of nearly five hun- 
dred Indian and French traders. About the year 1833 most 
of the tribe were removed from the reservation at this place, 
which was purchased by the government in 1828. Thorntown, 
located in the northwestern part of the county, was once a 
lively Indian trading post; since that time it has become a 
lively place, with a civilized home trade. Only a few years 
ago the county of Boone was a wilderness, so densely covered 
with heavy timber and underbrush that the rays of the sun 
were almost entirely cut off from the earth in the summer 
season. Lonely and desolate must have been the feelings of 
those who first traversed these woods, when naught but 
nature's uncultured sounds greeted the ear— -when the eye 
could see no heavens for the intervening foliage — when ser- 
pents and lizards, frogs and hornets, and wild beasts were 
possessors of the land. Forty years have wrought a mighty 
change in the county. Then no cleared fields were visible 



518 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

from one neighbor's to another; great lakes? of water, backed 
up by huge trunks of fallen trees, were visible on every hand; 
but now the lake has become a fertile field ; great farms hare 
been opened; the eye can see for miles over green or golden 
fields of corn. The cabin superseded the wigwam, and the 
neat cottage has superseded the cabin in almost every locality 
Lebanon, the county seat, is located near the centre of the 
county, in a rich and productive section. It is a small town, 
but is thrifty and rapidly improving. It has a population of 
about three thousand, including a fine class of citizens, enter- 
prising, intelligent and prosperous. The town and county 
have good schools and school advantages.* 



CHAPTEK LXX. 

KKNDKICKS COUNTY mSTORICAL AND DESCRIPnVE. 

HENDRICKS county is located near the centre of the 
State of Indiana. It contains about one hundred and 
thirty-five thousand acres of land. The county was organized 
in 1824, and was named in honor of Governor William Hen- 
dricks. The surface of the county is gently rolling, and the 
soil is generally very good. The county is well timbered, 
especially in the northern portion. It is well watered by Eel 
river. Mill creek. Mud creek, "White Lick creek, and their 
numerous tributary streams. 

The first settlers of the county emigrated from North Car- 
olina to this county about the year 1818, and settled on gov- 
ernment lands prior to entry. The first lands were entered in 
the county in 1821, about three years before the organization 
of the count3^ The first settlements were made in the south- 
east portion of the county, in what is now Liberty and Gil- 

* From a published sketch of tlie county. 



MOKGAN COUNTY -^HISTOEICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 519 

ford townships. Among the first settlers were David Downs, 
Ross Nicholas, Richard Christie, George and David Matock, 
"William Ballard, Jonathan Rodgers, James Thompson, Thomas 
Hadley, Josiah Tomlinson, John Bryant and Thomas Lockhart 

The county was organized in 1824, and Danville was chosen 
as the seat of justice. The first settlements were made in the 
county in 1818, when the first trees were felled and the first 
rude cabins erected. This population increased so rapidly 
that in 1824 there were more than one thousand inhabitants 
in the county. In 1870, the population of the county was 
twenty thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. The growth 
of wealth and public improvements in the county have been 
commensurate with this growth in population. The old court 
house has long since perished, and a new and substantial 
building has taken its place. The new jail and county asylum 
are substantial and well conducted institutions. The pioneer 
log school houses of the county have gone, and now over one 
hundred fine brick and frame school buildings attest the edu- 
cational advantages of Hendricks county. Excellent turnpike 
roads bisect each other in all parts of the county, and ample 
railroad facilities are presented. The county has now over 
one hundred and thirty thousand acres of improved land, 
valued at twelve million dollars. The products of the farms 
have always been largely remunerative. The taxable property 
in the county is worth over twenty million dollars. In every 
sense, the people of Hendricks county are intelligent, pro- 
gressive, and enterprising citizens. 

The Indiana House of Refuge is located on the State farm 
adjoining Plainfield, in Hendricks county. This is one of the 
State's most worthy and benevolent institutions, and. it is 
doing a good work for the benefit of the boys who have been 
sent there. 

MORGAN" COUNTY. 

Morgan county is located near the geographical centre of 
the State, and contains about 291,800 acres of land, and is 
watered by White river, White Lick creek. Mud creek, Big 
Indian creek, Stott's creek. Clear creek, Burnett's creek, 



520 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Rhodes' creek, Mill creek, and other smaller streams. There 
is a considerable portion of this coimtv rough and broken, 
especially along the White river, where the land is not very 
profitable for grain growing, but is well adapted for the pro- 
duction of fruit, such as apples, peaches, pears. About one- 
third of the county is bottom land. The soil in this section is 
a sandy loam, very rich and productive. The county is splen- 
didly timbered. The principal kinds are poplar, walnut, white 
oak, hickory, beech, sugar tree, etc. 

Morgan county was organized in 1823, and named in honor 
of General Daniel Morgan. The first county election was held 
in a log house, owned by Mr. Stotts. The house was built in 
the year 1819, about one and a half miles west of Waverley. 
It was, probably, the first house built in the county. The 
first settlers came to the county, probably, in 1818. Mr. Phil- 
lip Hodge purchased land and settled in the county in 1818. 
Mrs. Rebecca Douglas settled among the Indians, in Morgan 
county, in 1817, but the first general settlement may be set 
down in 1819, when, among others, Robert C. Stotts, Hiram 
T. Craig, James A. Laughlen, James Stotts, Nathan Laughlen, 
and W. M. Ofiield, settled in what is now called Harrison 
township. Among the settlers who immediately followed 
these, and who have endured all the privations of pioneer life, 
were the families of the Hodges, Samuel Moore, Judge Hiram 
Matthews, Benjamin Hofi'man, Jonathan Williams, Larken 
Reynolds, George H. Buler, G. A. Phelps, Mr. McCrakens, 
Benjamin Cutberth, Reuben Claypool, Alex, and Thomas J. 
Worth, Daniel Thornberg, Jack Record, John Bray, Madison 
Hadley, Richard Hadley, Benjamin Stafford, and Rebecca 
Blank. The latter is now a citizen of Clay township. She 
was one of the first settlers, and is the oldest person in the 
county, and one of the oldest ladies in the State. She was 
born in Richmond, Va., in the year 1768^ and is now nearly 
one hundred and seven years old. She remembers Daniel 
Boone, and has participated in some of his deeds of daring on 
the borders of Kentucky. 

Martinsville, located near the centre of the county, is the 
county seat. It has now a poj)ulation of nearly two thousand, 



SCOTT COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 521 

and is the largest town in the county. Mooresville is the 
next largest town, and has a population of nearlj^ sixteen 
hundred. The founder of this place, who is well known to 
the people of the State, is still an active citizen. The county 
is well supplied with good schools and churches. There have 
heen great improvements made in this direction during the 
last five years. The public improvements of the county are 
in advance of some other counties. 

This is a good agricultural county. It has 133,615 acres 
of improved land, producing annually 330,000 bushels of wheat, 
6,500 bushels of rye, 1,190,000 bushels of Indian corn, 65,000 
bushels of oats, from 200 to 1,500 bushels of barley, 50,000 
bushels of potatoes, 229,355 pounds of butter, about 10,000 
tons of hay, and over 60,000 pounds of wool, besides thousands 
of dollars' worth of vegetables. The value of improved land 
in the county is over $9,000,000. The raising of live stock is 
a profitable pursuit in this county. The farmers are a thrifty 
class of people, distinguishing themselves by their industry 
and their love for public improvements. 

SCOTT COUNTY. 

ScoTT county is situated in the southeastern part of the 
State, near the Ohio river. It is of irregular shape, and con- 
tains about one hundred and eighty square miles. The county, 
generally, is level and rolling, except a small area known as 
the "knobs," which is quite broken. The soil is fair; the 
comity is well watered by streams, and many springs abound. 
The timber is of the very best, and in abundance. 

The county was organized in 1820, while the State capital 
was at Corydon, Harrison county. 

It was named in honor of General Charles Scott, an officer 
of the revolutionary period, and, at a later period, governor of 
Kentucky. The county was formed from portions of Jefierson, 
Jennings, Clark, and Washington counties. The first county 
commissioners were Joseph Switzer, Reuben Johnson, and 
John Herod. Wm. K. Eichey was the first sheriff, by appoint- 
ment from the governor. The first sheriflF elect was Jesse 



522 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Jackson, who afterward served in the legislature, and also as 
register of the land office at La Porte. Other original county 
officers were: James Ward, clerk; John Prime, recorder; 
James Lochrane, treasurer, and Robert Warder — an old revo- 
lutionary soldier — as coroner. 

The county was first settled in 1805, by John Kimberlin, 
who removed to this section of the State from Kentucky, and 
who built, in the same year, the first house erected in the 
county. Among the early settlers were: Wm. E. Collins, Dr. 
John Eichey, Eliab Collins, Samuel P. Devore, Pobert Wardle, 
John Morris, Jeremiah Paine, Dr. Jonathan Carter, John 
Finley, Dr. James Hicks, David and Charles Eastin, Eli. and 
Joseph Harlan, Kindred Ferguson, Wm. Nichols, John Win- 
gate. Zebulon Foster, James Lemaster, Wm, ]^ or ton, John 
Dickey, Jacob Cutler, Asahel Passwatei-, Daniel Hough, John 
Stucker, Robert Brenton, Wm. Fleming, Peter Storms, Daniel 
Serls, and many other brave and hardy pioneers, whose names 
are in the past. 

Kindred Ferguson is still a resident of Scott county, where 
he hat? lived for sixty-five years, and has reached the extra- 
ordinary age of one hundred and four years. 

In 1820, the county seat was located at Lexington, by Wm. 
Fleming, Dennis Pennington, Hardin H. Moore, Abel C. 
Pepper, and two others. The town was originally laid out by 
Jesse Henley, General Wm. McFarlane, Adam Steele, Richard 
Steele, and Nehemiah Hunt, in 1811, on grounds owned by 
these gentlemen. The first house in Lexington was erected by 
John and Jacob Stucker. Gen. McFarlane built the first brick 
liouse. The first public improvements were made by private 
enterprise. Wm. Fleming and Moses Gray were the pioneer 
merchants. The first marriage solemnized in the county was 
between Daniel Kimberlin and Ursula Brenton. A child born 
to them is claimed to be the first white person born in the 
county. Among the early lawyers of Lexington and Scott 
county, and who have since become prominent in the State, 
may be mentioned: Henry P. Thornton, the first prosecuting 
attorney of the county; the Campbell Brothers; Major Elisha 
G. English, many years in State legislature; his son, Hon. 



524 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Will. H. English, who for many years re])resented tlie district 
in Congress, was born in Lexington, as was also his grandson, 
"Win. E. English, now a promising lawyer of Indianapolis. 
The seat of justice was continued in this place for over fifty 
years, but was removed in 1874 to a more central point, a 
place formerly called Centerville, but now known as Scotts- 
burgh. This town was laid off in 1873, by Lloyd S. Keith, 
being surveyed by Thos. K. Wardle and Win. Estel. It is 
located on the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis 
railroad, eighty miles south of Indianapolis, and now contains 
a population of about four hundred souls. Among the other 
towns of Scott county, are Austin, Vienna, ]^ew Frankfort, 
Wooster, and Holman. Iron ore and salt abounds in the 
county. A good article of salt is manufactured, and numerous 
wells are sunk for salt water near Lexington, one of which is 
seven hundred feet deep. Good building stone is had in the 
same vicinity, and also a kind used for making a very fine 
quality of water cement. As these quarries are located near 
the railroad, and of easy access, it is believed that a factory for 
the manufacture of this cement will be erected at no distant 
day. 

Tliis county is the scene of the celebrated Pigeon roost mas- 
sacre, a full account of which will be found elsewhere in this 
volume. It is also a witness of the depredations committed by 
the rebel General John Morgan, in his raid through southern 
Indiana during the civil war. The depot at Yienna was 
burned by him, and many are the farmers through this county 
who have bewailed the day when they '' swapped " their tine 
fat, sleek horses, for the M'orn out, sore-backed jades of the 
rebels. Scott county possesses good railroad tacilities. The 
Jeffersonville, Madison and Indiana])olis road north and 
south, and the Ohio and Mississippi road traversing the county 
in the same direction. 



CIIAPTEK LXXI, 

WATJSTE COUNTY PIONEER HISTORY, 

In THE Spring of 1S05, George Holman, and Eichard 
Eue, and Thomas McCoy, and a Mr. Blunt, with their 
families, came from Kentucky and settled about two miles 
south of the present site of Eichmond. Holman and Eue had 
served in General Clark's expedition against the French set- 
tlements in Indiana, and having been held as prisoners about 
three years and a half among the Indians, they had become 
acquainted with the country, and had selected the most favor- 
able site for their future homes, while returning home from a, 
western trip, in the fall of 1804. Early in the winter they 
returned to erect their log cabins, bringing with them, on their 
horses, such tools as were necessary for the work, and a few 
household utensils. Holman was accompanied by his two 
eldest sons, William and Joseph, then about sixteen and 
eighteen years of age, respectively. They were were not long 
in erecting the log dwellings, and in the course of two weeks, 
leaving the boys in charge, the pioneers departed for Ken- 
tucky to bring their wives and families. 

On reaching home they were joined by two other families — 
those of Thomas McCoy and Mr. Blunt — and the four fam- 
ilies, with all their household goods and effects, consisting of 
clothing, provisions, tools, cooking utensils, guns and ammu- 
nition, started for their new homes on pack horses. They 
traveled through the forest day after day, through the cold 
storms, and at length, weary and alone, arrived at the cabins, 
where they found the Holman boys enjoying themselves in 
true forest life. McCoy and Blunt located near the site of the 
two cabins already mentioned; and thus was commenced the 

(525) 



526 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

settlement of Wayne county, now one of the most wealthy 
and j^rospei'ous counties in the State of Indiana. 

Not many miles distant, on the Elkhorn creek, the Endsleys 
and Coxes, with their families, settled in the latter part of the 
same year. These pioneers were soon followed by the Rev. 
Lazarus Whitehead, a Baptist minister, Aaron Martin, Charles 
Hunt, and their families. Rev. Hugh Call, a Methodist min- 
ister, also came in 1806, and settled near Elkhorn creek, where 
he lived until his death, in 1862, at the age of one hundred 
and five years. Shadrack Henderson, with his family, settled, 
in 1806, on the west side of the Whitewater, and in same year 
a Mr. Lamb built a cabin not far from that of Call's on the 
Elkhart, in which he lived for several years. 

It was in the latter part of this year that the settlement of 
Richmond was commenced, or, at least, most of the land in 
that vicinity was taken up in this year, although much of it 
was not occupied until the spring and summer of 1807. 
" About the first of March, 1806," says Mr. Young, in his 
valuable history of Wayne county, " David Hoover, then a 
young man residing with his father, in the Miami country, in 
Ohio, with four others, in search of a place for making a set- 
tlement, took a section line some eight or ten miles north of 
Dayton, and traced it a distance of more than thirty miles, 
through an unbroken forest, to this place, where he afterwards 
settled. He fancied he had found the Canaan his father had 
been seeking. His parents were of German descent, and 
members of the society of Friends. They had emmigrated 
from Pennsylvania to North Carolina, and thence to Miami, 
where they had temporarily located until a permanent home 
could be selected. Young Hoover and his companions were 
supposed to be the first white men who explored the territory 
north of Richmond. They discovered many natural advan- 
tages, among which were the pure spring water issuing from 
the banks of the stream, with its prospective mill-sites, inex- 
liau stable quarries of limestone, and a rich soil. Following 
tlie stream south a short distance, they found traps set, and 
near the west bank of the Whitewater, nearly opposite Rich- 
mond, they saw some Indians. From these Indians, who 



WAYNE COUNTY PIONEEK HISTORY. 527 

could speak broken English, they learned the white men had 
settled below, on the east side of the stream. They made 
their way thither, and found the Holman, E,ue, and McCoy 
families. After a brief rest, they started back for the Miami, 
by a different route, and reported the finding of the ' promised 
land ' ' • 

In the following June the first lands were entered as the 
result of this prospecting tour. " Andrew Hoover, father of 
David, entered several quarter sections, including that which 
the latter had selected for himself on his first trip. John 
Smith entered on what is now the south side of Main street, 
cleared a small patch of ground, and bnilt a cabin near the 
bluff. Jeremiah Cox purchased his quarter section late in the 
summer, north of Main street, of Joseph Woodkirk, who had 
bought it of John Meek. Woodkirk, having made a small clear- 
ing and planted it with corn, Cox paid him for his improve- 
ments and corn. Andrew Hoover had a number of sons and 
daughters, who settled around him as they got married, David 
had taken a wife in Ohio before coming to the territory; but 
he did not occupy his log cabin until March in the following 
year (1807.) Here, on the west bank of Middle Fork, he 
resided until his death in 1866. The land in and about Rich- 
mond was settled chiefly by Friends from North Carolina, 
some of them from that State direct, others after a brief resi- 
dence in Ohio. As the Hoover family were the pioneers of 
these people, but for the discovery made here by young Hoover 
and his fellow adventurers, the Society of Friends would 
probably not have had the honor of being the first proprietors 
of the land on which Richmond stands, and of naming the 
city." Among the first families who settled were those of 
Jerry Cox, John Smith, Elijah Wright, Frederick Hoover, 
Andrew Hoover, Sen., David Hoover, William Bulla, and 
John Harvey. Soon after " the spirit of emigration prevailed 
strongly in the Southern States, especially in IS'orth Carolina. 
The Friends had settled in that State before the adoption of 
the Constitution of the United States, which allowed the en- 
slavement of the African race in this country. They were 
generally unfriendly to slavery, hence, probably, their desire. 



528 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

in great part, to find homes on better soil and in more con- 
genial society. Soon after the families above mentioned, others 
of the Carolina Friends began to arrive. Among those who 
settled in the vicinity of Richmond were Jacob Meek, in 1806; 
Elijah Wright, in 1806 or 1807; Jesse Bond, in 1807, on the 
farm where Earlham college now is; John Burgess, in 1808; 
Valentine Pegg, 1809, ten miles west from Richmond; John 
Townsend, about the same time ; Cornelius Rntliif, 1810; 
John McLain, 1810; and about the same year came families 
of the names of Stewart, Evans, Gilbert, Thomas, Roberts, and 
others." A settlement was soon commenced on East Fork, at 
an early day. In 1806, Joseph Wright, a revolutionary sol- 
dier, settled there, and was followed, in 1807, by Peter Fleming, 
both having entered their lands as early as 1805. Besides 
those above mentioned, there were many others settled on East 
Fork at an early day. 

"Among them were David Wasson, a son-in-law of Peter 
Fleming, afterward known as Judge Fleming, who had entered 
several hundred acres, on which he settled his children, 
reserving for himself a homestead, since known as the ' Barnes 
farm,' or the ' Woods' place,' and now owned by John 
Brown, adjoining the State line. The farm early owned by 
his son, Samuel Fleming, and now by James Smelser, was a 
part of the Judge's purchase. Charles Moffat, an early settler, 
lived on the south side of East Fork, near Richmond, where he 
built a mill. He remained there until his decease, many years 
ago. Hugh Moffat, a son, still resides near the homestead. A 
little above Amos and John Hawkins settled early with their 
families; and a little further on, William Ireland, long since 
deceased. Next, Benjamin Hill, who remained there until his 
death, about forty years ago. His wife survived him until 
1867. Adjoining on the east was Joseph Wasson, before 
mentioned. Nathaniel McCoy Wasson built a cabin in 1809, 
on the homestead near the banks of East Fork," married 
and lived there until his death, in 1864. Near by was 
John Gay, an elderly settler, known as Major Gay, who 
early sold his land to Jacob Crist, still living on the premises. 
John Drake, with numerous grown up sons, settled early on 



WAYNE COUNTY PIONEEK HISTORY. 529 

their farms adjoining the Ohio line. The Drakes were of the 
Baptist denomination. Dnring the prevalence of a malignant 
fever, at an early period of the settlement on East Fork, a 
number of robust, middle-aged men fell victims to it. Of this 
number were David and John Wasson. * * * Qn Middle 
Fork, near its mouth, was William Bulla, an early settler, and 
son-in-law of Andrew Hoover, Sen. He early built a saw mill 
on his farm near the site of Burson's oil mill. He lived there 
until his decease, some j'ears ago, at an advanced age. Kear 
the lands of the Hoover families, Jesse Clark, Ralph Wright, 
Alexander Moore, and Amos and Abner Clawson settled. A 
little further up were the Staffords, Bonds, Bunkers, Swallows, 
Ashbys, Andrewses, and others, ail of whom, we believe were 
from North Carolina, and chiefly Friends. They had a small 
log meeting house in the vicinity, and were subordinate to the 
White Water monthly meeting. William Bond had erected a 
saw mill, and Joshua Bond a cheap oil mill. Edward Bond, 
Sen., died a few years after he came. A little further up, 
Jeremiah Cox, Jr., settled, and early built a grist mi]], to the 
great gratification of the settlers. Above Cox's mill were a 
few inhabitants. Among these were Isaac Commons, 'Robert 
Morrison, Barnabas Boswell, Isaac, John and William Hiatt, 
and John Nichoison, the farms of some of whom are now 
within tlie limits of Franldin township. Balden Ashley 
settled near Cox's mill, and owned tlie land from which has 
long Ijeen obtained the lime furnished the builders of Bicli- 
mond. On the West Fork, above the lands of the RatlifF ana 
Hoover families, already mentioned, was Joshua Pickett, an 
early settler. Next above was the Addington settlement, on 
botli sides of the stream. Further up, the first settlers were 
the Starbucks, Swains, Harrises, Turners, and others, who were 
useful, enterprising citizens. Paul Swain, and William Star- 
buck wagoned produce of various kinds to Fort Wayne. 
Edward Starbuck, Sen., was an early justice of the peace. 
William died m middle life, Hester Starbuck, his widow, 
died within the last three or four years, having lived to an old 
age. An early settlement was also made in 1806, about four 
or five miles southeast of Richmond, by Jesse Davenport, 
34 



530 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Jacob Fonts, and liis sons William and Jacob, and his son-in- 
law, Thomas Bulla, natives of North Carolina, but immedi- 
ately from Ohio. By the formation of Boston, the land of 
Davenport Avas taken into that township. Other families 
came in soon after."* The toils and hardships of the pioneers 
of Wayne county were about the same as those of other sec- 
tions of the State. They came at an early day, and perhajjs 
knew moi"e of border life, in its reality, than those who settled 
at a later day, in close proximity to mills, etc. Their log 
cabins were all of the old pioneer style, and their clothing, 
diet and customs were those of border life. They had their 
troubles with the Indians, their battles with poverty, their 
struggles with the forest, their scarcity of flour; in short, they 
suffered and endured all the perils and dangers and privations 
of the first pioneers. But they overcame, and prospered. 
They hewed away the forests, and cultivated great fields of 
corn; they dispensed with the rude, unshapely cabin, and 
erected commodious dwellings. They accomplished a work 
for civilization. 



OHAPTEE LXXII. 

WAYNE COUNTY — HISTOEICAL AND DESCKIPTIVE. 

TTTAYNE county was organized in 1810. It was then 
' » composed of " that part of Dearborn county lying east 
of the twelve mile purchase, and between the north and south 
lines of the new county, together with that portion of the 
purchase lying between those lines." The lands west of the 
purchase were nut acquired until 1820. On the 25th of Feb- 
ruary, 1811, the first circuit court was held at the house ot 
Bichard Kue, three miles south of Richmond. The only busi- 

* From Mr. Young's work. 



WAYNE COUNTY HISTORICAL AND DESCEIPTIVE. 531 

ness transacted at this session, however, was that of dividing 
the county into civil divisions. The next session of the coin-t 
was held at the same place the following month, when a grand 
jmy was for the first time empaneled in the county. The 
court consisted of Jesse D. Holman, presiding judge, and 
Peter Flemming and Aaron Martin, associate judges. 

Immediately with the organization the wrangle of the loca- 
tion of the seat of justice of the county began, and, we regret 
to say, has scarcely terminated to this day. The first commis- 
sion appointed to make the location reported a site near the 
present town of Centerville, but owing to the lands upon 
which the loca,tion was made being unsold, the action of the 
commissioners was decided illegal. A second commission 
appointed to locate the capital of the county decided to accept 
the donation of Samuel Woods, in range three, and further 
decided that the name of the county seat should be Salisbury. 
A log court-house, for temporary use, and a jail of hewed 
square logs, were built, and were soon followed by a brick 
court-house. " Salisbury having now become an incorporated 
town," says Mr. Young, " the earliest in the county, and its 
citizens having secured — permanently, as thej^ supposed — 
the public buildings, they anticipated a long and prosperous 
career. In this, however, they were disappointed. Efforts 
were soon made for the removal of the county seat to Center- 
ville. In the midst of the bitter strife between the Salisbury 
and Centerville parties, * * -^s- an act was passed in 1816 
authorizing the removal of the county seat to Centerville, pro- 
vided, however, that the citizens furnish, without expense to 
the county, public buildings as good and of the same dimen- 
sions as those at Salisbury. After the removal of the county 
seat, Salisbury was rapidly deserted. The few frame and brick 
buildings were taken down, and some of them removed to 
Richmond. The bricks in the building on the southeast corner 
of Main and Pearl streets, known as Harris' corner, were for- 
merly in the court-house at Salisbury. There remains nothing 
on the site indicating that a town was ever there. The ground 
on which it stood is now a part of the farm of Enoch Eails- 
bach. Witliin a recent date the county seat has been removed 



532 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

from Centerville to Richmond, tn all probability it will 
remain there permanently." 

We will now turn to the present condition of Wayne county 
and observe what a growth of sixty years has wrought. It 
would be well first to glance at its natural resources. The 
surface of the territory' is mostly rolling, with some slight 
hills in the southeastern portion. The two forks of White- 
water, fed by numerous branches, pass through the whole 
count}', from north to south, and supply abundant Avater power 
to every part of it. Between these streams — usually from 
one to four miles apart — the land swells gradually, so that 
from the summits, in each direction, the most delightful pros- 
pects are everywhere presented. The forests have disappeared, 
except such as have been reserved for timber, and more than 
three-fifths of the county is under profitable cultivation. The 
soil is principally a rich loam, bedded on clay, with a light 
mixture of sand and limestone. The soil is well adapted to 
wheat and corn and grass. In short, in agricultural produc- 
tions, in agricultural importance, it is the " banner county ot 
Indiana." These natural advantages have been so highly im- 
proved and developed by skill, capital and industry, that to-day 
it is one of the most wealthy portions of the State. Nearly 
all the farmers are wealthy. Their schools are the best. Cities 
and towns flourish in many parts of the county, while Rich- 
mond, its largest city, is among the leading commercial 
centres of the State. Richmond is one of Indiana's finest 
cities. It is substantially built, is surrounded by one of the 
richest agricultural sections in the Northwest, has ample rail- 
road facilities, and is enjoying a large and healthy commerce. 
Since the county seat has been removed there it has taken a 
new start. Its educational advantages are its pride and boast. 
Within one mile of the city, on the National road, stands 
Earlham college. This institution, owned by the Friends, has 
one hundred and sixty acres of land in connection with its 
attractive buildings; this under the management of a board 
of trustees appointed by Indiana yearly meeting. Its first 
president was Barnabns C. Ilobbs, who was also superintendent 
of public instruction for the State of Indiana at a later day. 



WAYNE COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIFJIVE. 533 

There are both preparatory and collegiate departments, with 
two courses of study for each — a classical and a scientific. 
There are six professorships. The college has a well -furnished 
reading-room and a library of over three thousand volumes. 
Both sexes are admitted, and have equal privileges and oppor- 
tunities. 



CHAPTER LXXIII. 

JAY COUNTY PIONEER HISTORY. 

PERHAPS the ladies of Indiana of the present day will 
find a valuable lesson of duty in the history of the early 
settlement of Jay county. It is not likely they will ever be 
called upon to endure similar hardships, but by reading and 
remembering the dangers to which the pioneer women of this 
State were exposed, they will be able to find peace and com- 
fort in some of their present imaginary ills. It was only 
about fifty years ago that the first settlers came to Jay county, 
then a wilderness inhabited only by Indians. Wolves, bears 
and other wild animals were prowling through the woods and 
over the prairies, and the lonely settlers had much of danger 
on every hand to contend with. But even in the face of these 
obstacles its first settlers were a bride and bridegroom. She 
was a true heroine, who, nothing daunted by the thrilling tales 
of border life then rife in the Eastern settlements, volunteered 
to unite her fortune with that hardy pioneer in his resolve to 
find a home on the distant Wabash. Nor was her praise- 
worthy heroism the only example of true womanhood in those 
early days of Indiana. Hundreds of noble, true hearted 
women, fired by the indomitable energy and perseverance of 
their husbands, voluntarily shared the hardships and exposures 
of pioneer life. They came not after the log cabins had been 
erected, not after homes had been established, but when the 
only shelter was the forest and the only bed the broad bosom 
of the prairie. Such were some of the pioneer women of Jay 
county. 

On the fifteenth of Jane, 1821, Peter Studabaker and Miss 
Mary Simison were joined in the bonds of wedlock at the 

(5U) 



JAY COUNTY PIONEER HISTORY. 535 

home of the bride's father, at Fort Recovery, Ohio, at that 
time one of the Western outposts of American civilization. 
The marriage ceremony was not celebrated in a large and 
elegantly finished church, in the presence of a fashionable 
audience. Fort Recovery was not blessed with such marriages 
in those days. Ko, the wedding was a matter of fact occur- 
rence, becoming alike to the customs of pioneer life and to 
the circumstances which followed. The newly married couple 
at once set out for the West. Gathering their earthly efiects 
together, they started in company with a few friends on the 
" Quaker Trace " towards Fort Wayne. Journeying along 
through the forest, resting and refreshing occasionally by the 
wayside, they at length reached the waters of the Wabash. 
Here they halted and the bridegroom, assisted by the parties 
who were with him, and in the presence of his bride, com- 
menced to build a cabin. ISTight was drawing near and the 
nuptial bed was yet to be prepared. Cutting four forked poles 
he drove one end of each into the ground, laid poles and 
branches across the top, covered the whole with boughs, built a 
fire, and then, while " Mary " was getting the supper, he pre- 
pared a table. The young bride at once adapted herself to 
the situation and in a few moments the weary travelers sat 
dovsm to a comfortable meal in the little camp, fifteen miles 
from any other settlers and fifty from the settlements of 
civilization. 

JS^ight came on, and, making beds of robes and blankets, 
the pioneers retired to rest. ITo sooner had sleep overtaken 
them than they were awakened by the howling of distant 
wolves. They approached nearer and nearer. Their cries 
were answered by other packs which hastened to join them. 
Hour after hour the dismal barking and howling was con- 
tinued, until, at length, the foremost were snapping their t-eeth 
at the open door of the camp. It must, indeed, have been a 
moment of fear for the young wife when one of the men took 
a rifle and discharged its contents among the barking wolves 
without leaving his bed. But we have no record of her want 
of courage. It is recorded, however, to her honor, that she 
braved the dangers of camp life until a log cabin was erected, 



536 msTORT OF Indiana. 

and entered it with a resolution that never departed from her 
during her toils and hardships. "Thus camped and slept the 
first white family that ever trod the wilderness which fifteen 
years afterward became Jay county." This was on the farm 
afterwards owned by Samuel Hall, on the south bank of the 
Wabash, at I^ew Corydon. Mr. Studabaker's cabin was the 
first built in the territory, and was rude in every respect — a 
hut twelve by sixteen, of small, round logs, with a clapboard 
roof, held on by "weight-poles." Unbroken forests sur- 
rounded this cabin for miles in every direction, and there was 
no mill or store within thirty miles, and no other dwelling 
within fifteen. "Their only companions were Indians, their 
only foes wolves." Mr. M. W. Montgomery, who has written 
a very good history of Jay county, relates this: "Mr. Studa- 
baker moved to the Wabash with the intention of making' that 
his permanent home, but the frequent overflows of the river 
at that time discouraged him, and finally led him to move 
away. One evening, in the spring of 1822, several travelers 
stopped to stay all night. The Wabash was quite higli, but 
not unusually so. Mrs. S. made a bed on the floor, in which 
the travelers retired to rest. In the night one of them 
thought he felt rather 'moist,' and on turning over found 
the puncheons were floating. They got up; one went up in 
the loft, and the other concluded to nap the rest of the night 
away on the logs of wood by the fire. But the family, being 
more fortunate, were on a bedstead, and slept there until 
morning, when they found all the puncheons except the two 
on which the bed-posts rested, floating about the room. Mr. 
Studabaker waded out and brought his canoe into the house, 
and took his family to dry land in the woods, where they 
camped till the water went down, which was in four or five 
days. In this way the Wabash overflowed the land about his 
cabin, and he moved back to Fort Kecovery, after living in 
Jay county about two years." The same writer pays this 
tribute to Mrs. Studabaker: " After moving back to Fort 
Recovery, Peter Studabaker was engaged chiefly in farming 
for about twelve years, when he moved to Adams county, 
where he died in 1840. ^ * Mary, (Mrs. Studabaker,) now 



JAY OOONTY HISTORICAL AND DESCEIPTIVE. 537 

lives with her son, Abram, in Adams conntj, Indiana, in a log 
honse, with one of those great old-fashioned cabin fire-places 
which so abundantly dispense warmth and cheerfulness to the 
inmates. It is about sixty feet from the river, upon the 
banks of which she has lived since her childhood days, nearly 
half a century. By the side of its quiet waters she was woed 
and won, and has devotedly braved many dangers, reared a 
large family, and followed her husband and several children 
to the tomb. She is now (1864) seventy-four years of age, 
and though in feeble health, her mind still retains its original 
vigor. Strong common sense, quick perception, and good 
judgment are her characteristics." 

But we cannot follow all the interesting incidents of pioneer 
life in Jay county in detail. The experiences of some of these 
first families that located there would fill a volume. 

Jay county was organized in 1836, and named in honor of 
John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme 
Court. The county seat was located by a commission appointed 
for the purpose, and called Portland. The first election of 
county officers took place in August, 1836, when the following 
persons were elected: Commissioners, John Pingry, Abraham 
Lotz, and Benjamin Goldsmith ; associate judges, James 
Graves, and Enoch Bowden ; clerk, Christopher Hanna; sheriff, 
Henderson Graves. James Graves did not accept the office 
of judge, and Obadiah Winters was subsequently chosen. The 
first term of the circuit court in Jay county was held, on the 
seventeenth day of April, 1837, at the house of Henry H. 
Cuppy; Hon. Charles W. Ewing, of Fort Wayne, presiding. 

With the proper government, and with all the elements of 
success, the energetic pioneers of Jay county were not slow in 
the battle of general imj)rovements. Their progress has been 
steady, and as rapid as could be desired. The surface of the 
county has no very distinguishing features. It is, perhaps, as 
level as any portion of the State, though in places it is beauti- 
fully rolling. No portion of the county has a poor soil, yet 
in many places the land had to be drained before it was pro- 
ductive. Originally the forests of the county contained an 
abundance of excellent lumber, including oak, ash, walnut, 



538 HISTORY OF INDIAI-A. 

hickory and beech, the two latter greatly predominating. lu 
most parts of the county the farmers are prosperous, having 
already accumulated an independence, consisting of a well 
improved farm, a good residence, commodious homes, tine 
stock, and general thrift. The rural districts have, for the 
most part, good scliools. Great advancement has been made 
in this direction during the last iive years, and still greater 
progress will be made in the next live. 

Portland, the county seat, is a thriving town, having excel- 
lent school advantages, an energetic population, good public 
improvements, and the elements of future prosperity. It is 
surrounded by a rich agricultural district, and cannot fail to 
increase in wealth and pojiulation. 



CHAPTEK LXXTV. 

PUTNAM COUNTY INDIANA ASBURY TJNIVP:RSITY. 

PUTNAM county was named in honor of General Israel 
Putnam, of revolutionary fame. The surface in the 
northern and eastern parts of the county, is, in some places, 
level, and in others gently undulating, and before being im- 
proved was quite wet. In the centre and southwest it is roll- 
ing, and in the vicinity of the streams is, in places, quite hilly, 
yet but few of the hills are too steep to be cultivated. The 
prevailing timber is beech, sugar tree, walnut, ash, oak and 
poplar. The soil is, in general, a black loam, but in some 
parts clayey. It is a good agricultural county, and has had 
good prosperity, both in wealth and population, 

Greencastle is the county seat, and is a thriving town of 
about four thousand live hundred inhabitants, with good pub- 
lic improvements and educational facilities. The chief attrac- 
tion of the place is the Indiana Asbury University. The town 
has excellent railroad facilities. 



PUTNAM COUNTY ASBUEY UNIA^ERSITY. 639 

The Indianapolis, Yandalia and St. Louis Kailroad inter- 
sects its southern, and the Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad 
its northern limits. The Louisville, H^ew Albany and Chicago 
Railroad crosses the former a mile and a half to the southwest, 
and passing through the western border of the city, it crosses 
the latter a half mile north of the public square. These three 
railroads, by means of their numerous connections, afford 
almost hourly communication with all portions of the coun- 
try, and render the site particularly eligible for an institution 
of learning. The city extends over a high plateau, bounded 
by the several railroads, a little more than a mile square. The 
founders of the university were fortunate in selecting for its 
situation a place so admirably fitted by nature to all the pur- 
poses of educational demand. The citizens, through the lapse 
of the years, have added to its natural advantages whatever 
industry and taste could effect. With salubrity of atmosphere, 
purity of water, and the uniformly large grounds connected 
with the homes of the people, the city has been reputable for 
its healthfulness, and rendered desirable as a place of residence. 
The attractions of the place have been such as to allure a class 
of inhabitants very superior in their intelligence, morals and 
rank in social life. 

While the university is freely open to all persons of what- 
ever religious education and preference, it is yet under the 
more particular patronage, and in the interest of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. By the conditions of its organic law, 
it is under the supervision, in very important regards, of the 
several annual conferences of Indiana. These conferences have 
representation in its joint board of trustees and visitors, of 
equal numbers of ministers and laymen. The trustees are 
twenty-one in number, and have full authority over all the 
interests of the institution. There are nine visitors, clerical 
representatives of the conferences, who are associated with the 
trustees with full advisory powers, but voting only on ques- 
tions concerning the election and dismissal of the faculty. 

As early as in 1830, a resolution was adopted by the Indiana 
Annual Conference to establish within its territory an institu- 
tion of learning of liberal character. For reasons of economy,. 



540 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

efforts were repeatedly made to arrange for the joint manage- 
ment of the State university on terms that would adequately 
meet the increasing demand ot the church, which was spread- 
ing rapidly, under the vigorous energy of an itinerant minis 
try, over every portion of the country. Failing, liowever, in 
the consummation of this plan, an appeal w^as made to the 
legislature, and a charter was granted by the session of 1836-7. 
The first meeting of the board of trustees was held in March, 
1837, at which the organization of a preparatory department 
was authorized, in which instruction should be given in all 
the branches usually j^ursued in that grade of schools. This 
work was effected in June, 1837, by Cyrus ISTutt, D. D., LL.D., 
at this date president of Indiana State University. An edi- 
fice suitable for collegiate purposes being necessary for the 
prosecution of the enterprise, the foundations were com- 
menced about the time of organizing the preparatory classes, 
and the corner-stone was formally laid June twenty -first, 1837, 
Bishop Henry Boseau ofiiciating. In 1839, the regular col- 
legiate classes were formed and placed under the direction of 
an able faculty of instruction. This university sent out from 
these classes its first graduates, three in number, in June, 1840; 
since which period, there have been annual additions to the 
lists of its alumni, who, in gradual yet constantly increased 
numbers, have swelled to an aggregate in 1875 of five hundred 
and eighty-one. 

In 1866, by a formal act of the board of trustees, ladies 
were admitted to the privileges of the institution. They 
were invited to all the departments of instruction, and with 
no discriminations, subject to the same requirements and dis- 
ciplines, and eligible to the same distinctions and lessons that 
at other p)eriods were offered only for the advantage of gentle- 
men. Already large numbers have availed themselves of these 
liberal privileges in both the prepai-atory and collegiate depart- 
ments, and nineteen have passed, by excellence in scholarly 
attainment, to their graduation. Two of these graduates have 
won distinction in their respective classes. 

By the terms of the charter, the institution is invested with 
full university powers, so that the board have authority to 



ASBURY UNIVERSITY. 541 

establish the complete circle of schools comprehended in the 
representative university. 

On ISTovember first, 1848, a medical college was organized,with 
a large corps of learned and experienced practitioners retained 
as its faculty. This department of the university was con- 
tinued with energy and success during three years, having its 
seat of operation at Indianapolis, under the conviction that 
facilities for medical learning could be had more advan- 
tageously in the midst of a large population. During this 
period, about fifty persons, having completed satisfactorily 
the prescribed course of lectures and examinations, were grad- 
uated into the medical profession. 

A department of law was established in July, 1846, with 
Hon. E. W. Thompson, professor elect, at its head, and has 
bee^i continued, with occasional interruptions and varying 
encouragement, until the present year (1875). An aggregate 
of fifty-six have completed the entire course usually required 
for practice in the legal iprofession. Many of them have 
proved their ability by the eminent positions an intelligent 
people have awarded them as a popular recognition of their 
merit. Because of limited funds, the university has, how- 
ever, been devoting its strength chiefly to intellectual culture. 
This, with Biblical literature, embracing under the term the 
Hebrew language and Old Testament criticism and exegesis — 
also the Greek Testament with criticism and exegesis — has 
received greatest attention, and hereafter to this class of 
instruction will the resources of the university be particularly 
devoted. In this field of endeavor has it achieved its enviable 
reputation among the institutions of the continent. Such, 
doubtless, will be the policy of the future, exclusively. Since 
the State has undertaken to supply the demand for medical 
and legal knowledge, and from its treasury for this purpose 
appropriates liberal sums annually, it is deemed to be the dic- 
tation of wisdom that this institution of the church should 
have a more exclusive consecration to that which is disciplin- 
ary^ and non-professional. It is proposed, however, in any 
event, that the work of Biblical instruction shall receive 
increased attention. This comes legitimately within the pur- 



64:2 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

pose and intent of the founders, and accords strictly with the 
requirement of the church under whose patronage it comes. 
To this extent and in this way may its M'ork be deemed pro- 
fessionah 

Two departments of instruction are provided for, the pre- 
paratory and collegiate. The former extends through a period 
of two years. The course of study consists of the elements of 
the classic languages, and the mathematics, including algebra, 
complete. This part of the course is fully equal to the requi- 
sites for admission into lirst-class New England colleges. To 
these are added Latin, prose composition, rhetorical lessons, 
American history, and American antiquities. The condition 
of public education is such, that to discontinue the department 
of preparatoi-y study, would be disastrous to the interests of 
higlier education. It is a singular fact that the high schools 
of the country furnish very few students to collegiate classes; 
once graduated from the comparatively limited courses there 
pursued, they at once enter their respective avocations of life. 
The Indiana high schools usually make no provision for 
instruction in the Greek language, for the reason, probably, 
that the masses of the people have not and do not require it. 
Every aspirant for a thorough higher education, however, 
wishing to liave an acquaintance with that branch of learning, 
the university has not sympathized in the least with the sug- 
gestions of some of the leaders of public school education of 
the State, to dispense with this language from the requirements 
of collegiate preparation. It has been believed, rather, that 
to act under this suggestion would be to reduce disastrously 
the standard of mental culture, and discriminate far too greatly 
against the dignity and real worth of classic learning. It is 
believed also that to abate such preparatory classic require- 
ments, would be to deter effectually many from an extended 
course of study, especially in the classics, who otherwise would 
be infliienced to pursue it. Certain it is, that tlie proposed 
plan does discriminate, in the popular interpretation, to a very 
gi'eat extent, against a liberal classical education. The decision 
and sufficient proof is, as it seems to the gj-eater number of 
collegiate educators, the facts connected with those seats of 



ASBUEY UNIVERSITY. 543 

collegiate learning where tlie suggestions alluded to have been 
adopted, and have been carried into practical effect. It has 
been thought advisable, therefore, as a wise economy of 
resources, that the faculty retain under their own exclusive 
management a preparatory school, adapting its course precisely 
to that required for the advanced classes. 

The collegiate depai-tment embraces a full four years curri- 
culum, and consists of nine professorships: the mental and 
moral, natural science, Greek language and literature, Latin 
language and literature, belles-lettres and history, modern lan- 
guage and Hebrew, mathematics, civil law, and Biblical litera- 
ture. Provision is made for instruction in the Anglo Saxon, 
in connection with the chair of belles-lettres and history. In 
connection with the chairs of Greek, Latin, and modern lan- 
guages, instruction is afforded in the Sanskrit, Spanish and 
Italian languages. Physics is taught in connection with the 
natural sciences. It is understood that a donation of $25,000, 
by Eobert Stockwell, Esq., in the latter part of 1874, is 
expressly for the support of a professor of systematic and prac- 
tical divinity. This fact, together with the large demand exist- 
ing for instruction in these branches of study, will, no doubt, 
result in the creation of the proposed chair at the earliest meet- 
ing of the board of trustees, which will occur in June, 1875. 

The course of study in all the professorships, respectively, is 
remarkable for the fact that nearly everything has been 
excluded that is not of a strictly educating character. It is 
the aim to supply facilities whose use shall result in substan- 
tial discipline. The faculty and board of trustees agree fully 
in the policy which should be pursued in executing the educa- 
tional trust committed to them. They are of the conviction 
that he who is disciplined into ability to control the attention, 
and to think closely, can himself gain knowledge to any extent 
the exigencies of life may require. They have, therefore, con- 
structed the work of the departments with the view of pro- 
moting sound discipline, leaving the accumulation of knowl- 
edge to the discretion and industry of the student, after he 
shall have taken his graduation. The result is that the meta- 
physical philosophy, the classic languages, and mathematics, 



544 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

constitute a very large part of the undergraduate requisites 
The prescribed sciences are, for this reason, taught with the 
nse of such authors, or texts, as treat their respective subjects 
under profound and exhaustive methods. They are encour- 
aged to continue this plan of instruction by the success which 
has uniformly attended its practical operation in every period 
of the institution's history. 

Many scores of eminent men are numbered among the 
alumni, who have gone from its halls at the several commence- 
ments. These are represented in the public trusts, both civil 
and political, and equally in the responsible and. successful 
industries of the country. The university has become distin- 
guished as the educator of many of the most eloquent of ora- 
tors; also many of the most efficient and reliable workers in 
both the church and state. In all these regards the institution 
has cause of congratulation, and can confidently point to the 
men educated under its direction ^ — their learning — their 
character — their power — their work, as the unquestioned 
proof of the excellence of its educational processes. 'No insti- 
tution of learning in the entire country has made for itself a 
more brilliant record. In the respect of its educated men, 
strong and efficient in their respective spheres, Asbury Uni- 
versity holds a high position among the colleges of the con- 
tinent — the peer of the best — superior to most. Such is the 
meed of distinction the impartial discriminator yields, as justly 
due to the wise adjustments and thorough application of a well 
selected ineans of scholastic discipline. 

The endowment of the university is $212,000, the greater' 
portion of which is profitably invested. Of this amount, 
$75,000 are the gift of Kobcrt Stockwell, Esq., of La Fayette, 
and consisted of first mortgage bonds of the Indianapolis, 
La Fayette, and Chicago railroad, with two thousand dollars 
accrued interest in addition. Fifty thousand dollars, and the 
two thousand dollars interest, by the direction of the donor, 
go into the general fund for endowment purposes; twenty-five 
thousand dollars, was a special direction, and is intended to be 
the nucleus of a foundation for a theological department; the 
balance of the fund, one hundred and thirty-five thousand 



ASBUBT UNIVEESITT. 645 

dollars, was procured, with possibly very small contributions 
excepted, by the sale of scholarships. Early in the history of 
the institution, an attempt was made to make sale of scholar- 
ships at the rate of five hundred dollars each, with the hope 
that, by such sales, the necessary amount could be quickly 
secured. This proved a failure, the cost of the certificates 
being greater than the friends of the university could, at that 
day of comparative poverty in the development of the country, 
afford. In 1844, a plan was devised, adapted better to the 
ability of the people. Under this plan, certificates of tuition 
in perpetuity were issued for one hundred dollars. At a later 
period still, certificates running through twelve years were 
issued for fifty dollars; six years, or one full course, prepara- 
tory and collegiate, for twenty-five dollars. At these rates of 
cost, severally, scholarships were taken, amounting in the 
aggregate, in 1858, in cash and productive notes, to seventy- 
five thousand dollars. In the year 1866, marking the centenary 
period of the Methodist Episcopal Church as an organized 
body in the United States, a vigorous effort was again made 
to increase the funds of the institution. Appeals were made 
directly to the people for their contributions, by agents of the 
Indiana conferences, who, in prosecuting their work, canvassed 
the entire State. Scholarships were issued, meanwhile, to any 
contributors who desired to use them, and whose contributions 
were sufficiently large to meet the conditions of their sale. 
The sum realized through this plan of operation amounts, in 
cash and notes, to sixty thousand dollars. Small portions of 
the fund are not yet productive, and the productive portions 
are realizing for the purposes intended at different rates. The 
whole, however, is sufficient to yield an income equal to the 
essential demand of instruction. Having confidence in their 
ability to maintain their endowment and increase it in propor- 
tion to any enlarged requirement that in any probability will 
arise, the board of trustees, at their annual meeting in June, 
18T4, declared that tuition shall be free to all. This 
provision of free tuition applies not alone to students in the 
regular classes of the university, but equally to all who are 
candidates for those classes in its preparatory school. To date 
35 



546 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

(collegiate year, 1874-5), four hundred and twenty-four are 
availing themselves of these liberal allowances, and the num- 
ber is very rapidly increasing. 

On December fifth, 1837, Rev. Joseph A. Toralinson was 
elected to the chair of mathematics, and at the same meeting 
of the trustees. Rev. Cyrus Nutt was made professor of ancient 
languages, and principal of the preparatory department. Rev. 
Mr. Tomlinson declining to accept the chair of mathematics, 
it was tendered to Rev. Mathew Simpson, who also declined 
the position. The presidency was tendered to Mr. Tomlinson 
in 1838, but, declining to accept which, it was ofiered, in 1839, 
to Mathew Simpson, who accepted the position, and served 
nine years in that capacity. During these nine years the 
institution was permanently endowed by the sale of scholar 
ships, and by donations to the amount of $50,000. 

In 1840, the faculty consisted of the president and the pro- 
fessors of mathematics and natural science, the Latin and 
Greek languages, and two tutors. The course of study was 
made equal to the older institutions, and was quickly brought 
up nearly to its present status, but little having been added 
since, except to the departments of English literature and 
natural science. 

Mathew Simpson, D.D., came to the presidency of the uni- 
versity in 1839, was elected editor of the Western Christian 
Advocate in 1848, and bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church in 1852. In his administration he was positive and 
strict, yet kind and gentle, his most severely disciplined 
students generally loving him best, because brought to re- 
pentance and reformation by his kind and firm exercise of 
authority. No man has been more popular, both among the 
students and citizens. 

Lucian W. Berry, D.D., succeeded to the administration in 
1849. He came directly from the active itinerant ministry. 
He was strong in the pulpit and in extemporaneous discourse 
on the rostrum. He was known particularly for his wonderful 
power in exhortation. He was exact in the tone of the dis- 
cipline he executed in the university, and precise in his own 
moral and Christian conduct. In the later years he became 



in 



ASBURY UNnrERSITT. 547 

sensitive to a fault by reason of protracted physical suffering. 
He went to the presidency of the Iowa Wesley an University 
in 1854, and presently died in an attempt to establish an in- 
stitution of learning of high grade in Missouri. 

Daniel Curry, D.D., succeeded Dr. Berry as president of 
the university, in 1854. He was strict, fearless, almost rash, 
inflexible, estimating expediency as nothing in the alternative 
of right. He would compromise with no shadow of wrong, 
and his will was unconquerable. He was the man to quell a 
rebellion, at the same time that he was the very man under 
whom a rebellion would be most likely to occur. Dr. Curry 
resigned his position in the University in 1857, having held it 
for only three years, and, within a brief period, was elected 
editor-in-chief of the Christian Advocate, in ISew York. 

Thomas Bowman, D.D., was president in 1858. A man of 
tact, affable, versatile, of unusual ability to utilize resources, 
exerting influence kindly, yet powerfully, he presided with 
great success over the work of the institution for fourteen 
years. In 1872, the general conference of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church gave him an election to the episcopacy, where 
lie executed duty as properly as in the narrower sphere of the 
presidency. Take him, all in all, though not the most learned 
nor eloquent, yet, in the judgment of a discriminating public 
sentiment, Bishop Bowman overranks any of his predecessors 
in the elements of popular character and of eflSciency in work. 

Many men of note have had part in the work of the univer- 
sity, either as trustees, agents, or in other positions of respon- 
sibility. Isaac Owen deserves very honorable mention. A 
man of energy and steady faith, he successfully sold scholar- 
ships, at one hundred dollars each, for the endowment of the 
institution. He was without a liberal education, but self- 
educated in theology, and a ready and constant reader of the 
scriptures in Greek, eccentric and unpolished, yet commanding 
great respect. In terms not greatly dissimilar should allusion 
be made to Samuel C. Cooper, Daniel DeMotte, and Aaron 
Wood, who, in the agency of the institution, did excellent 
service. In the list of men who have honored the university 
by their attentions and counsel, the names of Calvin Fletcher, 



548 rasTORT OF Indiana. 

Joseph A. Wriglit, Tilman A. Howard, Austin W. Morris, 
Alfred Harrison, F. C. Holliday, John L. Smith, Henry S. 
Lane, Williamson Terrell, John Ingle, W. C. DePauw, Asa 
Iglehart, David McDonald, John A. Mat son, T. J. Sample, 
S. W. Parker, G. M. Beswick, E. G. Wood, Allan Wiley, Bishop 
Ames, John Wilkins, Isaac 0. Ellston, Bishop Eoberts, A. C. 
Downey, W. H. Goode, Calvin Rutter, D. L. Southard, Will. 
Cumback, and many more ranking among the nobility of the 
State. 

Among the alumni should be named: James Harlan, dis- 
tinguished for his career in public life ; Newton Booth, governor 
of California and United States senator; Thomas Goodwin, 
W. H. Larrabee, Joseph Glenn, James P. Luse, W. H. Barnes, 
Henry Benson, George B. Jocelyn, Oliver S. Munsell, George 
W. Hoss, Samuel Lattimore, Philip GiUette, and many others 
in literature, authorship, and the practical professions. Many 
represent the university in the learned professions and in 
political life; many are in military life. During the period 
of the great rebellion, the classes of the university were nearly 
deserted, by students volunteering. The same was substan- 
tially true in the Mexican war. Among the distinguished 
specialists, it is but just to mention Elkanoh Williams, of 
Cincinnati, who stands quite at the head of the celebrated 
oculists. 

IS^ot invidiously, but as justly indicating the notable legal 
record of very many of the alumni, may be mentioned the 
names of Albert G. Porter, James Mcintosh, Daniel W. Yoor- 
hees, John W. Boy, John Hanna, John S. Torkington, Wm. 
P. Hargrave, H. C. Gooding. 

A very large proportion of the alumni have entered the 
work of the Christian ministry, chiefly as it is prosecuted 
under the methods of the itinerancy in the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. 



CHAPTER LXXy. 

CONCLUSION OF COUNTY SKETCHES. 

IT was our original intention to make the sketches of the 
counties merely descriptive, except those in which are 
located the oldest landmarks of pioneer life, as with Allen, 
Tippecanoe, Vigo, Knox, Clarke, and other counties. The 
following are descriptive sketches of the counties not men- 
tioned in the preceding chapters: 

ADAMS COimTY. 

This county was named in honor of President Adams. The 
surface is level, being beautifully undulating in some quarters. 
There are no barren lands, and but little wet prairie. There 
is a considerable portion of bottom lands, but the greater por- 
tion of the county is upland, heavily timbered. In some of 
the wet prairies of this county we find the water-shed from 
which the waters run both toward the St. Lawrence and the 
Mississippi. In these swampy sections are definable traces 
of beaver dams. The soil is mixed clay and marl, and is said 
to improve with continued cultivation. Timber was originally 
in abundance, consisting of oak, hickory, buckeye, ash, beech, 
elm, lynn, walnut, sycamore, poplar, and cotton wood. The 
principal water courses are the "Wabash and St. Mary's rivers. 
In this county they are about equal in size, their average 
breadth being about one hundred and fifty feet. The St. 
Mary's was formerly navigated by fiat boats, but is now 
obstructed with mill dams. 

This county has made good progress in agriculture, com- 
merce and education. Decatur is the county seat, and is but 

(549) 



550 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

twentj-one miles from Fort Wayne. It is a flourishing city, 
with excellent incorporated schools, substantial buildings, weli 
kept streets, and thriving commercial interests, with good 
railroad facilities. 

BLACKFOED COUNTY. 

Blackford county was named in honor of Judge Blackford, 
one of the pioneer judges of Indiana. The surface of this 
county differs but slightly from that of Adams. It is quite 
level, and in some places gently undulating. The soil is good 
and well adapted to the cultivation of wheat, rye, corn, oats, 
potatoes, etc. The exports consist of wheat, cattle, horses, 
and hogs. The soil is well watered by the Salamonie and Lick 
o.reeks, the former a splendid manufacturing stream. With 
the exception of the wet praii'ies, the surface was principally 
all upland, heavily timbered with oak, ash, beech, poplar, 
sugar tree, walnut, hickory, cherry, etc. The first settlement 
in the county was made in 1835, by Mr. John Blount. In 
1837, a colony of emigrants from Vermont settled in the 
county, and laid off the town of Montpelier, named in honor 
of the capital of their native State. 

Hartford Citj is the county seat of Blackford county, and is 
one of the most enterprising towns of northeastern Indiana. 
It has ample railroad facilities, bringing it in direct com- 
munication with Indianapolis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Toledo, 
and all the great commercial centers of the northwest. This 
place affords a splendid opportunity for the investment of 
capital and skilled labor. Generally speaking, the county has 
made good progress in agricultural pursuits, in commerce, 
and education. The schools are excellent. Land is cheap 
and productive, and there are many inducements for new 
settlers to locate in Blackford county. 

Montpelier, another incorporated town in this county, is, if 
possible, still more enterprising than Hartford City. While 
second to the latter in population, it is fully up in commercial 
industryj and is destined to be the. leading commercial and 
manufacturing mart of the county. 



BENTON COUNTY. 551 

BENTON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Thomas H. Benton, a 
Missouri senator. The surface of the county may be described 
by saying, that it is one grand continuous prairie, being an 
extention of the grand Illinois prairie. The soil is exceedingly 
fertile. Many parts were originally very wet, but a system of 
drainage has been adopted which will ultimately result in 
bringing nearly all the surface into cultivation. Pine creek is 
the only stream worthy of mention. It runs southerly, and 
empties its waters into the Wabash river. The northern por- 
tion of the county is watered by tributaries of the Iroquois 
river. Stock raising is one of the principal industries of the 
county. The county is excellently adapted to grazing, and 
some of the finest droves of cattle produced in the west are 
annually shipped from this county to the eastern markets. 

Oxford, formerly the county seat, is situated in the south- 
eastern part of the county, and on a high prominence over- 
looking the surrounding country. Although not a very large 
town, it is rapidly developing, and will soon become an impor- 
tant commercial centre. Its schools are well provided with 
suitable buildings and efficient teachers, and are in a state of 
prosperity. The schools of the county, for the most part, are 
equal to the average. Oxford has good railroad outlets, being 
situated on the LaFayette, Muncie and Bloomington i-ailroad, 
and is within two miles of the junction of this read with the 
C. L. & C. railroad, for Chicago and Cincinnati. 

Fowler, the present county seat, was first laid out in Feb- 
ruary, 1872, by Moses Fowler and Adams Earl, Esqrs., of 
LaFayette. Originally covering a plat one-half mile square, 
it has since been increased to one mile square. It is situated 
exactly in the centre of the county, and on the Cincinnati, 
LaFayette and Chicago railroad, or what is, popularly called 
the " Kankakee Koute." The county seat was removed from 
Oxford and located here in ]874, after a bitter legal litigation 
with the former place. 

The first court was held in December, 1874, in the new and 
elegant court house, mainly built by private means and enter- 



552 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

prise. The town is improving rapidly, and already possesses 
a number of prominent business firms, a bank doing a thriv- 
ing business, a fine hotel, a newspaper office, a large and com- 
modious graded school building, and two church edifices. 

Earl Park, located northwest of Fowler, on the same road, 
is another fast growing town. This town was laid out by 
Adams Earl and A. D. Eaub, Esqrs., and bids fair to take 
rank with the foremost towns of this section of the State. The 
streets are beautifully laid out and graded; they are eighty 
feet wide, and have a row of fine shade trees bordering on each 
side and through the centre, a feature rarely met with in the 
west, and which will ultimately render these streets beautiful 
and pleasant beyond description. 

BKOWN COUNTY. 

Brown county was named in honor of General Jacob Brown, 
one of the heroes of the war of 1812. The surface is generally 
hilly, but the hills are interspersed with many bottoms, consti- 
tuting about one-third of the whole surface. Originally the 
hills were covered with an abundance of excellent timber, con- 
sisting of white ash, chestnut, oak, and hickory. In the 
bottoms it was walnut, poplar, sugar tree, hackberry, cherry, 
buckeye, elm, etc. Corn is the staple production in the bot- 
toms, while wheat, oats, grass, etc., grow well on the hills. 

Nashville, the county seat, is a small town, but contains in 
and around it the elements of prosperity. Within the last few 
years its schools have been placed on a sound footing, and are 
now a credit to the place. Its commercial interests are grow- 
ing rapidly. The county is, in one sense, a wealthy one. The 
farmers are rapidly gaining an independence, improving their 
farms, houses, etc. The county schools are rapidly improving. 

CEAWFOED COUNTY. 

This county was named in memory of the unfortunate 
Colonel William Crawford, the land agent of General Wash- 
ington in the West, who was captured by the hostile Indians 
and burnt at Sandusky, in 1782. The surface of this county is 



DAVIESS COUNTY. 653 

very uneven and broken. Blue river is the only stream of 
importance. Along this river the soil is excellent, but in the 
interior it is not so good. Oak and poplar timber is found in 
great abundance. The principal agricultural productions are 
the same as those of the other counties. Coal and iron ore 
abound in the western part of the county. Blue river affords 
many fine mill sites, most of which are improved; but the 
chief object of attraction in the county is the celebrated 
Wyandotte cave. It has been explored for over nineteen 
miles. Its greatest height is two hundred and forty-five feet, 
and greatest width three hundred feet. It is located on the 
border of Harrison and Crawford counties, or near the border 
of the former, in Jennings township, in the latter county. 

Leavenworth, the county seat, is on the Ohio river. Its 
growth has been substantial rather than rapid. It has good 
schools, and its public improvements are increasing in value 
and usefulness. 

DAYIESS COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Colonel Daviess, who fell in 
the battle of Tippecanoe. The soil of the county is varied, 
but I'ich, and well adapted to the growth of articles usually 
cultivated in the West. The "White river bottoms have a rich, 
black loam, in some places slightly sandy, which produces 
magnificent crops of corn and other grain. These bottoms 
were originally heavily timbered, and along the west fork, are 
from one to two miles wide; on the east fork, about half that 
width. The northeastern portion of the county is rolling, and 
heavily timbered ; the northwestern portion is level and inter- 
spersed with prairies and skirts of timber; the centre is level 
barrens; the south and east, rolling, with formerly heavy tim- 
ber. Formerly, this county presented some magnificent forests 
of walnut and beach, and other timber. 

Washington is the county seat of Daviess county. It is a 
small town, but full of life and thrift, surrounded by a rich 
and fertile district, with good railroad facilities; in the near 
future it cannot fail to grow and prosper. It has good incor- 



554 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

porated schools. The district schools of the county are fully 
up to the average. 

DEAKBOEN COUNTY. 

Deaebobn couiity was named in honor of General Henry 
Dearborn, at that time secretary of war. The bottom lands 
on the Ohio, Miami and Whitewater rivers, about fifteen thou- 
sand acres in all, and the west and northwest portions of the 
county, are level and slightly undulating; the other portion of 
the surface is broken and hilly. The land in the vicinity of 
the rivers and creeks, both in the bottoms and on the hills, is 
rich and fertile, being unsurpassed in value for agricultural 
purposes in the State. The interior is well adapted to hay. 
wheat, etc. 

Lawrenceburgh, the county seat, is located on the Ohio river, 
and on the Ohio & Mississippi and Cincinnati, Indianapolis & 
Chicago railroads. It is quite an important railroad station, 
and a growing commercial centre. Its educational facilities 
are good. Dearborn county has made considerable progress in 
agriculture and commerce. 

DECATUR COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of the gallant Commodore 
Stephen Decatur. The surface is level and slightly rolling. 
There are no prairie lands. The bottoms are not extensive, 
but very fertile. On some of the streams the land is hilly. 
The soil of the upland is a rich, black loam, and the timber 
consists mostly of ash, poplar, walnut, sugar tree, oak and 
beech. Along the east and south borders of the county there 
are some wet lands, well adapted to grass, but not good for 
growing grain. The stone quarries of Decatur county afford 
substantial profit. The building stone of the county is inex- 
haustible, and is being raised with good commercial results. 
The citizens of the county are a thrifty, intelligent set of men, 
awake to their own interests, and constantly developing the 
great resources of their county. 

Greensburgh is the county seat. It is located on the Indi- 



DELAWARE COUNTY. 555 

anapolis, Cincinnati & La Fajette railroad, and, enjoying the 
productions of a rich agricultural region, blessed with ener- 
getic citizens, it is growing rapidly. Already it is a flourish- 
ing place, having excellent schools and good public improve- 
ments. 

DE KALB COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of General De Kalb, a 
Revolutionary officer of German descent, who was killed in the 
battle of Camden. The surface of the county is gently undu- 
lating, and, with the exception of some low, wet lands, was 
originally covered with timber. The St. Joseph runs about 
twelve miles through the southeast corner of the county, while 
the othei- portions are well watered by Cedar creek and its 
tributary streams. The timber is of an excellent quality, and 
the soil cannot be excelled by any land in the State. It is 
being extensively cultivated, with good results for the husband- 
man. 

The county is divided into nine townships. Union being the 
centre, in which is located Auburn, the county seat, a small 
but thrifty town. It is located od the Fort Wayne, Jackson & 
Saginaw railroad. The county is young, but in a very flour- 
ishing condition. 

DELAWARE COUNTY. 

This county was given its present name on account of its 
being the home of a large tribe of the Delawares. The surface 
is quite level, with but slight undulations. Small, wet prairies 
abound in the county to one-twelfth of the extent of the 
surface ; but these, besides affording good pasturage, are tillable 
with the slight expense of drainage. Timber was formerly 
very plenty in this county, and of the best quality. Almost 
every foot of land in the county is adapted to farming. White 
river in the centre, Mississinewa in the north. Buck creek, and 
their numerous tributaries, supply the county abundantly with 
water power. 

It was in this county where the Prophet, brother of Tecum- 



656 HISTORY OF INDIAlfA. 

seh, resided, and there, until it fell by decay, etood the post at 
which he caused his enemies, whites and Indians, to be tor- 
tured. David Conner, an Indian trader, was the first white 
man to settle in the county; others soon followed, and all liave 
become independent and wealthy. 

Muncie is the county seat. It is a city of about four thou- 
sand five hundred inhabitants, an enterprising commercial and 
manufacturing centre. It is located on the C, C, C. & I. and 
Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati railroads. Having all the 
advantages of a rich agricultural section around it, and being 
in direct communication with all the great cities of the north- 
west by railroad, it will undoubtedly continue to prosper, and 
will ultimately attain to considerable importance. It has 
excellent schools. Indeed, the schools in the whole county are 
well conducted. 

DUBOIS COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Toussant Dubois, who 
had charge of the guides and spies in the Tippecanoe cam- 
paign. The northwestern portion of the county is undulating; 
the other portions level, and about one- fifth of the whole is 
in the bottoms of White river, Patoka and other streams. A 
greater portion of the county has an excellent soil. Consid- 
erable portions of the surface are subject to inundation with 
the spring and fall freshets. There are no prairies in the 
county. Timber was originally abundant, consisting of wal- 
nut, sugar, beech, hickory, poplar, and white and black oaks. 
The staple productions of the county are hogs, cattle, horses, 
corn, etc. Among the material resources of the county, coal 
is abundant, and is already being mined with success. Coal 
mining is destined to become one of the great industries of 
the county, and will be conducted without injury to agricul- 
ture. 

Jasper, the county seat, is a small but enterprising town. 
The county is making considerable progress in agriculture, 
mining and education. 



FAYETTE COTJNTT 557 

FAYETTE COUNTY. 

This county was appropriately named in honor of the dis- 
tinguished General La Fayette. The ourface of the county 
is divided nearly in the centre by the west fork of White- 
water, which is a very serviceable stream for manufacturing 
purposes. The surface of the county is rolling in the east 
and south, and level in the north and west, with a large pro- 
portion of bottoms, and every part of the county is susceptible 
of profitable cultivation. The forests were originally dense 
and valuable, consisting principally of walnut, poplar, sugar, 
beech, hickory, oak, etc. The soil is very productive, and 
the labors of the husbandman are attended with substan- 
tial rewards. The farmers of Fayette county are nearly all 
wealthy. They have good residences, their farms are well 
improved, good school buildings grace every district, and a 
general thrift pervades the whole county. 

Connersville, the county seat, is one of the finest towns in 
Indiana. It has a population of about four thousand, excel- 
lent schools, good churches and fine public improvements. 
The city has ample railroad improvements, bringing it into 
direct communication with all points of importance. The 
commercial and manufacturing interests of the city are in a 
flourishing condition. The citizens are a very intelligent class 
of people, full of the right sort of public spirit. 

FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 

This county was so called in respect to Major Fountain, of 
Kentucky, who was killed at the head of the mounted militia, 
in the battle on the Maumee, near Fort Wayne, in 1790. The 
surface of the county is mostly level, though the central and 
southern parts are occasionally undulating; and it is beauti- 
fully variegated with heavy forests and rich prairies, which 
latter constitute about one-fourth of the county. The soil is 
generally a black loam, with a slight mixture of sand, and is 
very fertile, producing excellent crops of wheat and corn. In 
the southern part of the county there is a preponderance of 
clay, and the soil there is consequently better adapted to wheat 



558 HISTORY OF INDTAKA. 

and grass. There was originally an abundance of timber, con- 
sisting of poplar, sugar, beech, oak, walnut and hickory. 

Covington, the county seat, is a thriving town on the 
Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railway. Attica is 
another smart town in this county. It is located on the Toledo, 
Wabash and Western Railway. The county has made great 
improvement during the last decade, both in the growth of its 
towns and the general developments of the farming districts. 
The schools are efficient and prosperous. 

FRANKLIN COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of the distinguished 
Benjamin Franklin. The northeast portion is level, the cen- 
tral and western portions rolling, and in many places quite 
hilly. The timber, which was originally plenty, consists of 
oak, sugar, beech, hickory and black walnut. The soil is gen- 
erally good. A considerable portion of the county is bottom 
land, lying along White river and it branches. These bottoms 
are, as usual, a very rich soil, well adapted to the growth of 
corn. The uplands are better adapted to the growth of wheat 
and grass. The farming interests of the county are fully up 
to those of other counties in the State. This county has some 
interesting antiquarian features. There are numerous mounds 
of earth and structures of stone, imbedded in the earth, and 
prepared with apparent skill, so that the deposits of some very 
distant period are found in a remarkable state of preservation. 
Franklin county has all the natural elements for success, and 
is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. 

Brookville, the county seat, is located on the Whitewater 
division of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and La Fayette Rail- 
way. It is an enterprising, educational town, rapidly increas- 
ing in population, wealth and importance. 

FULTON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Robert Fulton, the 
inventor of the steamboat. The surface of the county is 
level, with the exception of a range of hills along the north 



GIBSON COUNTY. 559 

bank of the Tippecanoe river. The north and east portions 
of the county were originally covered with a dense and valua- 
ble forest. The soil is generally very rich and fertile, and well 
adapted to the growth of wheat and corn, and other grains. 
The county is well watered by the Tippecanoe river, and by 
Mill, Mud, Owl and Chipwamunc creeks. 

Rochester, the county seat, is located near the centre of the 
county, in direct railroad communication with Indianapolis 
and Chicago. It is a thriving town of about two thousand 
five hundred inhabitants. It possesses fair public improve- 
ments, good schools and churches, and shows the effects of a 
liberal spirit and enterprise on the part of its citizens. About 
two miles east of Kochester is located the famed " Lake Man- 
itou," or " Devil's Lake," It covers an area of about thirteen 
hundred acres, and is about two and one half miles long. 
Many tales are told by some of the most substantial and 
reliable citizens, of an immense fish, or " devil-like " monster 
being seen at various times, in the night, and at a spot in 
the lake where bottom has never been found, although many 
efforts to reach it have been made. A legend has been handed 
down through several generations, by the Indians, to the effect 
that a party of their people, encamping on the east side of the 
lake, were surprised during the night by this monster, and 
after a desperate encounter, were all destroyed and dragged 
into the lake. Ever after this event, no Indian could be per- 
suaded to go onto the lake. A fine mill stream flows from 
this lake — being fed by springs — which affords power for 
several large flouring mills in the town of Rochester. The 
county has made considerable advance in the several indus- 
tries. 

GIBSON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of General John Gibson, 
secretary of the territory from 1801 to 1816, and repeatedly 
acting governor in the absence of Governor Harrison. The 
surface of the county is pleasantly undulating. A consider- 
able portion of the soil is river bottoms on the Wabash, 
Patoka and White rivers. The balance was originally heavily 



560 HISTORY OF INDIAUA. 

timbered with walnut, beech, hickory, ash, oak, etc. The soil 
is generally loam and sand, and very productive in corn, wheat 
and oats. 

Princeton is the county seat. It is a thriving town, contain- 
ing between two and three thousand inhabitants, located on 
the Crawfordsville and Evansville railroad, affording commu- 
nication to the northern cities, and southern ports, via Ohio 
and Mississippi railroad. It has excellent school facilities, fine 
churches, and good public improvements. The citizens are 
enterprising, and take a just pi'ide in the growth of their city. 

GRANT COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Captain Samuel Grant 
and Moses Grant, who were killed in 1789, in a battle with 
the Indians, near the creek since called by their name, in the 
northeast part of Switzerland county. The surface of the 
county is quite level, except a strip along the Mississinewa 
river, where it is decidely rolling. It was originally heavily 
timbered. The soil, without exception, is rich, and well 
adapted to the cultivation of grain, grass, fruit, etc. The 
farmers of the county are all blessed with abundant harvests; 
they are growing wealthy and independent. 

Marion, a town of two thousand five hundred inhabitants, 
is the county seat, and a thrifty place. It has excellent rail- 
road facilities, good schools, and, being surrounded with a 
fertile region of country, is destined to have a continuous 
growth. Jonesboro is another thriving town in this county. 

HAMILTON COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Alexander Hamilton, the 
first secretary of the United States treasury, under Washing- 
ton. The surface of the county is level in some parts, and 
gently undulating in others, and the soil, without any excep- 
tion, is excellent, being well adapted to either corn, grain, or 
grass. There are, along White river, some dry, rich prairies, 
and, at the heads of Cicero and Stoney creeks, some wet ones, 
but they are quite small. The balance of the county was 



HANCOCK COUNTY. 561 

originally heavily timbered, with a good proportion c>f oak, 
poplar, walnut, sugar, hickory, and beech. This is one of the 
finest farming counties in Indiana, and most of the farmers 
have become Avealthy. 

Noblesville is the county seat. It is located in the centre 
of the county, and is a thriving town, with a population of 
about two thousand. It has good railroad facilities, good 
schools, and its public improvements will compare favorably 
mth other towns of equal population. There are quite a large 
number of Friends in Hamilton county. They have done 
much to develop the resources of that section. 

HANCOCK COUNTY. 

Hancock county bears the name of John Hancock, the 
signer of the Declaration of Independence. The surface of 
the county is level, except in the vicinity of the water courses, 
where it is undulating. The county was originally heavily 
timbered. The soil is rich, and the only impediment to agri- 
culture, was the wetness of some sections. This difficulty is 
being obviated by a system of drainage. Corn and wheat 
growing are the staple industries of the county, as also is the 
raising of horses, hogs, and cattle. 

Greenfield is the county seat, and is a prosperous town, of 
nearly two thousand inhabitants. It is located on the Pitts- 
burgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, twenty-one miles 
east of the capital. The town has good schools, is rapidly in- 
creasing in wealth and population, and is cultivating a spirit 
of public improvements. The county, generally speaking, 
has made good progress. 

HAKEISON COUNTY. 

Tms county was named for our own General William Henry 
Harrison. The surface of the county and character of the 
soil are diversified. " The chain of knobs on the east, the 
river hills, and many places along Indian creek and Blue river, 
present as fine scenery as can be found in any part of the 
State. The bottoms, valleys, and a portion of the upland are 
36 



5fi2 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 

fertile, and were originally well timbered, but some of the 
barrens have many ' sink-holes,' in which are frequently en- 
trances to immense caverns, and in many places the soil is 
very thin. Six miles west of Corydon is Wilson's spring, 
sixty feet in diameter, and, though it has been sounded over 
four hundred feet, no bottom has been found. It rises from a 
solid rock, in a level spot of land, and it affords a sufficient 
amount of water to turn a valuable flour mill. Pitman's cave, 
in the same neighborhood, has been explored about two and a 
half miles, and is frequently visited. The descent to this cave 
is about twenty feet perpendicular; it then extends oif horizon- 
tally." Harrison county is one of the oldest in the State, and 
Corydon, the county seat, is one of the oldest towns in Indiana. 
It was the capital of the State for sevend years, or until the 
capital was permanently located at Indianapolis. Around it 
centre some of the earliest territorial legislation. It was at 
Corydon where the constitution convention of 1816 was held, 
when the first State constitution was framed. 

Corydon, the county seat, is a town of over one thousand. 
It has grown but little during the last twenty years. How- 
ever, its growth has been substantial, and its improvements 
permanent. 

JASPEE COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Sergeant Jasper, of Carolina, 
who died in defense of his country in the war of the revolution. 
The surface of the county is generally level, consisting mostly 
of dry and wet prairies, interspersed with small groves of 
timber, usually known as oak openings. A large portion of 
the soil is very fertile, and well adapted to the production of 
wheat, oats, corn, grass, etc. It is a very fine grazing county, 
and horses, cattle, and sheep are raised with considerable profit. 

Rensselaer, the county seat, is a living town, with good 
public improvements. Remington is another enterprising 
town in Jasper county. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 
This county was named in honor of Thomas Jefierson, the 



JENNINGS COUNTY. 563 

third president of the United States, It presents a great 
variety of soil and surface. "The bottoms on the Ohio, and 
along the principal creeks, are a rich loam, mixed with sand, 
and the lofty and steep hills near them have also a rich soil. 
On the table lands, back of the hills, there is more clay; and 
still further in the interior a considerable portion of the land 
is nearly level, covered mostly with beech timber — unlit for 
corn or grain, and suitable only for grass. About one-half of 
the county is of this character." 

Madison, the county seat of Jefferson county, is located on 
the Ohio, and at the terminus of the Madison division of the 
Jeffersonville, Madison, and Indianapolis railroad. It ranks 
among the most important river cities, having a population 
of over thirteen thousand, and immense manufacturing and 
commercial interests. The public improvements are good, its 
educational facilities excellent. The growth of Madison has 
not been rapid, but it has been substantial. 

JENNINGS COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Jonathan Jennings, the first 
governor of the State of Indiana. Near the streams the 
surface of the county is hilly and broken, and moderately 
fertile, except in the beech fiats, at the head of the streams, 
where it is only fit for grass. There is an abundance of excel- 
lent timber in the county, of which large quantities are 
exported. There are also good quarries of lime stone, from 
M^hich the interior of the State is largely supplied. 

Yernon, a thriving town in the center of the county, is the 
seat of justice of Jennings county, but North Yernon, in 
Center township, is the largest town, having a population of 
over two thousand, good public imjDrovements, excellent 
school facilities, and increasing commercial interests. The 
county is a good one, farming is profitable, and the farmers 
are prosperous. It is traversed by three railroads. 

KOSCIUSKO COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of the Polish soldier and patriot 
who served in the American army in the war of the revolu- 



5fi4 HISTORY OF INT>IANA. 

tion. The surface of the county is level and gently undu- 
lating. About two-thirds of the surface was originally covered 
with good timber, and it has generally a very rich soil; one- 
half of the balance is oak openings. The remaining portion 
is dry and wet prairies, of which the Turkey creek prairie, 
comprising an area of ten sections, is among the most fertile 
and beautiful land in the State — now all in a high state of 
cultivation. The soil is best adapted to wheat, oats, and corn. 
Near the head of Tippecanoe, Turkey creek, and other streams, 
there are quite a number of beautiful lakes, covering in all, 
probably twenty-five thousand acres. They are abundantly 
filled with fish. 

Warsaw, the county seat, is beautifully situated between 
Pike and Eagle lakes, in the southern part of the county, on 
the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, and is the 
terminus of a road running north to Goshen and Elkhart. It 
has a population of nearly four thousand, and is rapidly 
increasing in wealth and population. 

LA GKANGE COUNTY. 

This county was named in respect to the residence of General 
La Fayette, in France. About two-thirds of the county is 
what was usually known to pioneers as "barrens," or oak 
openings, one-tenth is prairie, and the balance thick timber. 
The face of the county is mostly level, though in some places 
it is broken and gently undulating. The soil in the openings 
is a sandy loam; in the openings there is a heavy mixture of 
clay. The former is well adapted to wheat; the latter to 
wheati, corn, grass and oats; and the prairies to wheat and 
corn.* 

La Grange, the county seat, is situated in the center of the 
county, on the Grand Eapids and Indiana railroad. It is a 
thrifty town of about two thousand inhabitants. Further 
north, on the same road, is Lima, a smart toAvn of nearly one 

* We have been directed, somewhat, in our observations touching the 
soil and surface of the several counties, by the " Indiana State Atlas," 
published by Asher, Adams & Higgins, New York. 



LA PORTE COUNTY. 565 

thousand inhabitants. La Grange county has made good 
progress. 

LAKE COUl^TY. 

This county derives its name from its close proximity to 
Lake Michigan. The northern portion of the county adjoining 
the lake for several miles inland, appears to be merely sand 
thrown up from the bed of the lake. It is mostly covered 
with dwarf pine and cedar, and the soil is of but little value. 
South of Turkey creek the soil is rich and alluvial; but the 
central part of the county is better adapted to grazing than 
grain, the soil being a mixture of clay, marl, and black muck. 
Further to the south there is more sand, with a mixture of 
black loam, easy of cultivation ; and the various kinds of grain 
raised in the west are produced in abundance, and still further 
to the south, along the Kankakee, are extensive marshes. 

Crown Point, in Center township, is the county seat. It is 
a small but thriving town, with fair public improvements, 
and good educational facilities. 

LA POETE COUNTY. 

This is one of the hnest counties in the State, and conta'r'S 
one of the most prosperous towns in Indiana. The name 
given to the county is the French name of the beautiful lake 
included in it. The range of country east and west, from 
eight to twelve miles south-east of Lake Michigan, was origi- 
nally timbered land, and parts of it are somewhat hilly, and 
the soil is mostly thin. The timber" was mostly oak and hick- 
ory. The level part was originally covered with beech, poplar, 
sugar, etc., and in the vicinity of the lake and Michigan City, 
are sand hills, originally covered with pine. The county south 
of the above, for six or eight miles in width, is gently undu- 
lating prairie, interspersed with groves of timber and small 
lakes, which has a very rich soil. Still further south are the 
bur-Oak openings, a few dry prairies, and the Kankakee 
marshes, of which large portions are better for grazing than 
for grain. It is estimated that one hundred and eighty-eight 



566 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

sections of land lie in the different prairies in the county, the 
principal of which are Kolling, Door, La Porte, Stillwell, 
Domain, and Hog prairies, which, with the exception of a few 
wet places, are well adapted to wheat, oats, corn, barley, hemp, 
and vines, and garden vegetables of every description. Fruit 
succeeds well, and the wet prairies, when drained, are excellent 
for grass. The oak openings are not inferior to the prairies in 
respect to soil. 

La Porte, a flourishing and prosperous city of over eight 
thousand inhabitants, is the county seat. It is located in 
Center township, and has excellent railroad facilities. Sur- 
rounded by a rich agricultural district, with an abundance of 
good timber on every hand, it has all the elements of com- 
mercial prosperity. In a literary and educational point, the 
city has made great progress. Its schools stand high, and are 
a credit to the great system of education of Indiana. Its 
public improvements are excellent, and, in every point La 
Porte is a prosperous and flourishing city. The La Porte 
reading-room and natural history association attests the 
literary culture of its citizens. This institution was organized 
and incorporated in 1863; it started with seven hundred 
volumes, all standard works, and is, at the present time, in a 
high state of eflSciency. Michigan City, in the northern part 
of the county, on the margin of Lake Michigan, is a very 
prosperous city of over Ave thousand inhabitants. All that 
can be said of the public improvements, educational facilities, 
and prosperity of La Porte, may, with propriety, be said of 
Michigan City. It is the gate to Lake Michigan commerce 
from Indiana, and, as such, must soon become a great com- 
mercial city. 

MAKION COUNTY. 

This ccmnty was named in honor of General Francis Marion. 
It is the seat of the capital of the State,* and contains the 
great and prosperous city of Indianapolis. In the northern 
part of the county, near White river. Fall ci-eek, and Eagle 

*See Future (irout Cities of Indiana, to find sketch of Indianapolis. 



MARSHALL COUNTY. 567 

creek, is a rolling country, beautifully diversified with hills — 
and a small portion of the southwest of the county is of the 
same description; but the residue, with few exceptions, appears 
to be almost level, with slight ascents from the creeks. As 
farms are improved, they become dry, in most seasons, with 
very little draining. "One-third of the county, at least, is a 
kind of second bottom ; it was originally covered with large 
sugar trees, walnut, ash, white and burr oak. beech, and a few 
poplar." The soil in this section is a black loam, clay and 
sand, intermixed, and based on limestone gravel four or live 
feet beneath the surface. This kind of land lies next to the 
streams, is easily farmed, and is very productive in corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, vines and fruits, and in fact all the 
articles usually raised in the climate. Further back from the 
streams the timber is not so good ; the soil is a black muck, 
based on clay, which, though at first not well adapted to corn, 
yet becomes so in most seasons. It improves with continued 
cultivation. Indianapolis is the county seat, of which we 
make further mention in the latter part of this work. 

MAKSHALL COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Chief Justice Marshall. 
The surface of the county is generally level, though there are 
places in which it may be called rolling. About one-half of 
the county is timbered land; the other half is oak openings or 
barrens, interspersed with wet and dry prairies, which are 
mostly of a small size, and in their vicinity are several small, 
beautiful lakes. The soil, where the land was originally tim- 
bered, is very rich and fertile, as also in the prairies. In the 
barrens it is thinner, though yet a greater portion of them is 
w^ell adapted to wheat, oats, and vines. This portion of the 
soil improves with continued cultivation. There are in this 
county rich beds of iron ore. Marshall county has already 
become one of the leading agricultural counties in Indiana. 

Plymouth, located in Centre township, is the county seat. 
It is one of the most enterprising towns in the State, has a 
population of over three thousand five hundred, and is rapidly 



508 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

increasing in wealth and importance. It has excellent railroad 
facilities, being located on the Pittsburgh, Fcrt Wayne & 
Chicago and the Chicago, Cincinnati & Louisville railroads. 
Bourbon is another smart town in this county. It is located 
on the raili-oad first mentioned. Tvner City and Argos are 
also smart towns on the latter road. 

MAETIN COUNTY. 

Tms county was given its name in honor of Major Martin, 
of Newport, Ky. The face of the county is quite uneven. 
There are a number of hills, and the soil is of various qualities, 
but mostly clay. Nine-tenths of the county was originally 
timbered upland, the balance about equally divided betwe^ 
river bottoms and oak openings. 

Shoals, the county seat, is a thriving town, located on the 
Ohio & Mississippi railroad. It has good public improve- 
ments, good schools, and is increasing in agricultural and com- 
mercial importance, as is the whole county. 

NOBLE COUNTY. 

This county was named in honoi- of Noah Noble, Grovernor 
of the State of Indiana from 1831 to 1837. The face of the 
county is quite diversified, portions of it being nearly level, 
and other parts somewhat rolling or hilly. About one-half is 
heavily timbered; the balance, with the exception of one 
prairie of four thousand acres, and several small ones, is oak 
openings. The soil is mostly a black loam mixed with sand; 
there is very little clay. In places, small, wet prairies are 
intermixed with small lakes and rolling, gravelly barrens, and 
the soil is poor; but generally the soil is rich, and well adapted 
to wheat, oats, and, in the timbered land, to grass. As a 
whole, the county is well adapted to agriculture, and the labors 
of the husbandman are fully rewarded. 

Albion, the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
county. It is a lively town, with good public improvements, 
excellent school advantages, and considerable commercial im- 
portance. 



ORANGE COUNTY. 569 

OEANGE COUNTY. 

This county was named after a county of North Carolina, in 
which many of the early settlers had previously resided. The 
south part of the county is hilly, and abounds with fine springs 
of water; the north is undulating. About one-fifth of the 
county is bottom land, with a rich, fertile soil, and an equal 
amount of openings; the balance is uplands, and was origin- 
ally heavily timbered with oak, hickory, poplar, ash, walnut, 
cherry, sugar and beech, and the soil well adapted to wheat, 
corn, oats, etc. There are many " sinks " in the county. 
" These, for the most part, have limestone for a base, where 
many of the streams and springs fall into the earth, and there 
find subterraneous passages, until they uidte with lai-ger 
sti-eams or reappear with larger and stronger currents." 

Paoli, the county seat, is located in the centre of the county. 
It is a small town and is improving in population and wealth 
rapidlv. with the country around it. The schools are improv- 
ing. 

PEERY COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of the gallant Commodore 
Oliver H. Perry. With the exception of about twenty thou- 
sand acres of bottom land, along the Ohio and Anderson rivers, 
and some tracts of wet beech lands at the heads of the streams, 
the balance of the county is very hilly. On the bottoms and 
a portion of the hill-sides and tops, the soil is rich, but much 
of the largest part of the county is what is usually denomi- 
nated poor land, though there is but a small part of it which 
may not, with careful farming, be made productive. The 
timber is of an excellent quality; the best of oak and poplar 
are found on the hills, and in the bottoms sugar, beech, ash 
and walnut. The surplus articles exported are corn, hay, 
pork, etc. The trade in wood and coal for the Ohio river 
steamboats is large and profitable. 

Cannelton, the county seat, is located in the southern part 
of the county, on the Ohio river. It is quite a large and 
flourishing town, with creditable public improvements. 



570 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

PORTER COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Commodore David Porter, 
of the United States navy. The surface of the county is 
gently undulating. About one-fourth of the county was 
originally timbered with oak, walnut, poplar, pine, maple, 
butternut and beech; one-third is oak openings, and the rem- 
nants prairie and bottom land. Except near Lake Michigan 
and the marshes of Kankakee, the general character of the 
soil is good, and best adapted to wheat, oats, corn, and gra.zing. 

Valparaiso, the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
county. It has good railroad facilities, a growing commerce, 
flourishing educational institutions, and a general prosperit3^ 

POSEY COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Genei'al Thomas Posey, 
who was appointed governor of the Indian territory to suc- 
ceed General Harrison. The surface of the county on the 
Ohio and Wabash, with the exception of the bluffs, com- 
mencing at Mount Vernon and extending four miles below, is 
flat bottom land, and was formerly subject to yearly overflows, 
varying from a half to two miles in width. But by the use 
of dams this land has been improved. The interior of the 
county is undulating or rolling, and some parts are compara- 
tively hilly, but, upon the whole, lie remarkably well for agri- 
cultural purposes. The only prairie in the county is about 
three miles in length and one in width; and there are, prop- 
erly speaking, no barrens, though the soil is thin in places; 
and near the junction of the rivers there are so many ponds 
and so much low ground that it cannot be improved with 
much protit. The bottom lands comprise about a sixth, and. 
the forest lands three-flfths of the whole. The soil in the bot- 
tom is a rich, sandy loam, formed from the deposit of the 
rivers; that in the interior is mostly a dark, rich loam, resting 
upon a yellow-clay formation. It is best adapted to corn and 
grass, though fine crops of wheat and oats are raised annually 
with very good profit in various portions of the county. 



KANDOLPH COUNTY. 571 

Mount Yernon is the county seat, located on the Ohio river. 
It is a city of nearly five thousand inhabitants, with excellent 
public improvements, fine literary and educational institutions 
and increasing commercial interests. l^Tew Harmony is also a 
flourishing town of Posey county. It is noted for the literary 
taste of its citizens, and for its education and refinement. 

PULASKI COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of the celebrated Polish soldier. 
Count Pulaski, who, failing to sustain the Independence of his 
own country, came to this during the revolutionary war, was 
appointed a brigadier-general, and fell, mortally wounded, in 
the attack on Savannah, in 1779. The surface of the county 
is mostly level, though in several parts there are ridges of low 
sandy hills. About one-half of the county is prairie; the 
other half oak openings, though portions of it have a very 
heavy growth of the various species of oak timber. A few 
of the bottoms of the Tippecanoe and other streams have 
small groves of walnut, sugar tree and white maple, and the 
soil is well adapted to the growth of fruit trees. An arm of 
the Grand Prairie extends several miles into the southwest 
corner of the county. The other principal prairies are Fox- 
grape, Dry, ]^orth western, Oliver's, and Pearson's. The west 
prairies are favorable for grazing, and, through a process of 
drainage, they are being rapidly improved, so as to be culti- 
vated with profit. The dry prairies and openings are mostly 
a black loam mixed with sand, and occasionally a good deal of 
mud, and are well adapted to wheat, corn, oats, etc. 

Winnemac, the county seat, is located a little to the east of 
the center of the county. It is a flourishing town, with good 
railroad facilities, educational advantages, and commercial 
thrift. . The county is well settled and in a very prosperous 
condition. 

EANDOLPH COUNTY. 

This county was named, at the request of the early settlers, 
after the county in jSTorth Carolina, from which they emigrated. 



572 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

The surface of the county is nearly level, and portions of it are, 
at times, wet and marshy, so that it would seem to be low, 
though, in reality, it is about as high as any land in the State, 
for " in or near Randolph county the head waters of the Big 
Miami, Whitewater, Blue river, White river, the Mississinewa, 
the Solamonie, Wabash, and St. Mary's, all running in dift'erent 
directions, take their rise." There are no " barrens," and l>ut 
few prairies (all of which are wet), in the county. The timber 
is of an average quality, the soil well adapted to wheat and 
corn, oats, etc. 

Winchester, the county seat, is located in the centre of the 
county. It is the largest town, and is quite prosperous, hav- 
ing fair public improvements, good schools, churches, etc. 
Union city is located on the extreme westei-n border of the 
county, and is bisected by the State line dividing Indiana and 
Ohio. Both of these towns have good raiboad facilities, and 
increasing commercial interests. 

RIPLEY COUNTY. 

This county bears the name uf General E. W. Ripley, a dis- 
tinguished officer of the war of 1812. The general surface of 
the county may be called level, except in the vicinity of the 
water courses, where the hills are abrupt and high. The bot- 
tom lands along Laughery, and other streams, are rich and 
fertile, but they are, for the most part, quite small; the up- 
lands, when dry, usually pi'oduce well, and much uf them is 
based on beds of bine limestone; but large tracts incline to be 
wet, and will be adapted to grass only, until drained. 

Versailles is the county seat, and is located nearly in the 
centre of the county. Ripley county has made very good suc- 
cess in agriculture and education. 

RUSH COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of Dr. Benjamin Rush. The 
surface is mostly level, or gently rolling, though there are 
hills along the principal streams which, in general, are neither 
high nor abrupt. There are no prairies or barrens, or, in fact, 



SPENCER COTJNTY. 573 

any poor land in the county; about one-twentieth is river and 
creek bottoms. The soil is principally loam, bedded on clay, 
with a mixture of sand, and it produces abundantly all the 
kinds of grain, grass, and vegetables common to the climate. 

Rushville is the county seat, and is a growing, prosperous 
town. It has good railroad facilities, excellent school accom- 
modations, and good public improvements. The county has 
made good progress. 

SPENOEE COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of the patriotic Captain Spier 
Spencer, of Harrison county, who fell in the battle of Tippe- 
canoe. The south part of the county is level, the middle un- 
dulating, and the northeast hilly. The soil, for the most part, 
is a rich, black loam, with an under soil of yellow clay, mixed 
with sand. Though in places steep hills or extensive flats do 
not encourage agricultural improvements, the prevailing timber 
was oak, hickory, ash, poplar, black-gum, walnut, sugar, beech, 
etc. Large crops of corn are raised on the extensive river 
bottoms; and, in the interior, corn, wheat, grass, and other 
grain. 

Rockport is the county seat — a lively town on the Ohio 
river. The county has made general improvements. 

STEUBEN COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of Baron Steuben, a Prus- 
sian oflficer of distinction, who joined the American army 
during the revolutionary war, and rendered the cause of in- 
dependence valuable aid. About one-half of the county was 
originally timbered land, one-third oak openings, and one- 
sixth prairie. The timbered and prairie land is very good, 
having a productive soil. The openings have a poor soil. 
Steuben county was first settled in 1833, by emigrants from 
Ohio, who located on Jackson prairie. The population has 
steadily increased since that time. The natural scenery in the 
county is very beautiful. 

Angola is the county seat, is located in the centre of the 



574 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

county, has good educational advantages, railroad facilities. 
and is rapidly increasing. 

TIPTON COUNTY. 

This county was named in honor of General John Tipton, a 
distinguished citizen of the State. The surface of the county 
is level, the soil excellent, and the timber of a superior quality. 
Tipton is the county seat. It has good railroad advantages, 
and its public improvements are in a good state of progress. 
The county is in a good condition. 

UNION COUNTY. 

The eastern part of the county is level, the west undulating 
or hilly. About one-eighth is bottom land, the other seven- 
eights is timbered upland, originally covered with valuable 
timber. The soil is uniformly good, and well adapted to corn, 
wheat, oats, grass, etc. Hogs, sheep, and cattle are raised 
with profit. Liberty is the county seat, and is in a flourishing 
condition. The county is increasing rapidly in wealth and 
population. 

VERMILLION COUNTY. 

The surface of the county is high and generally level, except 
near the streams. The soil is generally excellent; some of the 
best farms in the State are to be found here. The " block coal " 
of Vermillion county is among its most substantial resources. 
The county has made wonderful progress in agriculture, min- 
ing, and commerce. Newport is the county seat, and is a 
thriving town. 

WAREEN COUNTY. 

This county bears the name of General Joseph Warren, of 
revolutionary fame, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. On 
the river there is an average width of bottom for half a mile; 
then come the bluffs, from sixty to two hundred feet in height, 
broken and precipitious; then follows a gently ascending, un- 



WASHINGTON COUNTY 576 

dulating surface to the Illinois State line. At least half the 
county is prairie, consisting of arms of the Grand prairie, which 
have uniformly a rich, loamy soil. About half the timbered 
land is either so hilly or so poor as not to be profitable for 
farming; the balance of the timbered land has a good soil. 
Williamsport is the county seat, is located on the Toledo, 
Wabash, and Western railroad, and has already built up a 
profitable trade. The county is making good progress in agri- 
culture and education. 

WAERICK COUNTY. 

This count}' bears the name of Captain Jacob Warrick, a 
brave soldier and much esteemed citizen, who fell at the head 
of his company, in the battle of Tippecanoe. The surface of 
the county is mostly rolling or undulating, though there is a 
range of hills back of the river bottoms, and there are large 
tracts of fiat, wet land at the heads of Pigeon and other creeks, 
with which the county is watered. The soil of the bottoms, 
many of which are large, is very rich, and immense crops of 
corn are produced there. Much of the upland is of a good 
quality, and the soil of the county, generally speaking, is pro- 
ductive. Booneville is the county seat, and is a thrifty place, 
having attained a growth equal to the development of the sec- 
tion of country around it. 

WASHmGTON COLTNTY. 

The soil is fully diversified. The range of hills called the 
"knobs," described in the sketch of the adjoining counties, 
passes along the east line of Washington, separating it from 
Clark and Scott counties. In the south are extensive barrens, 
parts of which are thickly matted almost with brush and 
grubs; other parts have wild grass only, and other parts are 
curiously diversified with sink-holes, varying in shape and 
size, but all showing the cavernous nature of the earth under- 
neath. In other parts of the county are swelling ridges, ever 
changing their features as you advance along them, presenting 
beautiful groves of walnut, sugar tree, or chestnut. Salem is 



576 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the county seat, located near the centre of the county. It is a 
small but flourishing town. 

WHITE COimTY. 

This county bears the name of Colonel Isaac White, who 
fell by the side of Colonel Daviess, in the battle of Tippecanoe. 
About two-thirds of the county is prairie, mostly arms of 
the Grand prairie. All of it has a rich soil, and at least one- 
half is dry and gently undulating, easily farmed, and not in- 
ferior to any land in the same latitude for producing good 
crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, roots, and fruit; and grass grows 
well in the flat prairies, where there is less sand mixed with 
the soil. Nearly one-half of them are of this character, and 
no part of the State is better adapted to raising stock than this 
kind of prairie. Taking it as a whole, this is a good agricul- 
tural county, and the farms have already been wonderfully 
improved. The Tippecanoe river enters the county six miles 
west of the north-east corner of the county, and flows in a 
southerly course, forming the east boundary of the county for 
a distance of about six miles, in the southeastern portion. 
This stream aflTords several very fine water poAvers, two of 
which, at Monticello, are considered very superior. Numer- 
ous streams flowing into the Tippecanoe, from the east and 
west, render the county a well watered district. Monticello, 
the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, on 
the Tippecanoe river, and the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw rail- 
road. It has a population of about eighteen hundred, and 
contains good public improvements. There is located here 
one of the handsomest graded school buildings to be found in 
the State. Numerous church edifices attest the religious 
status of the place. The county possesses fair railroad facili- 
ties; the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw and the Louisville. New 
Albany and Chicago passing through and crossing near the 
center of the county, at Reynolds. Among the towns of the 
county not already named, may be mentioned Bradford, 
Brookston, Chalmers, Norway, Walcott, Idaville, and Bur- 
netts. Much of the lands of this county are held by specu- 



WHITLEY COUNTY. 57T 

lators, which, to a certain degree, has hindered a rapid settle- 
ment; this, however, is being changed very fast, and we may 
soon witness White connty among the foremost of the State, 
on the road to prominence and success. 

WHITLEY COUNTY 

This county was named in honor of Colonel William Whit- 
ley, of Lincoln county, Kentucky, one of the bravest and most 
hospitable pioneers of that State, who fell at the battle of the 
Thames. The south part of the county is level, the middle 
and north undulating. One-ninth of the county is bottom 
land, one-seventh openings ; the remainder was originally 
timbered, interspersed with small, wet prairies. The soil of 
the county is generally a sandy loam, well adapted to agricul- 
ture. Columbia City, the, county seat, is a flourishing town, 
with good schools. Its commercial interests are enhanced by 
good railroad facilities. 

HOWAED COUNTY. 

This county was first named Eichardsville, after the cele- 
brated Miami chief, but, on the death of General T. A. How- 
ard, a distinguished citizen of Indiana, the name was changed. 
The surface of the county is either nearly level or slightly 
undulating; the soil is uniformly rich, though in places it had 
to be drained to render its cultivation profitable. There are a 
few prairies, slightly inclined to be wet. The soil was mostly 
covered with valuable timber, and is well adapted to corn, 
wheat, grass, etc. The county lies entirely within the Miami 
reserve. 

Kokomo, a city of over four thousand inhabitants, is the 
county seat. It has excellent railroad facilities, good public 
improvements, unsurpassed school accommodations, and flour- 
ishing commercial interests. 

STAEK COUNTY. 

This county is bounded on the northwest by the Kankakee 



578 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

I'iver, and partakes largely of the character of the lands lying 
along that river. There are numerous swamps in the county 
hardly suscejDtible of cultivation, and there are some low land> 
that are suitable only for grazing. Other portions of the sur- 
f:ice are well adajjted to agriculture, the soil being suited to 
the production of corn and wheat. The county is young, but 
thriving in its industries. Knox is the county seat, and, al- 
though a small town, is growing rapidly. The northern and 
southern portions of the county have good railroad facilities. 

MIAMI COUNTY. 

This county is situated in the center of the northern half 
of the State. About one-fourth of the county is bottom lands, 
one-sixth " openings " and prairie, and the balance was origi- 
nally very heavily timbered uplands. The timber is of the 
very best varieties and quality, consisting principally of 
walnut, poplar, white and burr oak, beech, sugar, hickory and 
cherry. The soil throughout the whole county, is of the very 
best quality, and well adapted to the production of all the 
articles common to the climate. The rich bottom lands on 
the Wabash, Mississinewa and Eel rivers, are not surpassed 
by any other locality in the State. The fine and wonderfully 
productive farms in these bottoms are known and sought after 
far and near. In the vicinity of the above named streams 
there is some hilly country, but not so broken as to preclude 
cultivation; the balance of the county may be called level. 

The county contains 384 square miles, or 245,760 acres. 
The Wabash, Mississinewa, and Eel rivers, with their tribu- 
taries, namely, Big and Little Pipe creeks, Deer creek, Wesau, 
and Paw Paw, render this county a well watered district. 

The county was organized in 1832, and bears the name of 
the well-known confederacy of Indians which inhabited thi> 
portion of the State in an early day. In 1860 it possessed a 
population of 16,851; in 1870, 21,052, and in 1875 it contains 
not far from 25,000. 

Peru, the county seat, with a population of 7,500, situated 
on the right bank of the Wabash river, near the center of the 



580 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

county, is one of the handsomest, most thriving, and wide-a- 
wake towns in the State. Its location is superior, being on a 
strip of land about three-quarters of a mile in width, lying 
parallel with the river, with a gently and very uniform slope 
to its bank, thus giving the whole town a magnificent drain- 
age. The town is handsomely laid out, the streets being wide, 
and lots large and roomy. Broad v\ay, the principal business 
street, is 100 feet wide, and is probably one of the best graded 
streets in the country. Nearly all of the streets are bordered 
with large full-grown locusts, elms, and maples, adding much 
beauty and comfort," and enhancing values of property. The 
county possesses a commodious and handsome court house, 
surrounded by a beautifully shaded court square. There are 
two large and improved graded schools, under efficient man- 
agement, and which afford to the youth of the town and 
vicinity most excellent educational facilities. The balance of 
the county is well supplied with excellent schools. Six large 
church edifices adorn the city, and show to the stranger that 
the citizens have not forgotten their religious duties. There is 
a steam fire engine here, and the streets are lighted by gas. 

Peru stands eminent as a manufacturing town. Among the 
establishments located here may be mentioned the "Peru 
Woolen Mills," H. E. & C. F. Sterne, proprietors. This mill 
manufactures the highest and best grades of woolen goods, 
which have justly earned an enviable name throughout the 
whole country. About 150 people are employed at this mill. 
This is considered to be the finest woolen mill west of the 
Alleghanies. The western manufactory of the Howe sewing 
machine is located here; the works cover an area of 15 acres, 
and give employment to about 300 skilled mechanics. A 
spoke factory, doing an extensive business, has been in opera- 
tion here for some years. Also a large basket factory, with 
facilities for turning out 3,000 baskets weekly. The shops of 
the I. P. and C. railroad are located here, which furnish 
employment to a large force. 

The county is not wanting in transportation facilities; five 
railroads pass through it, viz. : The Toledo, Wabash and West- 
ern; Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago; Columbus, Chicago and 



NEWTON COUNTy. 581 

Indiana Central; Logansport, Eel River and Detroit; and the 
CJiicago, Cincinnati and Louisville railroads; also the Wabash 
and Erie canal. These roads furnish communication with 
twelve out of the thirteen townships of the county. 

Mexico, five miles north of Peru, on Eel river, and the L. 
E-E.. and D. road, and in the midst of the finest farming 
lands in the State, Is a thriving and go-ahead town. Chili, 
five miles east of Mexico, on the same river, is another place 
of importance. Bunkerhill, seven miles south of Peru, and 
at the junction of the I. P. and C. and C. C. and I. C. roads, 
is a proud little city of metropolitan pretentions. Xenia, 
situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the county, on 
the C. C. and I. C. railroad, is a smart, wide-a-wake town, 
which bids fair to assume some proportions in the near future. 
It has already aspired to the forming of another county out 
of Miami, Howard, Grant and Wabash counties, with itself as 
the seat of government. Peoria, located on the Mississinewa 
river, seven miles southeast of Peru, is a pleasant little town, 
surrounded by the most picturesque scenery to be found in 
the county. 

NEWTON COUNTY. 

JNewton county is situated on the west boundary of the 
State, its northern line being only thirty miles south of Lake 
Michigan. It comprehends an area of 390 square miles, or 
249,600 acres. It is principally prairie land, although there 
is some good timber in the central portion. The northern 
third of the county is very wet and swampy. Beaver lake, 
covering an area of about 13,000 acres, and the Kankakee 
river, forming the northern boundary, renders this at present 
a very undesirable tract of country. However it only remains 
for the people of this section to inaugurate a grand scheme of 
drainage to render this one of the most fertile spots in the 
State. The southern half, or two-thirds of the county consists 
of dry and rolling prairie land, susceptible of the highest 
cultivation. 

Kentland, the county seat, a town of about 1,500 inhabit- 
ants, is situated near the south line, and on the Toledo, 



5S2 iii?;toky ok ia'diana. 

Peoria and Warsaw railroad. Tliis is a new but very fast 
growing^ town, full of wide-a-wake business men, and will very 
soon become a place of considerable importance. The county 
was organized in 1859. 

PIKE COUNTY. 

This county lies in the southwestern corner of the State. It 
is an irregular shaped county, and contains 300 square miles, 
or 192,000 acres. It was organized in 1817, and was named 
in honor of General Z. M. Pike, who fell at the capture of York, 
April twenty-seventh, 1813. The surface of the county is 
either level or rolling. In the western part of the county the 
soil is a rich, dark loam, with a mixture of sand, which renders 
it very friable. The bottom lands of the White river, which 
forms the northern boundary of the county, and the Patoka, 
which flows through the center, and which form about one- 
sixth part of the county, are very rich and productive; proba- 
bly no larger crops of corn are raised in any part of the West. 
Walnut, hickory, poplar, cottonwood, ash, pecan and elm, are 
the prevailing timber. The land in the eastern part of the 
county is more sandy, and the timber consists mainly of oak, 
hickory, gum, sassafras, and dogwc>od. 

Petersburg!!, situated in the north part of the county, in 
Washington township, is the county seat. It is a town of 
1,200 people, and possesses all tlie facilities usual for towns 
of this size. Pike county possesses no railroad facilities as 
yet, but the Wabash and Ei-ie canal passes through the north 
western portion. 

The numerous statistical tables in another part of this 
volume will be found to give additional informatioji in regard 
to the counties, such as population, area, wealth and taxation, 
manufactures, agricultural products, value of farms and farm- 
ing implements, schools and value of school property, churches, 
etc. 



CHAPTEE LXXVI. 

PRESENT AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF INDIANAPOLIS. 

INDIANAPOLIS, THE KUTUKE GREAT CITY OF THE WEST ITS 

PRESENT IMPORTANCE AND FUTURE GROWTH. 

THERE is no other citj in the west or northwest that has 
been blessed with such a wonderful growth, during the 
past five years, as Indianapolis. Unlike most other cities that 
have attracted the attention of the world by their advancement, 
its growth has been as substantial as it has been rapid. Nor 
has this amazing development been unexpected by far-seeing 
business men, for the following reasons: Indianapolis is the 
centrally located city in the United States; it is the nucleus 
of the greatest net-work of railroads in the world; it is near 
the point of the funnel through which the whole west and 
southwest cattle trade must pass on its way east; it is near the 
centre of the corn belt of the United States; through Indian- 
apolis is the shortest route for the transportation to the eastern 
cities of all the agricultural products of the great Mississippi 
valley; the numerous competing trunk lines of railroads give 
superior advantages in freights, making it one of the best 
wholesale centres in the west ; near Indianapolis are inexhaust- 
able deposits of a superior quality of coal, which can be deliv- 
ered in the city for steam purposes at six to eight cents per 
bushel, and which makes as good iron as charcoal, without 
coking; there are vast deposits of iron within a few miles of 
the city, which will largely take the place of Lake Superior 
ore; it is in the centre of a timbered region which is unsur- 
passed in the world for quality, variety and quantity; the Ohio 
river on the south, and Lake Michigan on the north, give Indi- 
anapolis a peculiar geographical position near the centre of a 

(583) 



584 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

narrow belt through which passes by rail everything moving 
from the east to the west or from the west to the east; the 
only complete double-track belt railroad in America is now 
being built around Indianapolis, thus bringing every manu- 
factory which locates on it, or any of its switches, in direct 
communication with every part of the vast net-work of rail- 
roads which surrounds it; Indiana has the largest school fund 
of any State in the Union, and Indianapolis has fully availed 
herself of this advantage; the city debt is less than 1^ per 
cent, of the taxables; the entire State, county, township and 
city tax is only $1.76 on the $100 ; it is claimed that statistics 
bhow that Indianapolis has the lowest death rate of any city 
in the United States. 

These are among the many things constantly contributing 
to the material and moral development of the city. 

The first settlement upon the site of Indianapolis was made 
early in the year 1819,* before the cession of that portion of 
the State to the United States by the Indians, in pursuance of 
the treaty of St. Mary's in 1818. Though there has beeii 
Bome difference as to the person and arrival of the first settler, 
the conclusion of those most familiar with the history of the 
city is that the honor, such as it is, belongs to George Pogue, 
a blacksmith, who came from the Whitewater settlement and 
l)ailt a cabin near the point where Michigan street crosses the 
.creek named after him. He was killed by the Indians in 1821. 
The next settlers were the McCormicks, who located near the 
river where the present National road bridge stands. On the 
eleventh of January, 1820, the legislature of the State appointed 
ten commissioners to select a site for the future capital — 
Congress having provided in the act of April nineteenth, 1816, 
admitting the State into the Union, that she should have four 
sections of any unsold public lands that might be selected, as 
a gift. Five of the commissioners accepted the appointment, 
and in the spring of 1820 traversed the Wliite river valley in 

* Our sketch of Indianapolis is compiled from a pamphlet published 
under the auspices of the Real Estate Exchange of Indianapolis. We 
have re-produced the pamphlet, adding to or taking from it to suit the 
objects of our work. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 585 

pursuance of the duty they were charged with. That was the 
central region of the State, aud therefore the proper place of 
search. Opinions were divided between the bluffs of White 
river, sixteen miles south, Conner's settlement, about the same 
distance north, and the present location. Three votes finally 
fixed the selection here over two for the bluffs. The choice 
was made on the seventh of June, 1820, and confirmed on the 
sixth of January, 1821. The town was laid off in the summer 
of 1821, by Alexander Ealston, who had assisted in the same 
work at the ISTational capital, and, no doubt, thence derived 
the idea that gave Indianapolis its four grand " avenues." As 
the course of the river bending to the east cuts off a part of 
the southwest section, an equivalent was given in a portion of 
a fifth section on the west side of the river, the site of ludi- 
anola. A mile square in the centre of the main body of the 
"donation," on the east side of the river, was "platted"; ten 
streets ninety feet wide, at distances of four hundred and 
twenty feet parallel with the meridian, crossing ten streets of 
the same width, except "Washington — one hundred and twenty 
feet wide — and at the same intervals at right angles to the 
meridian, with a central space of a circular form, surrounded 
by a street, for the Governor's residence. From the opposite 
angles of the four blocks adjacent to the circle four avenues 
diverged, bisecting the quarters of the plat into eight huge 
right-angled triangles. The streets and avenues were named, 
after the States of the Union at that time, as far as they would 
serve; but the principal street was called Washington. Those 
bounding the plat were called, from their locality, East, West, 
JSTorth and South, and the central streets crossing at the circle 
were called Market and Meridian. The blocks formed by the 
intersections of the streets were quartered by alleys parallel 
to the streets, one-half being thirty feet wide — many now 
converted into streets — and the other fifteen feet wide, each 
quarter containing three lots, and the length of the lots vary- 
ing a few feet, according as they abutted on the broader or 
narrower alleys. The " outlets " constituting the remainder 
of the " donation," a half mile wide on each side of the plat, 
were laid off subsequently, more in small farms than in city 



580 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

lots. Tliese are all as densely built up now as the original 
plat, while as nnich more has been platted and added by the 
owners since, conforming genei'ally, except in the width of the 
streets — usually reduced to sixty feet, sometimes less — to the 
original survey. The name of Indianajjolis was suggested by 
Jeremiah Sullivan, a member of the legislature from Jeffersijn 
county, afterwards one of the State's supreme judges, and was 
adopted by acclamation. The first sale of lots was held on tlie 
tenth of October, 1821, and after several days three hundred 
and fourteen had been sold, at an aggregate price of $35,596.25, 
of w^hich one-fifth Avas paid down. The highest priced lot was 
on the northwest coi'uer of Washington and Delaware streets, 
opposite the court house; it brought $560. The next was west 
of the state house square, and brought $500. The average 
was about $200. The current of settlement and sale was east- 
ward from the river, where the first pioneers had, with the 
backwoods instinct, built their cabins. A visitation of chills 
and fever, due to the dense vegetable growth and the malaria 
produced by decomposition — now and for many years as in- 
frequent a disease as any — had wai'ued their follower^ to get 
further away from the river bottom. During this year crops 
failed, and provisions were mainly brought on h(>rseback, 
through sixty miles of trackless forest, from Connersville, to 
which the new village was attached for judicial purposes. On 
the thirty-first of December, 1821, Marion county was organ- 
ized, with a large attachment for "judicial purposes " of terri- 
tory now constituting five adjacent counties. From the fund 
derived from the sale of lots was supplied the means to build 
the court house — used as the state house for ten years; a 
treasurer's office and residence; a governor's house in the 
circle— but never occupied except by public offices; a small 
office for tlie clerk of the supreme court, and the present 
state house, begun in 1832 and finished in 1835. The court 
house was begun in 1822, and so far completed as to receive 
the legislature in 1825 upon the removal of the capital from 
Corydon, Harrison county. The first jail, of hewed logs, was 
built in 1822. Indians remained in the vicinity for some 
years after the location of the capital, and the murder of nine 



588 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Shawnees by six white men, some miles north of Pendleton, 
in the spring of 1824, created a good deal of apprehension of 
a bloody retaliation. But the arrest, conviction, and execution 
of three of the murderers pacified the savages. These were 
the first instances of the legal execution of white men for 
killing Indians in the history of the United States. A census 
taken in this year (1824) showed one hundred families on the 
" donation," composed of one hundred and seventy-two voters 
and forty-five unmarried but marriageable women, indicating 
a population — allowing for the unusual proportion of single 
men in a new settlement — of six to seven hundred. The first 
regular post ofiice and postal service were established on the 
seventh of March, 1822, the mails previously having been an 
affair of private enterprise or accommodation. The first stage 
line for passengers was established on the Madison road in 

1828. The capital was ordered to be removed to its new loca- 
tion by an act of January twenty -fifth, 1824, and Samuel Merrill 
directed to execute it. He did so in the following ]SI"ovember, 
and the legislature met for the first time in Indianapolis on 
the tenth of January, 1825, holding its session, as above inti- 
mated, in the court house, the senate in the second story and 
the house in the court room below. No governor's residence 
was occupied as such till 1839, and it, on account of inconven- 
ience, was sold in 1865 ; and now the governor has no residence 
but such as he may own or rent, a liberal allowance for the 
latter purpose being made by the State. The first private 
school was opened in 1821. The first church built for that 
purpose was erected in 1823-4, and belonged to the Presby- 
terians. The celebrated Oriental scholar and eccentric George 
Bush, was the second pastor, filling the place from 1824 to 

1829. The first Sunday school — composed of all denomina- 
tions, and called the Union school — was opened in April, 
1823. Tlie first public school house — rented to private teach- 
ers till the establishment of the free school system — was the 
old seminaiy, built in 1633-4. The first newspaper — the 
Indiana Gazette — was issued in January, 1822. The first 
market house was a shanty in the circle; but another, and now 
the only one, though greatly enlarged, was built in 1832 



INDIANAPOLIS. 58 ^ 

directly north of the court house. The first municipal organ- 
ization was effected in the same year, by the election of five 
trustees. Previously, the only law was the State statutes, and 
the only officers squires and constables. Five wards were 
formed, enlarged to six after the reincorporation of 1838. 
This government continued till a city charter was granted in 
1847. The first fire company was formed in 1835, and the 
first engine, half the cost of which was paid by the State, ]>ro- 
cured in the fall of the same year. The first banking facilities 
were afforded by the branch of the old State bank, organized 
in 1834. In 1825 Alexander Ralston made a survey of White 
river to determine the practicability of making it permanently 
navigable, but nothing ever came of this or subsequent efforts 
in that direction. A little steamer, intended to carry stone for' 
the National road bridge across the river, came to the town in 
the spring of 1831, but was nearly wrecked on a bar going 
back, and no other ever came within reach. The first dry 
goods store was opened in 1821 ; the first saw and grist mills 
in the same year; the first foundry in 1832, west of the river; 
the first steam mill — a sad failure — in 1832. " This epitome 
of the history of the city's origin is deemed a fitting intro- 
duction to an account of its development and an exhibit of its 
present condition." 

"With the removal of the capital in 1824—5, came a strong 
impulse to settlement, which was pretty nearly lost after 1827. 
The population in 1826 was 760. In 1827 it consisted of 529 
white and 34 colored males, and 479 white and 24 colored 
females, a total of 1,066 — an average growth of nearly fifty 
per cent, in a year. In that year there were three churches — 
the Presbyterian, with thirty members; the Baptist, with 
thirty-six; the Methodist, with ninety-three, and the Union 
Sunday school, with one hundred and fifty pupils. There 
were twenty -five brick, fifty frame, and eighty log houses — 
six of the brick houses being two stories high. It was claimed 
that $10,000 worth of goods had been sold during the year 
preceding, including two hundred and thirteen barrels of 
whisky and one hundred kegs of powder, the latter showing 
a large reliance upon game for food. The proportion of 



590 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

whisky — something hke Falstaff's "sack" — was due to the 
fear of malarious diseases and the — lack of milk. At this 
time, though the plat had been a good deal cleared of trees, 
the outlots were all dense forests, and for years after trees were 
standing on what are now some of the principal streets. The 
town was confined to a narrow strip along Washington street. 
The annual meetings of the legislature made some excitement 
in the village, but beyond that there was little difference 
between the capital and other county towns, except that its 
central location, subsequently so vital to its development, was 
against it. The i^opulation in 1830, so far as can now be ascer- 
tained, did not exceed 1,200. In 1839, at the "corporation" 
election, 324 votes were cast for president of the board of 
trustees (who had no opposition), indicating an adult popula- 
tion of some 400 or 500, and a population of 2,000 or 2,500. 
In 1840 the census made it about 4,000. In 1850 it was about 
8,000; in 1860, 19,000; in 1870, 52,000, on a second authorized 
enumeration — 48,000 by the first — and is now, calculating 
upon the best attainable data, about 100,000. Its aggregate 
business has grown from $10,000 in 1827 to $114,000,000 in 
1873; its belt of settlement along one street to over two hun- 
dred miles of paved and lighted streets; its little squad of 
mechanics to 10,000 skilled workmen, supporting a population 
of 40,000 ; its single stage line per week to 78 railway trains 
per day; its occasional four-horse wagon, with goods from the 
Ohio, to nearly 600,000 cars per year; its village insignificance 
to the place of the largest wholly inland city in the United 
States. The first indications of the possibility of such a 
development appeared as the first railroad, from the Oliio river 
at Madison, came within available reach in 1845, and they 
grew stronger after the completion of the road, on the twenty- 
fifth of September, 1847. Railroads, already contemplated or 
in progress, under the stimulus of the success of the Madison 
road, were pushed on vigorously. In 1850 the Bellefontaine 
road was opened for business, and finished in 1852; in 1851 
the Peru road was opened, and finished in 1854; in 1852 the 
Jeffersonville road was completed to a connection with the 
Madison at Edinburgli; in 1852 the Terre Haute road was 



INDIANAPOLIS. ■ 591 

opened; in 1852 the La Fayette road was ready; in October, 
1853, the Cincinnati was in operation, followed by the Central 
in December, 1863. These eight roads speedily converted the 
backwoods village into a city; and even the promise of them, 
with the one already completed, showed decided results in the 
business of 1850, and the population increased to 8,000, 
mainly the addition of the two years between the fall of 1847 
and January, 1850. The success of one road could not alone 
have instigated such activity of railway concentration here. 
There was another and an irresistable influence at work. This 
was the city's central situation. 

Indianapolis is the geographical center of the State, and the 
most central town of the rich, populous and powerful section 
of the Union west of the AUeghanies and east of the Missis- 
sippi, between the lakes and the Ohio. The most direct lines 
of communication between the seaboard and the Mississippi 
would naturally pass through it, as would those striking the 
most available points for exchange of products between the 
lakes and the South. The generally level surface of the country 
invited railways, and the conveniences of the city pointed to 
it as an admirable terminus or " cross-roads." Thus it came 
that so many started from various directions to meet there. 
And with these came facilities for transportation that shame 
the uncertainties, the perils, and the speed of most river trans- 
portation, and yield nothing in capacity either. The original 
eight roads have become thirteen— one rapidly approaching 
completion — and they have put this center in a far more 
favorable situation for commerce and manufactures than most 
cities that are favored by rivers, which freeze up ot overflow 
every year, and run dry every other year. But this primary 
influence could not have produced such a result as Indiana- 
polis exhibits in 1875, unless aided by powerful subordinate 
influences. It would hax^e made a large and prosperous town, 
but not such a center of constantly and rapidly accumulating 
manufactures and trade as Indianapolis is. Every county in 
the State but seven can be reached by rail, and of the seven, 
five can be reached by steamboats. 

First among these auxiliary influences may be noticed the 



692 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

character of the country in and about the city. It is a vast 
plain, occupying a large portion of the central section of the 
State, diversified, but not broken by undulations, sometimes 
rising into moderate hills and profusely watered by small 
streams, but nowhere so abrupt or swampy as to prevent easy 
reduction or filling. The inequalities facilitate drainage with- 
out afilecting ready and cheap improvement and occupancy. 
The room for expansion is practically illimitable. A city of 
ten millions would not, in any direction, be inconveniently 
divided or crowded by impassable barriers. Every foot, for 
twenty miles about the present boundaries, can be easily and 
as cheaply converted into city lots as the portion within them. 
To this cause is due the facility with which mechanics, rail- 
road hands, men of moderate means of all occupations, have 
been able to make themselves owners of their homes. It is 
the source from which Indianapolis derives the boast it may 
justly make, that " there is no city in the Union or the world 
where so large a proportion of the residences are owned by 
their occupants." There are many tenement houses, certainly, 
but the ease with which cheap lots may be obtained in the 
constantly widening suburbs, is a standing inducement to 
labor to make itself a proprietor instead of a tenant, A few 
yards further walk from business to residence, makes all the 
difierence between the cheap lot of this year and the cheap lot 
of last year. The latter rise steadily in value, but illimitable 
room adds others as cheap, or cheaper, all the time. This uni- 
form ease of expansion shows its efifect, also, in the location or 
removal of manufactories requiring large space, to the suburbs. 
The radiation of railways in all directions makes all points of 
the spreading circumference equally accessible, and uniformity 
of surface makes locations equally cheap. This tendency to 
equalize the exterior with the interior will be much assisted 
by the completion of the belt railway, now in jjrogress, which 
circles the whole city at a short distance from its boundaries. 
Its primary object is to facilitate the transfer of railroad 
freights, but it must operate directly to enhance the value of 
outlying property, and create small centers of settlement about 
the remote manufactories, which will spread inward as the 



INDIANAPOLIS. 593 

city spreads outward. The obvious advantages of these exte- 
rior locations for manufactories have caused several to be 
removed from more central points, and more will go as the 
interior rises in value and the exterior becomes nearly or quite 
as convenient for them. In the older portions, where coming 
business crowds upon existing business, lots are ' costly, of 
course, but cheapen as they advance toward the suburbs, 
which are daily advancing upon the farms and forests about 
them. 

Another of these auxiliary influences is the nearness of 
the city to an inexhaustible coal field. The coal field of Indi- 
ana covers nearly 7,000 square miles of the southwestern sec- 
tion, capable of yielding 70,000,000,000 (seventy billions) tons, 
and is traversed by five western railways diverging from the 
city. They strike its eastern limit where the beds rise close 
to and even above the surface, at an average distance of fifty 
miles. The coal being of uniform quality, this abundance of 
means of transportation is ample security against oppressive 
freights. All qualities of coal are found in this field, from 
the "block" — a mineral charcoal, free from sulphur and 
phosphorus — to the strong steam and gas making bituminous. 
Within fifteen years it has almost wholly supplanted wood as 
fuel for all purposes, though much of the country is densely 
timbered, and wood is still cheap, comparatively. The 
" block " coal is the chief element of the city's success as a 
manufacturing jjoint. While good for steam purposes, it is 
especially good for iron-working in all its stages. It requires 
no coking to smelt, or puddle, or roll iron. It burns like 
charcoal or wood, freely, and without running together or 
agglutinating. Its blocks burn as they lie, like sticks of 
hickory. It seems made purposely for smelting furnaces, 
rolling mills, and steel making. And there can be no better 
place found than Indianapolis for either. Two rolling mills 
have been in operation for years — one for rails and the other 
for bar and rod iron — and the quality of pi'oduct in both is 
unsurpassed. The best rails in this country are those re-rolled 
in the rail mill; and Pittsburg often sends to the bar mill for 
the toughest and best metal used in the finer manufactories. 
38 



594 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Blast furnaces have been much talked of, but the general 
depression in the iron market has delayed more positive effort. 

The iron industry is now the third in value of products, and 
second in number of men employed. Until 1848, or after the 
completion of the first railroad, it was, though sedulously 
nursed by 'some few citizens of more ardor than capital, a very 
feeble and uncertain industry. A foundry was established in 
1832 west of the river, and maintained for a few years, but 
failed finally. Others followed, with little more success. But 
with the advent of railway facilities a change came, and some 
machine shops and foundries were started then that would not 
know themselves in their present huge proportions. The coal, 
though known and used to some extent as early as 1850, or 
1851, was not understood as it is now. Its peculiar fitness for 
iron work was still a secret. And it has come into general 
use within little more than a decade. But the city was the 
center of a great and rich agricultural region, and needed 
engines and mill gearing, and threshing machines, and other 
implements, and came here for them. This was the first 
impulse. The manufacture of iron followed the manufacture 
of implements from iron. The development was rapid and is 
increasing steadily, enlarging old establishments, creating new 
ones, and bringing her successful ones long established in 
neighboring cities. Now the city makes all kinds of stoves 
and hollow-ware, gas-posts, house fronts, railings, rails, jails, 
bars, rods, engines, mill-work, saws, files, edge tools, malleable 
iron, and the like, to the amount, in 1873, of $3,800,000, 
employing $2,200,000 of capital, and 1,500 men, representing 
a population of six thousand. The city's situation, its con- 
nection with the " block " coal field, its railway facilities, and 
its success of its iron enterprise, attested by their steady 
growth in spite of the general depression, are very sufficient 
indications that it is the right place for the manufacture of 
Bessemer steel and the smelting of iron. 

A fourth auxiliary influence in the development of the city, 
is the advantage it possesses in the hard wood and lumber 
trade. The " bottoms " of the Wabash, White river, and Blue 
river, wdth the intervening uplands, contain the best black 



INDIANAPOLIS. 595 

walnut growths in this country. They also contain the bulk 
of all that is produced in the country. Indiana is the black 
walnut State, and Indianapolis lies in the center both of the 
State and of this productive region. I^aturally the trade in 
this valuable lumber turns to this city. Though the growth 
of the last ten years, mainly, it is now one of our most 
important interests, and is to the '■ hard wood " trade of the 
whole country what Chicago is to the grain trade, or more, for 
it does a larger proportion of the whole business of the country. 
Last year there were fifty millions feet of walnut sold here, at 
an aggregate cost of $2,500,000. The capital employed 
amounted to nearly $1,000,000, and twelve or fifteen mills, 
with five to six hundred hands, were engaged in its produc- 
tion. In the production and sale of " white wood," or poplar 
lumber, and of oak, hickory, beech, elm, and other timber 
used in building and wood manufactures, Indianapolis enjoys, 
from its favorable situation, unequalled advantages, and con- 
trols the bulk of the whole business. So, too, in coopers' 
stock, staves and hoop-poles. This is brought here in the 
rough from all parts of the State, and manufactured by seven 
establishments, handling thirty millions of staves annually, 
worth $1,000,000. Some of it is made into barrels here, but 
more is shipped to other points when ready for "hooping." 
Of pine lumber about fifty million feet are sold yearly, at an 
aggregate cost of $1,200,000; of shingles and laths, thirty 
millions are sold, worth $120,000. There are thirty-four lum- 
ber yards in the city, of which about half deal more or less 
exclusively in black walnut. The manufactures of wood in 
various forms, as by planing mills, agricultural implement 
works, wagon and carriage factories, sewing machines, boxes, 
furniture, cars, cooperage, and the like, exclusive of lumber, 
amounted, in 1873, to $5,800,000, employing $2,793,000 of 
capital, and 2,178 hands. The aggregate of lumber and wood 
manufactures is about $10,500,000, employing very nearly 
$3,000,000 of capital, and 2,700 hands, representing a popula- 
tion of about 11,000. 

Indianapolis is not less the center of the " pork," than the 
"hard wood" region of the West. The most productive hog 



696 HIST(^KY <^F INDIANA. 

country is that where the black walnut is most abundant. 
With adequate facilities for transportation, this would have 
been the chief pork packing center of the Union. Forty 
years ago the first attempt to pack pork here was made. The 
slaughtered hogs were bought of farmers, and only cut and 
cured by the packers. The product was sent off by flatboats 
down the river. The enterprise failed, but was renewed in 
1839, or 1840, in much the same fashion, but succeeded better, 
and for some years carcasses were bought of farmers for 
"goods" or cash, packed, and shipped by Hatboats on the 
spring freshet on the river. After the completion of the 
Madison railroad, slaughtering, as well as packing, was done 
largely, and from that day the pork interest has grown, and 
until recently, has been the leading industry of the city in 
value of product. Kow it is second only to lumber and wood 
manufactures. Three large establishments for slaughtering 
and packing were erected in 1873, each capable of disposing 
of iifteen hundred to two thousand hogs per day. There are 
now five of these huge pork houses here, and one (Kingan's,) 
is the largest in the world. The aggregate product in 1873, 
was $6,614,000, or 549,100 hogs, a meagre showing, because 
three of the five packing houses were barely ready to begin 
with the season, and this, with the effect of the panic, greatly 
reduced the business confidently anticipated. Yet it still 
stood next to that of St. Louis. For 1874, it stood next to 
that of Cincinnati. There is no reason why it should not be 
the first in the country. The natural business and produce 
drainage of Indianapolis extends, (as estimated by the. Wational 
Crop Reporter^ and as the map shows plainly enough,) to 
thirty-four counties in Indiana and eighteen in Illinois, pro- 
ducing 2,345,602 hogs, with about 800,000 of surplus. This 
belongs here, and once directed to its natural reservoir, it will 
bring with it twice as much, or more, that now goes else- 
where, for " business makes business." The pork business of 
1874 will not fall short of 700,000 hogs, and is likely to reach 
800,000. Besides the large hog product of the region natur- 
ally tributary to the city, and the great advance in the cen- 
tralization and manufacture of it, two causes co-operate to 



INDIANAPOLIS. 697 

assure both its permanence and expansion. 1st. The climate 
here, as attested by the most experienced packers, is that 
medium between extremes of heat and cold which produces 
the best condition of the carcass for cutting and curing. It is 
not so cold as to freeze the meat externally, and thus confine 
the animal heat to the interior and around the bone, tending 
to decomposition, and apt, in any case, to produce an unpleas- 
ant smell and taste; and it is not so warm as to retard cooling 
long enough to allow decomposition to set in. 2d. The com- 
mand, from home sources, and by means of railroad transpor- 
tation, of an unlimited supply enables packers to prosecute 
their business all the year round, thus relieving the market 
of the annual rush during the early part of the winter, and 
providing farmers with a constant market and a ready means 
of converting their crops into cash, when the demand for 
them, in their natural form, falls off. The considerations that 
determine the value of Indianapolis as a pork center apply 
with equal force to cattle. The value of stock in the region 
of the city's natural produce drainage is almost exactly that 
of the hog crop, nearly 24,000,000, while a mucli larger surplus 
remains after home use, being 319,000 head, worth |12,770,000. 
Of sheep the number is 800,000, with 267,000 surplus, and 
2,800,000 pounds of wool. Of horses, mules, and jacks, 
620,000, worth $25,000,000. Here are all the elements of 
supply, transportation, central location, abundant food, and a 
wide market to make one of the largest and most profitable 
stock yards in the country. And measures have ah-eady been 
taken to establish one equal to any demand. 

Still another of the influences that have contributed to the 
extraordinary growth and prosperity of Indianapolis, and are 
certain to continue their operation, is the advantage of a wide 
command of one of the richest grain sections of the continent. 
This has only within a few years been improved with much 
energy, but the effect of that few years of effort is such as to 
show that the grain trade may rival any interest here. The 
region naturally tributary to the city produces 118,000,000 
bushels of corn, 16,000,000 bushels of wheat, 18,000,000 
bushels of oats, 600,000 bushels of rye, 333,000 bushels of 



598 msTOKT OF Indiana. 

barley, with an aggregate value of $31,540,510, of which 
7,000,000 of bushels of wheat, 70,000,000 of corn, 540,000 of 
rye, and 300,000 of barley are in excess of home consumption, 
worth, in the aggregate, $39,575,000. The mill product of 
grain for 1873 amounted to $2,000,000, with $635,000 of cap- 
ital. The trade in grain itself amounted to $3,000,000. It has 
grown so rapidly that the private elevators could not manage 
it, and a large one, west of the river, was erected in 1873. 
The extension of means at once showed itself in an expansion 
of business, and now this large elevator is totally unable to 
meet the demands upon it, and large amounts of grain are 
forced to be sold from the cars without adequate inspection. 
This necessitates a second and larger elevator, which will be 
begun at once. It is not unlikely that tw^o will be added, so 
unprecedented and unexpected has been the growth of the 
grain trade. It is estimated that of the grain product pi-op- 
erly l)elonging to this market, and needing only capital and 
proper energy to concentrate entirely here, is, at a moderate 
estimate on the surplus, 50,000,000 bushels of corn and 
7,000,000 bushels of wheat; 14,000,000 bushels of corn, and 
3,000,000 bushels of wheat were received here, or sent through 
here by tv)o railroads. This trade is so young yet, and so 
imperfectly provided with records and statistics, that it is 
difficult to give more than an estimate of its amount. But 
its enormous growth is evident. No interest has sprung so 
suddenly from insignificance to indispensable importance as 
this, amounting, as it did last year, to an aggregate, of grain 
"handled " and ground, of about $5,000,000. 

Besides these four main sources of the prosperity and pres- 
ent enviable bulk of business of the city, there are numerous 
minor ones, amounting in all to seventy-three, producing an 
aggregate — including that portion of the four chief inter- 
ests, which may be properly classed as "manufactures" — of 
$28,000,000 in 1873, to which, but for the monetary panic, a 
large addition would have been made. As it was, the aggre- 
gate of 1873 exceeded that of 1872 nearly $9,000,000. Capital 
to the amount of $11,006,000 was employed, and 8,200 hands. 
This force of hands must be increased by the carpenters, brick 



INDIANAPOLIS. 599 

layers, stone masons, brick makers, house painters, plasterers 
and other skilled workmen engaged in building, whose labors 
are represented in the amount of building done during the 
year — nearly $5,000,000. This addition would raise the num- 
ber of skilled workmen to about ten thousand, representing a 
population of forty thousand. Among these minor manufac- 
turing interests are starch, amounting to $1,000,000 in 1872, 
but reduced in 1873 by the removal of the principal manufac- 
tory to a new location, and the consequent arrest of business; 
tanning and currying, $260,000; publishing and binding, 
$1,250,000; oils, (linseed, lard and lubricating) $550,000; tin- 
ning, $260,000; tombstones, $178,000; paper, $325,000; cot- 
ton, $300,000 ; woolen, $650,000; glass, $250,000; confection- 
ery, $317,000; clothing, $737,000; cigars, $400,000 in 1872, 
reduced to $177,000 in 1873; harness, $184,000. 

The amount of building in 1873, as estimated in the city 
'' permits," was $2,562,000, but the actual cost was nearly 
$5,000,000. Of this amount a proportion larger than can be 
found in any other city in the United States, or the world, was 
exj)ended by workingmen upon their homes, a class of build- 
ings significant of the most thrifty and firmly settled popula- 
tion a city can have. This is one result of the city's capability 
of expansion, making cheap building lots always accessible 
and abundant. An evidence of this tendency is seen in the 
fact that one-half of all the sales of real estate in 1873 was 
made up of lots at a cost of $1,500 and under, the obvious 
purchase of men of moderate means, who either buy to build, 
or buy small houses ready built. 

The wholesale trade is but little more than ten years old, 
and obtained its first permanent establishment during the war, 
though several abortive attempts were made at it at diiferent 
times in the ten years before. In 1873 the whole amount of 
this business, in all branches, was $51,830,000, against $49,- 
174,000 in 1872. The panic caused a large reduction in this 
business, which would otherwise have reached $60,000,000. 
But the catastrophe had the eifect to put the trade in the best 
possible condition, and it never promised better than now. 

What has already been said of the character of the country 



600 HTSTO-RT OF TNMANA. 

in which Indianapolis is sitnated, the opportnnities for exten- 
sion in all directions, and always with railroads handy, the 
proportional amonnt of cheap lots sold, and the proportion of 
proprietary residents, is enough to indicate that the trade in 
real estate is one of the most important interests of the city. 
The"ontlots" of the original "donation," constituting four 
times the area of the original plat, and making in all an area of 
four square miles, are built up all over with continuous lines of 
houses, mainly of business, the residences moving further off 
toward the boimdaries. To these, " additions " from adjacent 
farms and pastures and forests have been made, to an amount 
equalling the "donation." The demand of central lots for 
l)usiness has, as before remarked, forced residences outward, 
increasing the demand for exterior lots, and the rapid inHux 
of a population of skilled workmen, who aim, almost from 
the start, to own their homes, has so strengthened this impulse 
as to create something very like a real estate fever. But what 
speculation there may be in it — and speculation is, of course, 
inevitable, where demand is great and growing ^ — is very sol- 
idly based, as is attested by the fact that within a very few 
weeks after the panic sales rose to nearly the former average, 
l)oth in number and value, and with the same proportion of 
cheap lots ($1,500 and under) that is, one-half of all sold. 
This solidity is further illustrated by the fact that there was 
almost no decline in prices, even in the midst of the panic, 
and in a month there was an advance in several directions. 
Before the close of the year several " additions," or portions 
of them, were sold at fifty to seventy-five per cent, more than 
would have been taken in the preceding summer. In the 
spring of 1874, though sales were less numerous, prices are 
tending constantly upw^ard, with the effect, of course, to bring 
in new additions of cheaper ground. This influence has spread 
even west of the the river, which, ever since the town existed, 
until within two or three years, has been regarded as beyond 
all reach of city influences or improvement. Hundreds of 
acres have been " platted " there, one large iron manufactory 
— the main building seven hundred feet long — is in full 
operation there, and several have secured locations to which 



INDTANAPOLrS. 601 

the owners invite them by liberal donations of the necessary 
ground, or part of it. Streets are being graded and graveled, 
and bridges bnilt to accommodate the increasing pressure of 
settlement and bnsi7iess there. 

Some idea of the effect of the rapid and solid growth of the 
population and business of the city may be obtained from a 
few instances of the advance in real estate. Forty-two years 
ago a farm near the city aiid several town lots were sold for 
one thousand dollars for the whole. That property is worth 
now twice as much as the one thousand dollars would have 
produced at compound interest at ten per cent. There are 
plenty of similar instances of the enormous yield of early real 
estate investments. But few samples of a later date will prob- 
ably be nearer to the purpose of exhibiting tlie rapid devel- 
opment of the city. In 1865 nine acres southeast of the 
original town plat, but in the " donation," were bought for 
ten thousand dollars. A short time afterward they were 
divided into seventy-two lots, which have been sold, or are 
now held at two thousand dollars each, or in the aggregate, 
one hundred and forty-four thousand dollars, more than four- 
teen times as much as they cost. The purchaser in 1865 sold 
five acres for twenty-seven thousand dollars, and then sold 
enough of the lots remaining to cover his original outlay, 
within a few years, and now holds lots enough to make his 
clear profit nearly one hundred thousand dollars without 
counting tliat upon the five acres first sold. In another more 
recent instance, a lot of ground on the west, or " tabooed " 
side of the river, was bought three years ago for seven thou- 
sand one hundred dollars, and platted into fifty-eight lots. 
Five have been sold within the year for three thousand nine 
hundred and seventy dollars, or more than half of the cost of 
the whole fifty-eight. In December, 1872, a lot east of the 
city limits was bought for nine thousand dollars on five years' 
time, with six per cent, on the deferred payments. The owner 
has refused fifty thousand dollars for it, though tlie panic has 
come between the purchaser and the proposition to buy. A 
tract in the same vicinity was bought at the same time for six 
thousand dollars, and has since been sold for sixty thousand 



602 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

dollars. In tlie fall of 1870 a farm four miles east of the city 
was sold for one hundred and twenty-three dollars an acre. 
"Within the past few weeks four thousand five hundred dollars 
an acre have been refused for it. These are but samples of 
thousands of cases. The amount of real estate sales in 1873 
was $32,579,256, against $19,326,450 in 1872, and $7,997,503 
in 1871. These figures tell their own story. 

The influences which have made Indianapolis a city of one 
hundred thousand inhabitants, and a taxable property of 
$65,000,000, and the first inland city of the Union, as set 
forth in this exposition, must of course continue to operate 
with equal, if not greater force for a well placed city, with all 
advantages for manufactures and commerce, when once it gets 
fairly started in growth is apt to grow like a snowball, the big- 
ger the further it goes. But besides these main or primary 
influences, the effect of which has already been imperfectly 
indicated, there are others of by no means slight importance. 
1st. Health. In the first settlement of the town chills and 
fever, and most malarious diseases prevailed, as they will in 
any country where vegetable decomposition is constant and 
extensive, but with the clearing of the woods the swamps 
dried up and malaria disappeared. Now, no city in the Union 
is less affected by endemic or local diseases. The death rate 
is but one in seventy, a fact that tells the story of health in a 
word. 2nd. Schools. A free- school system, supported partly 
by the State's fund and general taxes, but mainly by a city 
school tax, has been in successful operation for twenty years, 
with one brief interruption, caused by an adverse decision of 
the supreme court, and now has schools in every one of the 
thirteen wards, with a high school and training school for 
teachers. There are twenty school houses, of which ten cost 
from $35,000 to $45,000 each, and can accommodate seven 
hundred and fifty pupils each. The advance of ten years may 
be judged by the following comparison: Number of children 
entitled to tuition in the public schools in 1864, 6,863; num- 
ber in attendance, 1,050; value of school property in that year, 
$88,500. Number of children in 1874, 19,000; number in 
attendance, 10,000; value of school property in 1874, $691,256. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 603 

There is also the IST. W. C. University, a medical college, a 
Catholic theological school, a city library with about 15,000 
volumes, supported by a tax of live cents on one hundred dol- 
lars, having over six thousand patrons. 3rd. Church accom- 
modations. There are in the city sixteen Methodist, eleven 
Presbyterian, eight Baptist, five Episcopalian, four Christian, 
four Catholic, two Congregational, two Lutheran, one Jewish 
Synagogue, one Quaker, and churches of other denominations 
sufScient to make the whole number nearly seventy. 4th. 
There are three morning papers, three daily evening papers, 
fourteen weeklies, and twelve monthlies. 5th. Public- im- 
provements. A new court house, costing about $800,000, is 
nearly completed. A new state house has been provided for 
by the legislature. Over two hundred miles of lighted and 
paved or graveled streets have been made. A competent fire 
system, consisting of six steam engines, twenty-seven horses 
for hauling, and paid men to work, has been in operation 
about fourteen years, with a water supply from over one hun- 
dred cisterns and the Holly Water Works. A sewerage sys- 
tem has been established and several miles of sewer, trunk and 
tributary, built. The river is crossed by ten bridges, within 
the lines of the city extended to the river, with two more to 
be added this year (18T4), by the Belt railroad, all of iron but 
one, the old National road bridge. Several of the railways, 
on their completion, or before, organized a Union company for 
common tracks and a passenger depot in this city. These, 
though extended to the utmost are overcrowded and must be 
still more enlarged. To escape the destruction of ordinary 
business created by passing trains, the city has built one tun- 
nel under the tracks, one viaduct over them, and has ordered 
a second viaduct, and plans are now under discussion for one 
or two more. Several elevated railways for the coal trains 
have been erected by interested parties. There are thirteen 
wards in the city with a representation of two councilmen 
each. There are six parks: Circle, four acres; State House, 
ten acres; Military park, eighteen acres; University park, fonr 
acres; Southern park, recently bought tor $110,000, eighty-six 
acres; Northern park, at northern end of city, one hundred 



604 HISTORY 0¥ INDIANA. 

acres, donated by the owners. Tlie State Asylums for the 
Insane, Deaf Mutes and Blind, and the Female Eeformatory, 
are in or near the city; but besides, the city has- an orphan 
asylum for white native children : one for Germans, one for 
colored children, also a Home for P^riendless Women, a Cath- 
olic Female Reformatory, and a free dispensary. There are 
four cemeteries: Greenlawn, as old as the city, and in the city 
limits; Crown Hill, two miles northwest, laid out and beauti- 
iied in the best style, containing three hundred acres; a Cath- 
olic cemetery south of the city near the suburbs, and a Hebrew 
cemetery. The State taxes amount to fifteen cents; the school 
tax is sixteen cents; county and township tax forty cents; city 
taxes, seventy -five cents; city school tax, amount to thirty cents 
on one hundred dollars. The city debt is less than $1,000,000, 
The taxable property, as above stated, is $65,000,000. 

The rapid growth of the city, and the constant increase of 
its industrial establishments, keep up a severe strain upon all 
the capital and banking facilities attainable. There is not a 
dollar unemployed, unless it be in the silly fear or caprice of 
its owner. Money pays in everything. The law allows ten 
per cent, interest and thus legalizes what necessity long ago 
compelled. But with ordinary energy and prudence the legal 
interest is not half of what money can be made to pay. Put 
into small lots and neat and cheap tenements, for rent or final 
sale to men of small means, capital wnll pay thirty per cent., 
exclusive of the increased value of the real estate adjacent to 
the improvement. Put into w^ell managed manufactures it 
will pay. It will pay in banking and accommodating the gen- 
eral want of means. Security is abundant, of the best kind, 
and the means of profitable employment are abundant and 
waiting, but the capital does not come as fast as the growth of 
the city and its interests need it. This makes the strongest 
possible solicitation to capital to come here. There are eleven 
private and six national banks in the city, a sufficient proof of 
the value of capital and banking facilities here, and yet the 
hunger for capital to carry industrial and other enterprises to 
their easy and legitimate ends is the most severe affliction of 
the city. 



PEOGEESS OF THE GRANGE. 605 

"Within the last ten years Indianapolis has been rapidly 
taking on all the characteristics of a metropolis. The social 
interests of the city have not been neglected. The society of 
Indianapolis, in taste and culture, and refinement, is doing 
much to raise the name of the people of the State to a higher 
social and intellectual standard in the nation. There is a dis- 
position manifesting itself for literary improvement, and 
within the last few years the people have reached a higher 
literary standard in all social intercourse. The theatre has 
been elevated, the reading-room has been filled with works of 
a higher standard, and the musical circle has been extended. 
In short, Indianapolis is marching onward equally in all her 
interests, and preparing herself for that event, not least among 
the possibilities of the future — the refnoval of the Motional 
Capital within her borders! 



CHAPTEE LXXVII. 

PKOGEESS OF THE GRANGE IN INDIANA. 

THIS organization, including, as it does, over one hundred 
thousand of the citizens of Indiana, is fully entitled to 
notice in a history of the State. The growth of the order in 
the State, as, indeed, throughout the country, has been unpre- 
cedented in the history of secret organizations. In the spring 
of 1869, three granges were organized in the State, two in 
Yigo county, and one at Indianapolis, and these were the only 
representatives of the order in Indiana till the year 1872. 
During this year, fifty-four subordinate granges were organ- 
ized by the farmers in four or five counties in the north- 
western part of the State, and, in the fall of that year, a State 
grange was formed, a State executive committee was appointed, 
and arrangements were made to extend a knowledge of the 



606 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

principles and purposes of the organization throughont the 
State. At the beginning of the next year, arrangements were 
made with the proprietors of the Indiana Farmer^ to devote 
some portion of space in each number to discussing the in- 
terests of the order. From this time its growth was steady 
and rapid. Wherever the paper circulated, granges were 
formed, and, before the next meeting of the State grange, at 
Valparaiso, in J^ovember, over six hundred dispensations had 
been issued to as many subordinate organizations. In 1874, 
the growth of the order was still more raj)id, and, at the present 
time, over two thousand granges are enrolled on the books of 
the State secretary — a larger number than in any other State 
in the Union. 

The officers of the first State grange, 1871-72, were as fol- 
lows: John Weir, Terre Plaute, master; A. Lansing, Val- 
paraiso, lecturer; O. Dinwiddle, Orchard Grove, overseer; 
O. M. Curry, Terre Haute, steward; J. T. Graham, Brook, 
assistant steward; G. L. Lowe, Beaver City, chaplain; C. L. 
Templeton, Lowell, treasurer; T. Keene, Valparaiso, secretary; 
E. M. Robertson, Lowell, gate-keeper; Mrs. C. D. Poor, Val- 
paraiso, ceres; Mrs. M. B. Scott, Terre Haute, pomona; Mrs. 
Thirse Weir, Terre Haute, flora; Mrs. E. G. Graham, lady 
assistant steward. 

Executive committee : John W. Wyatt, Kentland ; David 
Yoeman, Kensselaer; J. T. Graham, Brook; J. G. Culp, Fran- 
cesville; A. Poor, Valparaiso; W. Thomas, Valparaiso; master 
and secretary, members ex officio. 

The following named persons were elected as State grange 
officers, at the session of the State grange in 1873 : Henley 
James, Marion, Grant county, worthy master; James Com- 
stock, Greenfield, Hancock county, overseer ; C. W. Davis, 
Kentland, Newton county, lecturer ; Russell Johnson, Val- 
paraiso, Porter county, steward ; J. C. Phillips, Elizaville, 
Boone county, assistant steward ; B. F. Ham, Markleville, 
Madison county, chaplain ; George H. Brown, Rensselaer, 
Jasper county, treasurer ; Madison M. Moody, Mnncie, Dela- 
ware county, secretary ; S. R. Gipe, Dayton, Tippecanoe 
county, gate-keeper ; Mrs. Sarah E. James, ceres ; Mrs. Oath 



PROGRESS OF THE GRANGE. 607 

arine Comstock, pomona ; Mrs. Hanna Davis, flora ; Mrs, 
Miranda Phillips, lady assistant steward. 

Executive committee : J. F. Hall, Glenhall, Tippecanoe 
county ; David Yoenaan, Eensselaer, Jasper county; A. Poor, 
Valparaiso, Porter county; J. T. Graham, Brook, Newton 
county; Lindol Smith, Dow, Carroll county; J. Q. A. Newsom, 
Elizaville, Boone county. 

The present State grange officers, elected in IS^ovember, 
1874, are the same as above, with these exceptions: John. W. 
Zegler, of La Porte, succeeds C. W. Davis as lecturer. There 
are also several changes on the executive committee. At the 
meeting of the State grange, in ISTovember, 1874, Henley 
James, worthy master, delivered the following address: 

Sisters and Brotheks : A time-honored custom requires that I sliould, 
at this time, report to you the condition of our order in Indiana. 

The increase of our order, during the past year, has far exceeded the 
most sanguine expectations of its friends, having increased from about four 
hundred to two thousand granges. The past year has been the crisis of 
our life as an order. Opposed, as we have been, by those who in time past 
have considered us their lawful prey, backed as they were by well organ- 
ized monopolies of wealth and power, to which even the government, in 
all of its departments, were bowing and doing homage. 

The power of capital, controlled and directed as it was, by comparatively 
a few persons, had become insolent in its demands, and oppressive in its 
purposes. 

The industry of the country has been taxed so heavily, and the laws so 
made as to discriminate against the agricultural interests, until the tax- 
gatherer has claimed the lion's share of our income. 

Our order is the child of necessity — the forlorn hope of the farmer. 

Agriculture being the chief productive source of the wealth of oui- coun- 
try, all the illegitimate speculation and stock gambling of the day is based 
upon the products of your toil, and all the failures that result from such 
reckless schemes have to be accounted for in the depreciated price of your 
products. 

The failure of a Jay Cooke cost the agriculturists of the country many 
millions more than Jay Cooke was ever worth. 

The order of patrons of husbandry seeks to place all business on its 
proper basis. To inculcate the true principle, that the perpetuity of our 
free institutions depends on the rights of all classes being sacredly re- 
spected, and every person left free and untrammeled in the race of life, to 
pursue whatever legitimate business he may choose. 

The results of our efforts for reform liave thus far been crowned with 
veiy hajDpy results. 



608 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

We have honored our profession by placing representatives of uur class 
in high positions, in both the State and national governments. 

Socially, we have accomplished substantial good, by introducing amongst 
the agricultural classes a system of social communication hitherto un- 
known. 

Much has been accomplished educationally, by infusing into the minds 
of agriculturists a desire to become acquainted with the laws of science, 
and apply the same in the cultivation of the soil. 

Temperance is a fundamental principle of our order, and the teachings 
of tlie grange have already done much good in that direction. 

Financially, we have accomplished much, by dispensing with the old 
system of purchasing through middlemen, who were fleecing us of our 
protits ; and we now find no difficulty in establishing direct trade with 
manufacturers and wholesale men, upon terms very favorable to both pro- 
ducer and consumer, though much yet remains to be done in the way of 
more fully establishing a system of co-operation, both in our purchasing 
and selling. 

Since the meeting of the last State grange, some changes have occun-ed 
in the State purchasing agency — Brother Kingsbury having resigned the 
agency, and Brother Alpheus Tyner being appointed to fill the vacancy, at 
such salary as may be agreed upon, to be paid by the State grange, instead 
of receiving a per cent, on the purchases made — which system seemed to 
meet with general disfavor. The present system seems to be working well 
and will, if properly pursued, result in substantial benefit to the order. 
This subject will come before you for your action. 

Our order, true to its profession, has been swift to relieve suffering where- 
ever the cry of the needy, based upon the claims of charity, have been 
heard. At my special request, the worthy secretary forwarded to our suf- 
fering brothers of Louisiana, rendered destitute by the overflow of the 
Mississippi river, one hundred dollars. I hope that this act may receive 
the approbation of the grange. 

Appeals are also made from our brethren in Kansas and Nebraska, ren- 
dered destitute by the ravages of the grasshoppers ; and appeals are also 
made from different portions of our own State from brothers and sisters 
made destitute by the ravages of fire. I recommend that the grange take 
su(;h steps as may be necessary to give such timely relief as may be con- 
sidered proper. 

The amendments of the constitution of the national grange, adopted at 
the seventh annual session of the same, will come before you for action. 

I would suggest the propriety of this grange fixing the compensation of 
its officers, so that all may know the amount of the expenditures, and 
thereby silence the extravagant rumors that have been circulated by the 
enemies of our order. 

I would recommend that such steps be taken as may be necessary to 
encourage direct trade between the difterent sections of our country, and 
through the medium of reciprocal trade in the exchange of commodities, 



PEOGEESS OF THE GEAi^GE. 609 

cement the different sections of oui* country together in one common 
brotherhood by making our interests identical. 

I would call the attention of the grange to the fact, that the American 
Cheap Transportation Association has cordially invited us to meet with 
them at Richmond, Va., on the first day of December next, and as it will, 
perhaps, be impossible for this grange to send an accredited representative 
to that meeting, we should at least give them an expression of our sympathy 
for the noble objects of that association. 

I would call the attention of the grange to the fact that the third amend- 
ment of the constitution of the national grange proposes a change in the 
time of the meeting of the national grange, from the first Wednesday in 
February to the third Wednesday in November, which will bring the meet- 
ings of the national and our State grange into such close proximity that 
your representative could not attend both meetings. Therefore a change 
in the time of the meeting of our State grange will be necessary. 

I recommend that this grange take such steps as may be necessary to 
provide for the incorporation of the granges, both State and subordinate, 
and that the legislature be requested to make such changes in the laws 
governing corporations as may be necessary for that purpose. 

Since entering upon the duties of the office I now hold, I have delivered 
more than one hundred lectures, public and private ; I have traveled in the 
interests of the order full five thousand miles, besides writing three thou- 
sand letters, and attending to the other duties of the office. My labors, 
though very arduous, have been pleasant, inspired as I have been by the 
importance of our organization and the justice of our aims. That I have 
committed errors of judgment is by no means improbable, but I hope that 
lionesty of purpose may be attributed to me; and I desire to tender my 
thanks to the officers and members of the order for the uniform kindness 
received from them. 

To the sisters of our order I would especially tender my thanks, for the 
valuable aid that the order has received from you. To your influence, 
your labors, your fidelity to the order, is attributed to a very large extent 
the success the order has already attained; and I have full confidence, 
sisters, that your infiuence will never be withheld in the perpetuation of 
that order which is the first to recognize and respect the full rights of 
woman ; and I congratulate you upon the sure prospect, that through the 
influence of the noble order of patrons of husbandry, your sex will be pro- 
tected and elevated to the enjoyment of your rights, many of which you 
have been unjustly deprived of 

To show our readers the principles and purposes of the 
organization, and the work it is accomplishing, we copy a 
few of the reports passed upon at the session of the State 
grange of 1874: 

We, your committee on the good of the order, respectfully submit the 
following report, to wit : 
39 



610 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

1. We find the order throughout the diflFerent portions of the State, witli 
very few exceptions, to be in a high and unprecedented state of prosperity. 

2. We recommend the acceptance of the oflFer of the national grange to 
vest in this grange tlie right to manufacture the Werner harvester, and that 
the executive committee be authorized to make such arrangements for the 
manufacture of the same as the state of the finances vk^ill permit; and we 
urge upon the members of our order the wisdom and necessity of purchas- 
ing implements only of such manufacturers as shall accede to our pro- 
position to purchase without the intervention of agents or middlemen. 

3. We also recommend the repeal of rules Nos. 22, 23 and 24, for the 
government of subordinate granges, and that they be allowed to receive 
applications for membership, without regard to the distance of the appli- 
cant from other granges. 

4. We further recommend that the executive committee be instructed to 
take the necessary steps for carrying out the provisions of section two of 
number two of the constitutional amendments, relative to the establish- 
ment of county and district granges, when such section and number shall 
have been ratified b}' the requisite number of granges. 

5. Believing that the deeper the mystery in which our meetings are 
shrouded, the greater will be our power, we urge upon the officers and 
members of subordinate granges the necessity of keeping strictly secret all 
proceedings of the order not intended for the public ear. 

Resolved, That we fully recognize the importance of the diffusion of 
knowledge, and the education of all the children of the State, and pledge 
our cordial support to all measures adapted to the accomplishment of so 
worthy a purpose. 

Resolved, That intemperance is a great evil and a prolific source of misery 
and crime, and the cause of large and Avasteful expenditures of the public 
monejf ; therefore, we pledge ourselves to use all proper means to discour- 
age intemperance and promote morality, virtue, and the practice of tem- 
perance by all the people. 

Be it Resolved, By the delegates to the Indiana State grange in conven- 
tion assembled, That the declaration of purposes as set forth by the com- 
mittee on resolutions at the last annual meeting of the national grange 
are correct, and ought to receive the hearty approval of every true patron 
of husbandry in the State of Indiana, and more especialh' the fifth section 
of said declaration of purposes. 

Your committee on transportation and cooperation beg leave to make 
the following report: 

That the railroad system of the country has become oppressive to the 
producer by exacting high rates upon local freights ; therefore, 

Resolved, That we, as producers, ask our legislators, both State and 
national, to enact such laws as will be just to the railroad interests of the 
country, for we look upon the railroads as being one of the great levers 
for Opening up the agricultural and mineral resources of the west; but 
while we are willing to grant them all just rights, we, as producers, ask 



PROGRESS OF THE GEAJSTGE. 611 

that the laws be such as to make them serve the people instead of ruling 
them, and compel them to carry passengers and freights at rates in pro- 
portion to the actual cost of the road, and local in proportion to through 
freights. 

Resolved, further, That we are not in favor of the government giving 
guarantees of money or lands to railroad corporations. 

Resolved, That we recommend to the favorable consideration of congress 
the improvement of our great natural highways, the rivers, lakes, and 
canals, through which the commerce of the grain-producing region of the 
west must pass ; and that the jetty system proposed to deepen the mouth of 
the Mississippi river meets our hearty approval ; and that we earnestlj^ 
recommend congress, at its next session, to order a survey for a steamship 
canal from the southern point of Lake Michigan to the Wabash river, at 
or near La Fayette, Indiana, thus connecting, if found practicable, the 
waters of the Mississippi valley with the great lakes on the north. 

The grange also passed the following resolution: 
To the members of the order we most earnestly recommend to co-operate 
together a'; counties in bulking up the product of the soil, and selling 
wholesale to the parties who pay the highest price; and, in buying, we 
recognize the State business agencj^ of the patrons as the proper channel 
through which the business agents of the various counties can best supply 
the wants of the grangers in all articles needed for the cultivation of the 
farm, and for the household ; and the time is now at hand when the mem 
bers of the order must see the necessity of standing by the organization, 
and the business agent be required to give out, from time to time, such 
information as may be for the advancement and benefit of the members 
of the order. 

In May, 18T3, the executive committee appointed J. G. 
Kingsbury, of Indianapolis, editor and publisher of ihe, North- 
western Farmer, purchasing agent, with instructions to make 
the best terms in his power with manufacturers of agricultural 
implements and maehiner}'', and make arrangements for deal- 
ing direct with them. His eflPorts to secure favorable terms 
were responded to by only a few manufacturers until the fol- 
lowing spring, when the number of granges became large and 
the trade of the members seemed too important to be lost. 
Since that time a large proportion of the manufacturers of all 
kinds of agricultural implements have consented to deal direct 
with members at their wholesale rates, and a large saving has 
thus been effected by those who were entitled to the benefits 
of the liberal arrangements secured. In making terms with 
manufacturers and dealers, the cash system has always been 
agreed upon, and no order has been filled unless accompanied 



612 HISTORY OF INDIANA, 

with the money or payable on delivery of goods. The arrange- 
ment has proved very satisfactory to dealers, who got pay for 
their goods promj)tly and without expense, and to the con- 
sumer, who by paying cash, saved from twenty to thirty per 
cent, of the usual cost of the article purchased. In September 
last, Alpheus Tyner, the present business agent, was appointed 
to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Kings- 
bury. The State grange, througli its executive committee, 
have enlarged the powers and extended the sphere of duties 
of the State agent, and that officer has recently opened a large 
ware-room in this city for the exhibition of implements of 
rarious kinds for the use of members of the order, and the 
prospects indicate that a very large trade will be conducted 
through the agency in the future. 

GOOD RESULTS. 

Among the good results of the organization is the spirit of 
inquiry and investigation it has fostered among the members. 
It is safe to say that many thousands of farmers in the State 
now subscribe for and read agricultural papers who never did 
so before they became members of the grange. As an evi- 
dence of the fact, it may be mentioned that the circulation of 
the State agricultural paper, the Indiana Fanner^ has more 
than doubled within the past year. 

The charitable feature of the grange system has been nobly 
illustrated within the last two months, in the numerous and 
liberal donations that have been made by the granges of the 
State for the relief of their destitute brethren and sisters in 
Kansas and Nebraska. Many thousands of dollars have been 
sent to these afflicted States that would not have gone but 
for the grange organization and the charitable principles it 
inculcates. 

So long as the members feel that they are saving money in 
making their purchases, and are increasing in a knowledge of 
their business, adding to their social joys, and promoting an 
interest and dignity in their profession, there is little reason 
to expect that the order will be discontinued or lose many of 
its best adherents. 



CHAPTER LXXYIIl. 

THE GREAT WAGON AND CAEEIAGE WOEKS OF THE STUDEBAKEE 
BEOTHEES MANTJEACTUEING COMPANY AT SOUTH BEND, ST. 
JOSEPH COUNTY, INDIANA. 

ASTE.A!N"GER, visiting Soiitli Bend twenty years ago, 
must have admired the beauty of her location, and the 
air of thriftiness surrounding the embryo city. If critical in 
that direction, he would have looked with pleasure upon the 
budding industries born of the immense hydraulic power of 
the beautiful St. Joseph river, and prophesied of the wonder- 
ful results inevitable in the then future. Perhaps the rushing 
waters, tumbling over their pebbly bed, as they sought for rest 
in the tideless Michigan, would have suggested possibilities 
never to be realized. Yisions of cotton and woolen factories, 
with the whirl of spindles, and the click of looms, or the 
noise and bustle of other industries intimately associated with 
hydraulic force, might have crept upon his brain. Had he, 
hoAvever. looked into a little wagon shop on Michigan street, 
he would scarcely have imagined that there was the nucleus 
of not only the largest industrial concern in northern Indiana, 
but of the most extensive establishment of its kind in the 
world, at the head of which would stand the young man then 
so lustily working at the forge, and singing his labor-refrain 
upon the anvil ! Yet this last would have been a fact soon to 
be developed; for that work-shop was the starting point of the 
great Studebaker factories, and that young man to-day the 
able president of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing 
Company. 

It would be both interesting and instructive, doubtless, to 
trace the history of this institution minutely, thus illustrating 

(613) 



614 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

the great possibilities of small beginiiiDgs; the results of 
industry and enterprise, and fortifying the fact that maturitv 
seldom springs from sudden effort, and that growth and per- 
manency have a singular co-relation. Such, however, is not 
the object of this article. Space, if not time, would fail us; 
so we shall present, as briefly as possible, such dry facts and 
figures as are at hand. 

It was on the sixteenth day of February, 1852, that Henry 
and Clement Studebaker opened their shop in South Bend, by 
the firm name of H. & C. Studebaker. They meant business; 
they did business. They had capital enough, but it was 
chiefly invested in bone, muscle, and indomitable will. They 
were hopeful, cheerful, and, finally, prosperous. Changes were 
made in the firm name and in its personel. Slowly, but 
surely, the work went on, until finally, in 1864, three of the 
brothers, Clement, John M., and Peter E., became equal 
partners, and the great house was founded by the name of 
Studebaker Brothers. Henry had retired and settled upon a 
farm near the city, where he now resides, a well satisfied and 
very comfortable country gentleman. The works were en- 
larged, and soon after Peter E. established a branch at St. 
Joseph, Missouri, then a famous outfitting point, and where 
he did an enormous business. Thus the new firm progressed, 
gradually enlarging its borders and strengthening its stake, 
until 1869, when its interests were consolidated in a joint 
stock company, called, as at 23resent, the Studebaker Brothers 
Manufacturing Company. But their course was not destined 
to be an uninterrupted one. In June, 1872, they were visited 
by a fire which involved a loss of nearly one hundred thousand 
dollars. Meantime, Jacob F., the youngest brother, had come 
in, making up the quartette, and William Mack had become a 
stockholder. A large tract of land had been purchased south 
of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern depot, and large 
improvements made. Immediately after the fire another gen- 
tleman joined the company. It was Mr. H. L. Hines, a former 
partner of John M. Studebaker, in California. Becoming 
superintendent of construction, Mr. Hines has done yeoman's 
service ever since. At once the work of enlargement on the 



616 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

new premises commenced, and was con tinned until in the 
spring of 1874, tlie noble works of the company, the largest 
of the kind in the w^orld, were completed, or nearly so. Some- 
thing of their magnitude may be gathered from the following 
cut, which represents them at the period mentioned. 

On the twenty-fourth of August, 1874, this noble pile, the 
heau ideal of its proprietors, the pride of the city, and the 
wonder of all, was nearly destroyed by fire, with a large por- 
tion of its contents, involving a loss of al:)Out three hundred 
and fifty thousand dollars, not far from one-third of which was 
covered by insurance. The average width of the main factory 
was sixty-two feet, the length aggregating eight hundred and 
sixty-eight feet. The outside linear measurement was about a 
half mile, and its floorage measuring over five acres ! Forty 
forges, with blasts operated by machinery, were in the smith 
shop, and five large elevators brought all the floors into imme- 
diate connection. The capacity of the works was one com- 
pleted wagon each ten minutes. Of course the loss was a very 
severe one, and many men would have succumbed under the 
pressure of such a disaster. JSTot so the Stude])aker Brothers 
and their associates. The fire was hardly quenclied ere the 
work of rebuilding began, and before the cold days of winter, 
larger and more convenient works were completed, with an 
eastern frontage on Lafayette street of five hundred feet, and 
on the railroad five hundred and seventy -five feet. All are of 
brick, substantially built, and nearly all erected since the fire. 

The coach and carriage factory of the company is situated 
some half mile from the wagon works, on the corner of Michi- 
gan and Jefferson streets. It embraces the old wagon shops 
with more recent additions. These buildings are of brick, 
elegantly built, ranging from two to five stories in height, and 
having a floorage of about two acres. They contain smith 
shops, with thirty-five forges, wood shops, painting, trimming 
and varnishing rooms, repository, offices, etc. The engraving 
on page 435 gives a better idea of the size and (}ualitv of these 
great carriage works than can be conveyed in words. 

The summary of the combined establislnuents is as follows: 



STUDEBAKER BKOTHEES CAEEIAGE WORKS. 617 

Ground occupied for manufacturing purposes . IT acres. 
Aggregate length of buildings, about. ...... 1,600 feet. 

Average height of buildings 3 stories. 

Ground area of buildings over 2^ acres. • 

Aggregate area of floors, nearly 8 acres. 

Length of sheds, about 4,000 feet. 

Width of sheds, average 40 feet. 

Area covered by timber sheds, nearly 7 acres. 

The motive poM-er of the factories consists of two engines, 
one of two hundred and the other forty horse power. Over 
one hundred and thirty labor-saving machines are in constant 
use. 

Thus these immense works are re-built, and have a capacity 
for extraordinary usefulness. At the present writing, nearly 
six hundred hands are constantly employed, at remunerative 
wages; a support being thus given to over two thousand 
inhabitants. 

As showing the gradual but sure growth of this industrial 
concern, the following table of productions is presented, which 
includes seven years: 

Year. No. of vehicles. Value. 

1868 ■ 3,955 $380,000 

1869 5,115 412,000 

1870 6,505 573,000 

1871 6,835 . . . . : 625,000 ' 

1872 6,950 691,000 

1873 10,280 896,000 

1874 . . 11,050 1,000,000 



Total 53,690 $4,577,000' 

The year 1874, although marked by an extraordinary destruc- 
tion, is the heaviest of all. 

At first glance it might be considered difficult to find a 
market for this immense production, and so it would, were 
business transacted now as it was a quarter of a century ago, 
or even nearer the present. Then wagons were hauled by 



618 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

teams to the most accessible points and left on commission, or 
peddled through the country from farm to farm, or from town 
to town. Cash sales were infrequent. Cattle, horses, hogs, 
grain, or other property, usually formed the consideration, or 
for good notes time was given. Now things are different. 
Wagons are shipped by the car, almost by the train load, and 
are sold for cash, or first class commercial paper on short time. 
There is no barter. The west, northwest and southwest, are 
tributary to the company. On the plains, and prairies, on the 
highest traversable points of the great rocky chain, on farms, 
plantations and ranches, in Mexico, South America, and even 
Europe, the handiwork of the Studebakers is to be met with, 
while orders far beyond the capacity of the works are constantly 
on hand. The trouble is less to sell than to make. It should 
be remarked that the fires alluded to consumed but a trifle of 
the seasoned material of the company, and that a reserve sufli- 
cient for the construction of thirty thousand vehicles is always 
on hand. 

The Studebaker Brothers are now in the very zenith of 
vigor and usefulness, and the concern bids fair to grow to even 
more extraordinary proportions. 

THE BASS FODNDRY AND MACHIJSE WOEKS OF FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. 

The Bass Foundry and Machine Works at Fort Wayne is 
the largest establishment of the kind in the State, and, as a 
car wheel foundry, the largest in the United States. It con- 
stitutes a very prominent feature of the great industries of 
Indiana, and is one of the best evidences existing of the great 
enterprise which has placed Fort Wayne on the road to success 
as a manufacturing city. The works consist of eight build- 
ings, (an engraving of which is presented in connection with 
this sketch,) and cover ten acres of ground, located at the 
intersection of Hanna street and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne 
and Chicago railroad. They were first established in a small 
way, in 1853, by Messrs. Cooper, Bass & Co., as a car wheel 
foundry, who continued the business till 1855, when Mr. 
Cooper retired, and the firm style was changed to Jones, Bass 



THE BASS FOU-NDRY. ^19 

& Co. This iirm struggled along until 1857, when another 
change was made. At this date the works were removed to 
the present location, and a joint stock company was organized 
under the title of the Fort Wayne Machine Works. Under 
this arrangement, Messrs. Hanna & Bass were the principal 
proprietors, and continued the business until 1858, at which 
time Mr. J. H. Bass, the present proprietor, assumed charge. 
He first leased the works for one year, but through a careful 
and successful management, he soon became proprietor of the 
whole concern. Mr. Hanna was associated with him until 
1869, when he died, leaving Mr. Bass the sole proprietor. 
This gentleman continued the business alone until 1873, 
during which time he enlarged the works, erected new build- 
ings, and more than quadrupled the business of the establish- 
ment. In the latter year a stock company was again organ- 
ized, with a paid up capital stock of five hundred thousand 
dollars, under the title of the " Bass Foundry and Machine 
Works," which it still holds. Mr. J. H. Bass was elected 
president of the company, which position he still holds. 

He has been the chief proprietor and manager of the estal»- 
lishment since 1858, and the success of the works during these 
years has been unparalleled. In 1858, the first year in which 
lie controlled the business, it did not probably exceed fifteen 
thousand dollars, but it has been steadily and rapidly increas- 
ing. In 1873, the business transacted by this company 
exceeded one million eight hundred thousand dollars, and, as 
already mentioned, the works have grown to be the largest of 
the kind in the United States. This is certainly an evidence 
of the great business enterprise of Indiana, and not less so of 
the high business talents of Mr. J. H. Bass. 

One of the compilers of this work visited the establishment 
in October last, and found, even in the dull times, every build- 
ing a scene of activity. The car-wheel shop, which is perhaps 
the very centre of life of the works, is a brick structure sixty- 
five by four hundred feet, having a capacity of turning out 
two hundred and fifty wheels a day. This is the largest 
foundry of the kind in the United States. From if car wheels 
are sent to Pittsburg, and throughout the whole west and 



620 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

northwest, every where attesting their superior quality. The 
general foundry is a brick building, seventy -live by one hundred 
and fifty feet. This, however, during the present year, will be 
converted into a machine shop, and a new building, sixty-five 
by three hundred feet, will be erected for the general foundry. 
Adjoining the present general foundry, is the machine shop, 
fifty by one hundred and thirty feet. This will be enlarged 
with the completion of the building referred to, by the addi- 
tion of the present general foundry, seventy-five by one 
hundred feet. Just west of the machine shop is the wood 
w^orking shop, fifty by one hundred feet, and west of this is 
the boiler shop, forty by one hundred and fortj^ feet. North 
of this is the blacksmith shop and forge room, seventy by one 
hundred and twenty feet. The ofiices of the concei'n are in a 
two story handsome brick structure, located on Hanna street, 
close to the railroad crossing, and nearly in the center of the 
works. This building is thirty by sixty feet, and is elegantly 
furnished. The ofiices are furnished with all the modern 
improvements, and are tastefully appointed, and supplied with 
many conveniences. In the upper story of this building are 
the drafting rooms. 

Mr. Bass has always made a specialty of car wheels, in the 
production of which his immense foundry has made an envi- 
able reputation throughout the whole nation. The wheels 
produced at his works are sought after by nearly e\'ery road 
within reach of them, and the demand upon his facilities for 
producing them is increasing quite as fast as he is increasing 
the capacity of the establishment. 

Besides car wheels, Mr. Bass is producing steam engines 
of an approved make and quality, boilers, mill, and heavy 
machinery of all kinds. The melting capacity of his M'orks is 
equal to one hundred tons of pig iron per day. 

But Mr. Bass has not devoted his whole attention to this 
one enterprise, although the results he has pi'oduced during 
the last ten years in connection Avith it seem to be very large 
for the work of so short a period. He has also an extensive 
car wheel foundrj^ in St. Louis, Mo., or rather he is the princi- 
pal owner of it. This is located on Sixteenth street and the 



622 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Pacific railroad, and consists of two large brick buildings, 
with a capacity of over twenty-five tons a day. This institu- 
tion has been in operation over five years, and has already 
proved a success financially, and promises a brilliant future. 

Mr. Bass has also a car wheel foundry in Chicago, of which 
he is sole proprietor. It is located on Forty-seventh street, 
near the Rock Island shops, and consists ot two spacious brick 
buildings. This establishment has the exclusive patronage of 
the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, and is increas- 
ing its business rapidly by receiving the business of other 
roads in the northwest. 

The few hints we have given of the successful enterprise of 
Mr. J. H. Bass, will show that he is reaching out widely in 
his commercial operations, and as we shall see, is meeting 
with constant gain. Besides his general foundry and machine 
works, he has in Fort Wayne, St. Louis, and Chicago, facilities 
for turning out three hundred and fifty car wheels ver day. 



PART THIRD. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



INTRODUCTOEY. 

In conclusion, we present brief sketches of a number of the 
citizens of Indiana who have become prominent in the several 
pursuits and professions of life. The usual alphabetical order 
is not observed here, but an index of names, arranged alpha- 
betically, will be found on page 21. In these personal sketclies 
we have endeavored to present the deeds in the lives of the 
persons represented rather than to praise them. In fact we 
have avoided the very appearance of laudation. It is generally 
known that the data from which biographies are written is 
obtained from the persons themselves; hence the impropriety 
of praising the deeds of living men. To be sure, there are a 
few heroes of Indiana who have gone to their rest and reward, 
such as Generals Harrison, Tipton, and Evans, and Colonels 
Daviess, Yigo, and others, as well as those brave men who 
fell in defense of the Union — those are properly the subjects 
of our highest admiration ; but there is sojiiething incon- 
sistent, something from which a conscientious writer turns 
away in disgust, in " writing up " the good deeds of men still 
active among us. Already authors and biographers have 
manifested too much zeal in this department of literature — a 

(633) 



624 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



zeal, we fear, that has too often been actuated by other than 
the most legitimate of objects; and a zeal also that has, we 
are glad to observe, been condemned most thoroughly by 
those very persons in M^hose behalf it has been exerted. We 
are glad to believe that we could not injure the reception of 
this volume in greater measure than by filling it with encomi- 
ums of prominent men, still active in the various pursuits in 
the State. Such is the dislike for biographical fame among 
the solid men of Indiana, that the compilers of this work have 
found it very difficult to obtain the information necessary for 
the following very brief sketches. And, if any persons are 
not represented whose stel work has been such as to entitle 
them to a place in this department, we have only to say, in 
justification of our position in consequence, that such persons 
positively refused to furnish us with the data required. No 
other consideration than that of the public estimation has 
prompted us in the selection and preparation of the following 
statistics. This assertion is fully borne out by the character 
of that which follows. 

CONRAD BAKER 



He was born in Franklin county, 
Pa., February twelfth, 1817. His 
father was a farmer, and he re- 
mained on the farm until he was 
about fifteen years of age. He went 
to school, (a classical academy,) in 
Chambersburgh, the county seat of 
his native county, some two years, 
and then went to Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, at Gettysburgh, Pa., where he 
remained about two years, but did 
not graduate. Studied law at Gret- 
tysburgh, in the office of Messrs. 
Stevens & Smyser, the firm being 
composed of the late Thaddeus 
Stevens and the late Daniel M. 
Smyser; was admitted to the bar at 
Gettysburgh in 1839, and practiced 
there two years. Came to Indiana 
in 1841, and settled at Jivansville, 



where he practiced his profession 
until after the commencement of 
the rebellion. He was elected to 
the lower house of the general 
assembly of Indiana in 1845, and 
served one session. Elected judge 
of the courts of common pleas for 
the district composing the counties 
of Vanderburgh and Warrick, in 
1852, and served about one year and 
resigned. He was nominated in his 
absence, and without his knowl 
edge, for Lieutenant-Governor on 
the Eepublican ticket in 1856, sen- 
ator Morton being the candidate for 
Governor on the same ticket. The 
Democratic ticket, headed by Wi! 
lard for Governor, and Hammoml 
for Lieutenant-Governor, was, how- 
ever, elected. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



625 



Appointed by Grovernor Morton 
Colonel of 1st Indiana Cavalry, it 
being 28th Regiment Indiana Vol- 
unteers, in July, 1861 ; organized 
the regiment, and was mustered 
into the service in August, 1861; 
remained in the service until Sep- 
tember, 1864; served in the field in 
the southwest under Generals J. C. 
Fremont, Frederick Steel, S. R. Cur- 
tis, A. P. Hovey, and others, until 
April, 1863, when he was ordered 
by the War Department to Indiana- 
polis to organize tlie Provost Mar- 
shal General Bureau for the State 
of Indiana. Still retaining the place 
and rank of Colonel of the 1st In- 
diana Cavalry, lie performed the 
duties of acting assistant provost 
marshal general for Indiana, froni 
April, 1863, to the latter part of 
August^ 1864, and as such, having 
the supervision of the enrollment 
and draft. He was at the same 
time, by virtue of this position, 
superintendent of volunteer recruit- 
ing, and had charge of all the mus- 
tering officers on duty in this State. 
In June or July, 1864, the Republi- 
can State Central Committee unani- 
mously tendered him the candidacy 
for the office of Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, to fill a vacancy caused by 
the declension of General Nathan 



Kimball, who had been nominated 
for that office by the convention. 
He was elected, senator Morton be- 
ing elected at the same time, on the 
same ticket. He presided over the 
Senate during the session commenc- 
ing in January, 1865. In November, 
1865, Governor Morton convened 
the legislature in extra session, and 
immediately thereafter went to 
Europe in quest of his health, and 
was gone five m(mths. During this 
absence of the governor Mr. Baker 
acted as governor. In January, 
1867, Governor Morton was elected 
to the United States Senate, and 
immediately^ resigned his office, 
whereupon the duties of the office 
of governor devolved ujjon the 
lieutenant-governor, and, Mr. Baker, 
as such, performed them during the 
residue of Governor Morton's term. 
Mr. Baker was elected governor of 
Indiana in October, 1868, and served 
as such until succeeded by Governor 
Hendricks, in January, 1873. He 
acted as governor, (including the 
five months of Governor Morton's 
absence in Europe,) for about six 
years and five months. Since the 
termination of his official life he 
has been actively engaged in the 
practice of his profession at Indi- 
anapolis. 



CYEUS NUTT, D. D., LL. D. 



He was born in Trumbull county, 
Ohio, September fourth, 1814. His 
educational opportunities were nec- 
essarily limited in so new a country. 
His parents were well versed in the 
common branches of education, 
and he was taught reading, writing, 
arithmetic, geography and gram- 
mar at home during such leisure 
hours as could be redeemed from 
40 



manual labor. He however at- 
tended the country' school in his 
neighborhood, when in session, 
which was about three months in 
the year. Such was young Nutt's 
desire for a liberal education that 
he improved every opportunity for 
the acquisition of learning; and 
when at the age of eigliteen, his 
father proposed to deed him a piece 



62fi 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



of land in consideration of liis 
faithful labors on the farm, he told 
him he would rather have a good 
education than any property. His 
father first spoke discouragingly, 
but finally agreed to give him his 
time and let him get an education 
by working his own way. He im- 
mediately went to an academy to 
prepare himself for college, and in 
four years from that time he gradu- 
ated at Alleghany College, Mead- 
ville. Pa., having supported him- 
self by teaching during the winters, 
and at the same time keeping up 
his studies. He graduated in 1836, 
and was immediately appointed pre- 
ceptor of the preparatory depart- 
ment in the same institution; which 
position he filled for six months, 
when he was elected to the charge 
of the preparatory department of 
Indiana Asbury University, which 
had just been chartered by the leg- 
islature of Indiana. Mr. Nutt was 
converted at a carapmeeting when 
in his nineteenth year. He was 
appointed to the charge of a class 
of young men as class-leader while 
in college. He was licensed to 
exhort, and then to preach ; and he 
preached his first sermon at Green- 
castle soon after his arrival. 

The first meeting of the trustees 
of mdiana Asbury University was 
held in Mareh, 1837, at which time 
Dr. Nutt was elected preceptor of 
the preparatory department, and 
arrangements were made to have 
that department opened at an early 
day. It required seven or eight 
days at that time to make the trip 
from Meadville, where Mr. Nutt 
then resided, to Greeucastle, by the 
most speedy mode of travel, which 
was stage and steamboat. Dr. Nutt 
left Meadville about the seventh of 



May, and traveled by stage to Pitts- 
burg, and thence by steamboat to 
Cincinnati, and thence by stage to 
Greencastle, where he arrived on 
the sixteenth of the same month — 
having walked, however, from Put- 
namville to Greencastle, as there 
was, at that day, no public convey- 
ance from the outside world to 
Greencastle. 

Dr. Nutt entered upon his duties 
at Greencastle on the fifth of June, 
1837, commencing the preparatory 
department in a small, one-story 
brick building, with only two 
rooms; the larger of which was 
occupied by the town school. The 
smaller room was then the only 
place available; and there Dr. Nutt 
began the literary instruction of 
this since renowned university of 
the West. At the meeting of the 
board of trustees, in September of 
the same year, he was elected pro- 
fessor of languages. In 1841 he 
was elected professor of the Greek 
language and literature, and He- 
brew, which position he held until 
1843, when he resigned and took 
pastoral work in Indiana Confer- 
ence, and was appointed to Bloom- 
ington station. He had been admit- 
ted into the Conference at its session 
in Rockville, in 1838, and ordained 
deacon by Bishop Soule, at Indian- 
apolis in 1840, and elder by Bishop 
Morris, at the conference in Center- 
ville, in 1842. He remained in 
charge of Bloomington station two 
years, and the year following was 
at Salem. His ministry was emi- 
nentlj' successful in both of these 
charges. In the fall of 1846, he 
returned to the university, having 
been elected to the chair of Greek 
language and literature, made va- 
cant by the resignation of Prof. B. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



62T 



F. Tefft, who took charge of the 
Ladies' Repository, at Cincinnnati. 
In 1849, Dr. Nutt was elected Pres- 
ident of Fort Wayne Female Col- 
lege, which he accepted and held 
for one year, when he resigned and 
accepted the presidency of White- 
water College, which had been ten- 
dered him by the trustees of that 
institution, the climate of northern 
Indiana not agreeing with Mrs. 
Nutt, who was a native of Kentucky. 
He entered upon the duties of the 
presidency of Whitewater College, 
at Centerville, Indiana, in the fall 
of 1850. The school flourished 
under his administration, and the 
number of students increased from 
one hundred and forty to more than 
three hundred. During the whole 
of this time he held the position 
either of trustee or Conference vis- 
itor to Indiana Asbury University, 
and took a lively interest in all the 
affairs of the church. He remained 
five years at the head of Whitewater 
College, when he resigned to enter 
again upon the work of the minis- 
try, and at the session of the North 
Indiana Conference, at Goshen, in 
1855, he was appointed presiding 
elder on the Richmond district, 
where he remained two years ; du- 
ring which an almost constant revi- 
val was in progress nearly all over 
the district. 

In the fall of 1857, he was elected 
to the chair of Mathematics in Indi- 
ana Asbury University. He was 
also elected vice-president of the 
Faculty. Hon. David McDonald, 
wlio had been elected to the presi- 
dency of tlie university, having de- 
clined to accept, the administration 
of the university devolved upon Dr. 
ISTutt for nearly two years, during 
one of the most critical and impor- 



tant periods in its history, until Rev. 
Thos. Bowman, D.D., took charge of 
the institution in the spring of 1859. 
The university was conducted with 
great skill and success by Dr. Nutt 
and his associates, and fully recov- 
ered from the disaster that had un- 
fortunately overtaken it in 1856-57. 
In 1839, he received the degree of 
A. M. from his Alma Mater, Alle- 
gheny College. In 1859 he received 
the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
from the Ohio Wesleyan University ; 
and in 1873, the degree of Doctor of 
Laws, from Hanover College, and 
also from the University of Missouri. 
In 1860, he was a delegate to the 
General Conference, held at Buffalo, 
from Northern Indiana Conference, 
leading his delegation, and served 
in that memorable session as mem- 
ber of the committee on the Episco- 
pacy, and also on the committees 
on Education, Judiciary, and Lay 
Delegation, and proved himself an 
industrious and useful delegate. He 
also served as a delegate from Indi- 
ana Conference to the General Con- 
ference, which met at Brooklyn, N. 
Y., in 1872, and was elected secre- 
tary of the committee on the State 
of Church, besides being a member 
and doing service on several other 
important committees. 

In 1860, Dr. Nutt was elected 
president of the Indiana State Uni- 
versity at Bloomington, which posi- 
tion he still holds Q875,) and under 
his prudent and skillful manage- 
ment the State university has greatly 
prospered. Five new chairs have 
been added to its course of instruc- 
tions, a medical department, and a 
department of civil engineering- 
have been created, the number of 
the faculty have been increased 
from six to twenty-six, the number 



h 



628 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



of students, from about one hun- 
dred, to three hundred and fifty- 
eight, the annual income from five 
thousand six hundred dollars, to 
thirty thousand five hundred, the 
number of the alumni from two 
hundred and forty-two, to nine 
hundred and seventy-three, the 
library from one thousand five hun- 
dred volumes, to near eight thou- 
sand. The cabinet is now one of 
the best in the west, and a new and 
beautiful building has been com- 
pleted, and all the facilities for 
instruction have been greatly en- 
larged. The Indiana university 
now justly ranks among the very 
best in the land. 

The State university has pros- 
pered beyond precedent since Dr. 



Nutt has been at the head of its 
affiiirs. Dr. Nutt was elected presi- 
dent of Iowa Slate University in 
1842, but declined to accept. He 
was a member of the State Teach- 
ers' Convention in 1854, which or- 
ganized the State Teachers' Associ- 
ation, and established the Indiana 
School Journal. He was elected and 
served as president of the State 
Teachers' Association in 1863, and 
has been a member of the State 
Board of Education for nine years. 
Both as a minister of the gospel and 
an educator, Dr. Nutt has been emi- 
nently successful, and will leave 
upon the generation that comes 
after him an abiding impression 
for good. 



BAENABAS C. HOBBS, LL. D. 



He was born near Salem, Wash- 
ington county, Indiana, October 
fourth, 1815. His early years were 
passed in familiar acquaintance 
with the trials, privations, and la- 
bors of pioneer life, and his educa- 
tion was such as was to be had in 
the log school-house of that day. 

Prompted by aspirations for a 
better scholarship, he entered, at 
eighteen years, the county semina- 
ry, under the instruction of John I. 
Morrison, at that time and for many 
years a leading educator in the State. 
He here became acquainted with 
algebra, geometry, mensuration, 
and land surveying, and with the 
first lessons in Latin and Greek, in 
addition to his common school 
course. He was kindly ofl'ered a 
home in the family of Benjamin 
Parke, tlien United States judge for 
the district of Indiana, whose influ- 
ence and friendship were of great 



advantage to him, and never forgot- 
ten. He was his office companion 
at the time of his death in 1834. 

He commenced teaching while 
eighteen years of age, and has made 
it his principal employment until 
now. While thus engaged in his 
native county in 1837, he became 
acquainted with William H. Mc- 
Guff"ey, the author of the Eclectic 
Readers, who opened the way for 
him to enter the Cincinnati college, 
over which he then presided, which 
opportunity he gladly accepted, 
teaching a part of the time to meet 
his expenses. He was here under 
the mathematical instruction of 
Prof. O. M. Mitchell. During this 
period of his life he was brought 
into intimate acquaintance with 
Prof E. D. Mansfield, Prof Drury 
and Drs. Drake, Harrison, Rodgers 
and McDowell of the medical de- 
partment, in which he took an 



BIOattAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



629 



academic course in comparative 
anatomy and chemistry. These ad- 
vantages and the inspiration he re- 
ceived 'from such men had much to 
do in determining his future char- 
acter. 

He was soon after employed as 
principal teacher in Mount Pleas- 
ant boarding school, in Jefferson 
county, Ohio, where he remained 
near four years, and until his mar- 
riage, when a favorable opening in- 
duced him to establish a school in 
Richmond, Indiana, to which place 
he removed in the spring of 1843. 

After a uniform success of near 
four years, he accepted the super- 
intendency of Friend's boarding 
school, now Earlham college, for 
two years. 

In 1851, he removed to Parke 
county to take the presidency of 
Bloomingdale academy, in which 
he continuously and successfully 
labored for near sixteen years. 

At the extra session of the legis- 
lature of 1865, a law was passed 
creating a State normal school, an 
institution for which he had long 
and earnestly labored. He was ap- 
pointed by Governor Morton one of 
the trustees, a position which he 
continues to hold. In 1866, he was 
delegated by the board of trustees 
to visit the several normal schools 
in the United States to obtain the 
necessary information from their 
experience, preparatory to the con- 
struction of a building adapted to 
the best ideal of such institutions. 
The architect embraced in his plan 
the recommendations in his report. 

During the summer of the same 
year he was chosen the first presi- 
dent of Earlham college, and pro- 
fessor of English literature, which 
places he creditably filled for more 



than two years, and until elected 
superintendent of public instruc- 
tion in 1868. A vacancy occurring 
in that office by the resignation of 
Dr. G. W. Hoss, who had accepted 
a professorship in the State univer- 
sity, he by appointment of Governor 
Baker entered at once upon the du- 
ties of that office ; the term for which 
he was elected not commencing un- 
til March fifteenth, 1869. 

He applied himself earnestly and 
faithfully to the duties of his office, 
and in his county visits, public ad- 
dresses and official reports, pressed 
upon the people the necessity of ad- 
ditional tax for the extension of the 
school term in rural districts; of 
the necessity of county superin- 
tendency; of such modifications in 
our school laws as would give 
relief to county officers in mak- 
ing enumerations, distributions of 
school funds, and reports; for the 
perfection of our public school sys- 
tem so that the common school 
would grade properly into the high 
school, and the high school into the 
college and State university; and 
for the rights of colored citizens to 
the benefits of the school funds. 
The resignations of members in 
both branches of the legislature 
during both sessions during his 
term of office, prevented the real- 
ization of his wishes, but he has 
the pleasure of seeing their appro- 
val by subsequent legislation. 

As chairman of a committee of 
the National Superintendents Asso- 
ciation, at Washington, he advo- 
cated such national legislation as 
would equalize the school funds of 
the States, especially with reference 
to Southern States, where school 
funds had been lost by war. His 
report of memorial was approved 



630 



HISTORY (»F INDIANA. 



by the association, and its presenta- 
tion ordered. 

He was one of the earnest advo- 
cates of reform scliools for both 
boys and girls, and for prison re- 
form. He has tlie pleasure of wit- 
nessing the successful inauguration 
of the first, and of anticipating such 
legislation as will make our State 
and city prisons self-suppoi-tive, ed- 
ucational and reformatory. 

He is one of the trustees and in- 
corporators of the Terre Haute In- 
dustrial School, founded by the mu- 
nificent endowment of Chauncy 
Eose, Esq., and has had the charge 
of selecting and sustaining, at the 
State normal school, about twenty 
young ladies, by the liberal provis- 
ion of the same gentleman. These 
have been chosen from about thirty 
diflFerent counties, and the entire 
number so aided has been above 
sixty. 

When his term of service as State 
superintendent closed, he returned 
to his pleasant home at Blooming- 
dale, where he resumed the presi- 
dency of Bloomiugdale academy. 

While, in early life, he was una- 



ble, for want of means, to complete 
his regular college course, his suc- 
cess in his chosen profession secur- 
ed for him an honorary master's 
degree by Wabash college in 1858, 
and the degree of Doctor of Laws 
by the State university in 1870. The 
latter institution has twice honored 
him by offering him the professor- 
ship of English literature, which, 
at the time, he considered would be 
attended by too much pecuniary 
sacrifice for him to accept. 

He was employed by the State 
geologist, in 1872, by aid of a do- 
nation for that object, by the com- 
missioners, to make a geological 
survey of Parke county. His re- 
port may be found in the Geolog 
ical Eeports for that year. 

While he maintains a member 
ship in the Society of Friends, and 
has been by them approved as a 
minister for more than twenty 
years, he is liberal and tolerant 
towards all. His religious senti- 
ments are of the full evangelic 
type, recognizing men of every na- 
tion, race and color as brethren. 



DANIEL KIKKAV0(3L), LL. D. 



He was the son of John and Ag- 
nes (Hope) Kirkwood, and was born 
in Harford county, Maryland, Sep- 
tember twentj^-seventh, 1814. His 
youth was spent in the ordinary 
routine of farm labor, with very 
limited opportunities for acquiring 
even an English education. In 
1834 he entered the York County 
Academy, at York, Pennsylvania, 
where, first as a student, and after- 
ward as teacher of mathematics, he 
continued till 1843, when he was 
elected principal of the Lancaster 



(Pa.) High School. Col. John W. 
Forney and Hon. Thaddeus Stevens 
were then directors of the Lancas- 
ter city schools, and Dr. Kirkwood 
still speaks with evident satisfaction 
of his early oflicial relations with 
the subsequently distinguished joui-- 
nalist and statesman. 

In 1849, while residing in Potts- 
ville, Pa., Dr. Kirkwood publislied 
his Analogy between the Periods of 
Rotation of the Primary Planets, 
which was favorably received by 
the scientific public. In 1851 he 



632 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



was elected a member of the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society, at Phil- 
adelphia, and in the same year to 
the chair of mathematics in Dela- 
ware college; From 1856 to the pres- 
ent time — with the exception of a 
brief absence in Canonsburg, Pa. — 
he has occupied the position which 
he now holds in the University of 
Indiana. 

Dr. Kirkwood has been a frequent 
contributor to our scientific jour- 
nals, and some of his memoirs have 



attracted mucli attention, both in 
Europe and America. His paper 
published in the Proceedings of the 
Royal Astronomical Society of Lon- 
don, Vol. XXIX., was the first to in- 
dicate the physical cause of the gap 
in Saturn's ring, and of similar 
chasms in the zone of asteroids. 

The degree of A. M. was conferred 
on Dr. Kirkwood, in 1849, by Wash- 
ington college, and that of LL. D. in 
1852, by the University of Pennsyl- 



JOHN P. C. SHANKS. 



He was born in Martinsburg, Vir- 
ginia, June seventeenth, 1826. His 
paternal ancestors came from Ire- 
land. His grandfather, Joseph 
Shanks, entered the Continental 
army immediately after the battle 
of Lexington, and served through 
the Revolution, participating in the 
battle of Yorktown. His father, 
Michael Shanks, was a soldier in 
the war of 1812, and an elder broth- 
er served through the Mexican war. 

His father left the State of Vir- 
ginia in 1839, on account of oppo- 
sition to slavery, and settled in the 
wilderness of Jay county, Indiana. 
The subject of this sketch had few 
advantages of schools, either in Vir- 
ginia or in his forest home in the 
Wesl. His parents being in limited 
circumstances, struggling to make 
a home in a new country, their son 
participated in their labors, hard- 
ships, and privations. From his 
fifteenth to his seventeenth year he 
suffered intensely from an attack 
of rheumatism, much of his time 
being helpless, and while in this 
condition studied industriously un- 
der his father, who was a good 
scholar. Regaining his health, he 



pursued his studies during all the 
waking hours which were not occu- 
pied with the severest manual labor. 
He studied by fire-light at home, 
and by camp-fires in the woods. He 
read in the highway while driving 
his team, and carried his book when 
he plowed. He worked at the car- 
penter's trade in Michigan to earn 
money with which to pursue the 
study' of law. In 1847 he com- 
menced the study of law in his 
own county, working for his board, 
and devoting every third week of 
his time to labor for his father on 
the farm. 

He was admitted to practice law 
in 1850, and during that year was 
acting auditor of his county. In 
the autumn following he was elect- 
ed prosecuting attorney of the cir- 
cuit court by tiie unanimous voteef 
both political parties. In 1860 he 
was elected representative from In- 
diana to the thirty-seventh congress, 
and took bis seat July fourth, 1861, 
when congress was assembled by 
proclamation of President Lincoln 
to take measures for the prosecution 
of the war; he voluntarily fought 
in the first l./le of Bull Run, July 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



633 



twenty-first, 1861, and by great ef- 
forts succeeded in rallying a portion 
of the fugitives from the ill-fated 
field. For his conduct, on this oc- 
casion, he was promoted, and after- 
wards accepted an appointment on 
the staff of Gen. Fremont, and serv- 
ed with him in Missouri, and after- 
wards with Gen. Hunter, until the 
re-assemhling of congress. After 
the session of congress closed he 
connected himself with Fremont's 
staff, in "West Virginia. 

In the summer of 1863, Mr. Shanks 
raised the seventh Indiana regiment 
of volunteer cavalry, and on the 
sixth of December, was ordered with 
them from Indianapolis to the field. 



In the following February, he was 
breveted a brigadier-general for mer- 
itorious conduct. Having given ef- 
ficient service until some time after 
the surrender of Lee and Johnston, 
he was mustered out in September, 
1865, at Hempstead, Texas. 

In 1866, Mr. Shanks was elected 
to the fortieth congress, during 
which he served on the committees 
on the militia and Indian affairs. 
In the forty-first congress Mr.Shanks 
was chairman of the committee on 
the militia, and a member of the 
committee on Indian affairs and on 
freedmen's affairs. 

During his public life Mr. Shanks 
has been an industrious worker. 



GKAHAM ]Sr. FITGH. 



He removed from New York, his 
native State, to Logansport, In- 
diana, in 1843. He has been twice 
elected to the Indiana legislature, 
and has been several times elector 
of president and vice-president of 
the United States. He held, for sev- 
eral years, a professorship in Rush 
Medical College, Chicago, 111., and 
resigned that position to take a seat 
in congress. He was four years in 
the national ■ house of representa- 
tives, defeating in the race for his 
second term the Hon. Schuyler Col- 
fax. He (Mr. F.) was subsequently 
four years in the United States sen- 
ate. Although always a decided 
democrat, he has twice dissented 
from the action of the majority of 
his party. In the triangular con- 
test for the presidency between Mr. 
Lincoln, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. 
Breckenridge, he supported the last 
named gentleman, influenced there- 
to by a belief that his election 
would prevent the threatened civil 



war. And again when the major- 
ity of his party supported Mr. Gree- 
ley for the presidency against Gen. 
Grant, he voted for Charles O'Con- 
nor. He opposed alike the ultra 
anti-slavery men of the North, and 
pro-slavery men of the South, aver- 
ring that the former gave the pre- 
text for dissatisfaction in the South, 
while the latter exaggerated the pre- 
text to unreasonably^ increase the 
dissatisfaction. He thought both, 
though antipodes in profession, men 
seeking the same end — civil war and 
dissolution of the Union. He ap- 
pears to have foreseen the war some 
years before its occurrence, and 
warned southern members of con- 
gress of its consequences to their 
section : portraying those conse- 
quences, in one of his speeches in 
congress, much as they subsequent- 
ly occurred. When the war came, 
he raised a regiment (forty-sixth In- 
diana volunteers), and at their head 
entered the federal service. He was 



634 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



soon placed in command of a brisi- 
ade with which he participated in 
the seige and capture of Fort 
Thompson, at New Madrid, Mo. 
His command likewise composed 
part of General Palmer's division, 
which, subsequent to the capture 
of Fort Thompson, blockaded the 
Mississippi at Ruddle's Point, to 
prevent reinforcements and sup- 
plies reaching " Island 10 " from 
below. Afterwards he was detach- 
ed with his brigade from General 
Pope's command to co-operate with 
Commodores Foote and Davis in 



the seige of Fort Pillow, and con- 
ducted the seige so vigorously as to 
materially aid in the forced aban- 
donment of the fort by the confed- 
erate troops. The next day after 
its capture he descended the river 
and captured Memphis, holding it 
for some days, until the arrival of 
General Shanks, of the forty-seventh 
Indiana. He then, with his own 
regiment, embarked for the White 
River, Arkansas, where he rendered 
valuable service. Dr. Fitch is now 
a well known and prominent resi- 
dent of Logansport, Indiana. 



HORACE P. BIDDLE. 



The father of Horace P. Biddle 
was one of the early pioneers of the 
west. Casting his lot in border life, 
he migrated to Marietta, Ohio, in 
1789, where he endured a full share 
of the hardships of those days. In 
1802 he removed to Fairfield county, 
in that State, where he erected the 
log cabin or " Cabin Home," of 
which we present an engraving on 
the following page. This cabin 
was located about one mile below 
Logan, on the north bank of the 
Hocking river, in what is now 
Hocking county. Horace P. Biddle 
was born in this " Cabin Home," in 
1814, and lived here with his pa- 
rents until about twenty years of 
age. His youth was spent wcjrking 
on the farm in the summer and go- 
ing to school in the winter. In the 
former capacity he laid well the 
foundation of a sound, physical 
constitution, such as onlj' agricul- 
tural pursuits can give, and in the 
latter — the rural school room — his 
mind was early directed to the 
beauties of poetry and literature, 
with which his writings since have 
been adorned. 



In 1836 Mr. Biddle applied to the 
late Thomas Ewing to study law, 
and was cordially received by that 
gentleman, who, being a member 
of the United States Senate, at that 
time, recommended him to the office 
of the late Hocking H. Hunter, of 
Lancaster. With the last named 
gentleman Mr. Biddle earnestly 
commenced his studies for the law 
profession. In this undertaking he 
was entirely successful. Through 
the special kindness of Mr. Hunter, 
who proved not only his efficient 
preceptor, but his sincere friend, he 
lacked no advantage calculated to 
facilitate his progress. In April, 
1839, he was admitted to the bar by 
the Supreme Court of Ohio, at Cin- 
cinnati, and in October, of the same 
year, he settled permanently in Lo- 
gansport, Indiana. 

During the first year of his resi- 
dence in Logansport, he was blessed 
with a steady and remunerative 
practice of his profession, which he 
always maintained until he sought 
retirement. This active and pros- 
perous professional life was not 
long drawing him into the political 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



635 



arena. " On the nomination of 
Henry Clay for tlie presidency, he 
advocated his election, and was 
placed upon the electoral ticket. In 
1845 he became a candidate for the 
legislature, but was defeated [by an 
old settler.] He was elected pre- 
siding judge of the eighth judicial 
circuit court in December, 1846, in 
which office he continued until 
1853.- He was a member of the In- 
diana constitutional convention, 
which assembled in 1850. Although 
the district was against his party, 
he received a majority of over two 
hundred votes. In 1853 he was 
nominated for Congress, but failed 
to receive the election. He was 
elected supreme judge in 1857 by a 
large majority, but the governor, 
Ashbel P. Willard, refused to com- 
mission him for the reason that no 
vacancy in the office existed."* 

From 1850 to 1860, he enjoyed a 
large and very lucrative practice at 
the bar. 

At this point we turn from Mr. 
Biddle's political life, for a while, 
to notice his works in literature and 
poetry. It is not a little refreshing 
to the writer to be able to present, 
in the history of the State of Indi- 
ana, a brief biographical sketch of 
one of her citizens who has attained 
the highest political distinction, 
and whose writings are fraught 
witli such a high degree of literary 
merit, and will it not be a source 
of gratification to every resident of 
the State whose eye falls on these 
pages, to know that this wdrk is 
enlivened by such poetry as the fol- 
lowing from the pen of one of their 
own oldest and most respected citi- 
zens. 



Mr. Biddle has not only written 
many original poems of great taste 
and beauty, but has made excellent 
translations from French and Ger- 
man poets. His version of Lamar- 
tine's beautiful poem, "The Swal- 
low," stands very high among the 
real treasures in American litera- 
ture. 

At an early age Mr. Biddle com- 
menced writing rhymes. " One of 
his pieces," says Mr. Cogshall, in 
his Poets and Poetry of the West, 
" printed when he was fifteen years 
old, contained merit enough to in- 
duce another poet to claim it as his 
own." In 1843 Mr. Biddle became 
a contributor to the Southern Liter- 
ary Messenger, furnishing some of 
the richest materials for that maga- 
zine. He also furnished many arti- 
cles, prose as well as poetical, to the 
Ladies^ Repository, and to other 
leading literary periodicals. 

In 1850, a collection of Mr. Bid- 
die's poems was published in pam- 
phlet form, entitled "A few Po- 
ems." In little less than two years 
after a second edition appeared. 
The latter attracted the attention of 
Washington Irving, who, in a letter 
to the author, said: "I have read 
your poems with great relish ; they 
are full of sensibility and beauty, 
and bespeak a talent well worthy of 
cultivation. Such blossoms should 
produce fine fruit." In 1858, an 
enlarged edition was published in 
neat book form at Cincinnati, with 
an essay entitled " What is Poetry ?" 
This volume of poems, and the es- 
say, have received unlimited praise, 
and an exceedingly wide circula- 
tion. In the essay the author taste- 
fully discusses the definitions that 



* Poets and Poetry of the West. 



63G 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



haye been given hy eminent think- 
ers, and then decides that "poetry 
is beautiful thoughts, expressed in 
appropriate language — having no 
reference to the useful." 

The following is a selection from 
Mr. Biddle's volume of poems: 

HAPPY HOURS. 
They sa3' that time, who steals our hours, 

Will never bring them back, 
But bears them off like faded flowers 

That strew his endless track. 

But when I think of childhood's dreams, 
That round my pillow cling, 

And dream them o'er again, it seems 
He never stirred his wing. 

And when I hear my father praise 

His little urchin boy. 
It calls to mind those halcyon days, 

When all I knew was joy. 

And yet I feel the fervent kiss 

My mother gave her son. 
Again I share my mother's bliss, 

Forgetting that she's gone. 

And when I call back friends again. 

That erst I loved to greet. 
And hear each voice's well-known strain. 

Again we seem to meet ! 

Time hallows every happy hour ; 

While fading in the past. 
E'en grief and anguish lose their power. 

And come to pain at last. 

Although he thins our locks so dark. 
And silvers them with grey; 

His crumbling touch can never mark 
The spirit with decay. 

He gathers all the fadeless flowers 
And weaves them in a wreath. 

And with them twines our well-spent 
hours. 
To blunt the dart of death. 

As after music's tones have ceased. 

We oft recall the strain, 
bo when our happy hours are past. 

They come to us again. 

Though time may mingle- thorns with 
flowers. 

And gloomy hours with gay. 
He brings us back the happy houre, 

And bears the sad away. 



Then let us gather only flowers, 

Along the pasture tread, 
And only count the happy hours, 

Forgetting all the sad. 

And if we yet should feel a woe. 

Fond hope soon comes to prove, 

That though 'tis sometimes dark below, 
'Tie always bright above! 

This is one of Mr. Biddle's first 
productions — one that has traveled 
from newspaper to periodical for 
many 'years. Like most all other 
poems, it has been freely used with- 
out any mention as to its author — a 
practice that should be arrested in 
the interests of common courtesy. 
We give below another gem from 
the pen of the subject of this sketch : 

THE ANGEL AND THE FLOWER. 
I saw a child — a lonely flower, 

Spring to the summer's breath, 
I looked again: 'twas but an hour — 

And lo, 'twas laid in death. 

I asked an angel why it was so. 

Why such to earth were given? 

The angel said. " They spring below, 
But have their bloom in heaven." 

How often has the eye of the 
reader fell upon this little poetic star, 
shining in its beauty and bright- 
ness, without knowing its author! 
And we give another : 

BIRTH OF CUPID. 

A tear-drop fell from an angel's eye, . 

And lodged in the cup of a flower; 
While trembling there, 'twas embraced by 
a sigh. 

And Cupid was born in the bower. 

Thus sprang from embraces so sweetly 
impressed, 
Tht child of a sigh and a tear. 
And reared on the sweets of a flower's 
breast. 
Why marvel he's wayward, sweet, 
tender and dear? 

But our limited space will not 
admit of as many selections from 
this volume as its merit deserves. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



637 



We must, in this connection, mal^e 
some mention of " My Scrap Booli," 
a very tasty volume of poems by 
Mr. Biddle, which has been printed 
and elegantly bound, but not pub- 
lished. 

Tliis work has been printed for 
the purpose of preserving numerous 
scraps of poetry written at different 
times by the same author. It con- 
tains some fine specimens of wit 
and humor, many beautiful senti- 
ments, and some very rich treasures 
in poetry. We select a few pieces 
from this unpublished v/ork, with- 
out the permission of its author, at 
our own risk. 

First, we give an extract from a 
poem written on the " Death of the 
President," or more particularly on 
the death of President Adams, the 
elder, and President Jefierson, both 
of whom died on the fourth of July, 
1826, just fifty years after the sign- 
ing of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence: 



They fell as falls the rock-built tower, 

That rears its form sublime, 
And ages prove the conquerer's power; 
Then, when no longer dans;erg lower, 

Bows to the hand of time! 

* * * * * 

Dismissed, as time rolled back that hour 

In which they laid the wall 
Of liberty's exalted tower: 
Planted the tree and spread the bower. 

Which we will not let fall. 

And from a long poem, entitled 
" The old graveyard," we give three 
stanzas : 

In this sequestered spot so dear, - 
The loved ones of the household sleep : 

Nay, I forget : they are not here ; 
It is their dust o'er which I weep. 

That dust has slept so long and well, 
I would not now disturb its rest, 

While they have gone with God to dwell, 
And find repos« upon his breast. 



On earth no monument can last 

Beyond its little hour or day; 
The summer's heat and wintry blast, 

Soon sink or crumble it away. 

***** 

We also select this poem of " The 
Day of Life," from the unpublislied 
volume : 

The morning conies like a beautiful bride 

Adorned in her bright array ; 
But sweeter far is the evening tide, 

To those who have borne the day. 
So life begins with its radiant skies, 

When all is so fair and bright. 
Our sun goes down, but the stars arise 

To show us a sweeter light. 

The body«is built up out of the earth. 

And rounded in beauty and love; 
The soul that in heaven must have its birth, 

Comes down to us from above. 
Thus through this world, 'twixt a smile and 
a tear. 

We wander, hope, and despond; 
But when life closes the clouds appear 

To show us the world beyond. 

On a preceding page we give an 
engraving of Mr. Biddle's " Cabin 
Home," or the home of his youth. 

The following is a poem on tliis 
old pioneer log dwelling, from the 
unpublished volume referred to : 

MY CABIN HOME. 
The old cabin home, how dearly 't is cher- 
ished! 
WTiat fond recollections rush back on 
the mind! 
But where are my friends? Can it be they 
have perished? 
Not one at the homestead to greet do I 
find. 
Ah ! go to the graveyard ; the stones there 
will tell 
Where those whom I once loved so fond- 
ly have gone — 
To a happier world, there forever to dwell. 
And left me behind them to wander 
alone! 

But still grows the pear-tree, the apple, the 
cherry. 
The sweet twining wild-rose that crept 
up the wall, 

The gooseberry bush, and the golden rasp- 
berry, 



638 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



And the Lonibardy poplar that grew np 

80 tall ; 
Though one spreading shade-tree has gone 

with ray friends, 
Its branches extended and shaded the 

well. 
No leaves deck its limhs, and their dead, 

broken ends 
Of ties that are broken now mournfully 

tell! 

On the banks of Hockhocking — the clear 

winding river — 
Beneath the cool shade of a sycamore 

tree, 
I reclined me at noon where the glossy 

leaves quiver, 
And watched the light swallow that 

sported so free; 
Or strayed by its waters to spend my noon- 
hour 
In search of some pebble washed bare by 

its lave, 
Or sought on its banks to cull a sweet 

flower. 
Or bathe my young limbs in its silvery 

wave! 

Oh ! scenes of my childhood, and home of 
my birth, 
I bid you along and a last sad adieu: 
The sweet little vale— fairest spot on the 
earth — 
And ye bills that surround it, a farewell 
to you ! 
My home and my friends! shall I cease to 
regret them ? 
Shall I ever forget the dear scenes of my 
plays? 
When death rends these heart-strings, yes, 
then I '11 forget them— 
Then cease to forget those halcyon days. 
1839. 

Since 1870, Mr. Biddle has lived 
a retired life in bis delightful " Isl- 
and Home," on " Biddle's Island," 
in tlie Wabash river, near Logans- 
port. 

This home is one of the most de- 
lightful places in the State. It is 
provided with one of the most com- 
plete and best selected libraries in 
the country. There are also a good 
supply of fine musical instruments 
with which Mr. Biddle often enter- 
tains his numerous guests. 



Although his life has been retired 
for the last few years, it has by no 
means been idle. In 1868, another 
volume of poems from his pen was 
published by Hand & Houghton, of 
New York, and a second edition of 
the same work was published in 
1872. 

Mr. Biddle's work, entitled, " The 
Musical Scale," a purely scientific 
treatise, published by O. Ditson, of 
Boston, is regarded as a standard 
work, and is probably the best work 
on the subject ever published. His 
review of Prof. Tyndall's work on 
" Sound," correcting several radical 
errors, has also received attention 
and praise. But we have no space 
even to mention the list of his va- 
rious writings of merit in prose and 
poetry. It is stated on good author- 
ity, that he has now ready for press 
one of the best poems he has ever 
written, entitled, "American Boy- 
hood." This piece covers an inter- 
esting portion of the early history 
of this country, and will make a 
large volume. 

He has also in manuscript, nearly 
ready for press, a volume entitled, 
" Elements of Knowledge," which 
will no doubt take a permanent 
place among standard works on 
the subject. 

In 1873, a volume appeared, enti- 
tled, " Glances at the World," which 
was attributed to Judge Biddle, and 
perhaps rightfully. It was a run- 
ning satire upon the times, and elic- 
ited considerable comment in polit- 
ical circles. 

In 1874, against his wishes and 
expectations, Mr. Biddle was made 
a candidate for judge of the supreme 
court of Indiana. He was elected 
by the largest aggregate vote, and 
the largest majority ever before 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



639 



given to a candidate in the history 
of the State. Thus, at tlie ripe age 
of sixty years, Judge Biddle has 
been called from his pleasant retire- 
ment by the united voice of the 
people of his State, to fill one of 
the highest and most responsible 
offices within their gift, a testimo- 
nial that can not fail to make the 
arduous duties of his position pleas- 
ant. 

We will close our hurried and 
incomplete sketch of one of In- 
diana's best men, by a poem from 
his own pen, taken from his un- 
published " Scrap-Book, " entitled : 

MY ISLAND HOME. 
Dear home of beauty and repose, 
Where all untutored blooms the rose, 
Where sing the birds on every spray 
Prom coming morn till parting day; 
Secure from strife, away from harm. 
In summer cool, in winter warm ; 
Nursed in the river"s sweet embrace, 
Where all is gentleness and peace ! 

Here lives the oak, whose mighty arm ■ 
Protects the flow'ret from the storm ; 



And fruits are smiling o'er the laud. 
Planted by nature's plenteous hand. 
The garden, forest, and the field, 
Their beauty, strength, and richness yield. 
Unchecked the heart, unchained the mind, 
Yet all is chastened and refined! 

Here friends may seek the grove aloof. 
Or gather 'neath the sheltering roof. 
Where still, like Academus' school. 
They hold sweet converse, soul to soul. 
When grave thoughts too heavy weigh. 
Then music breathes her softest lay; 
Or joy and mirth our spirits move. 
All mingled with the sweets of love! 

Here garnered are the thoughts of time, 
The noble deeds of every clime, 
And here still dwell the mighty dead ; 
Here living minds are richly fed 
With ancient lore and Attac salt, 
And all that can the soul exalt; 
Here distant lands and ages meet. 
And all the world lays at our feet! 

Here sciences our minds engage. 
And here philosophy's rich page 
Teaches unalterable truth 
That lives in everlasting youth. 
And here the arts their treasures show— 
The good, the beautiful, the true. 
Wherein the things that can not die 
All join in immortality! 



JOB.^ L. CAMPBELL, LL. D. 



He was born at Salem, Washing- 
ton county, Indiana. In early life 
he enjoyed special advantages for 
instruction, under Hon. John I. 
Morrison, of Indianapolis, and to 
this excellent teacher he is largely 
indebted for his impulses in the di- 
rection of a liberal and scientific 
education. 

Mr. Campbell entered Wabash col- 
lege in the year 1844, and graduated 
with distinction in 1848. A part of 
the following year was spent as a 
clerk, and a portion as surveyor in 
tlie location of the Louisville, New 
Albany and Chicago railroad, when 
he was appointed tutor in Wabash 
college. 



In 1851 he assumed the duties of 
principal of the preparatory depart- 
ment of the college, and continued 
in this position for two years, in the 
meanwhile devoting all his leisure 
hours to the study of law under the 
direction of Hon. Henry S. Lane and 
Col. S. C. Wilson, receiving his li- 
cense to practice law in the year 
1853. 

The same year he was appointed 
associate professor of mathematics 
in Wabash college, and in June, 
1854, received the appointment ol 
professor of mathematics, natuial 
philosophy and astronomy; which 
responsible and important position 
he still retains. 



640 



HISTORY OF INDIAXA. 



In June, 1874, the Indiana State 
University conferred on Prof. Camp- 
bell the honorary degree of LL. D. 

By special invitation of Professor 
Henry, Prof. Campbell, in Eebrua- 
ry, 1864, delivered the address at 
the Smithsonian Institution, Wash- 
ington, D. C, on the life and teach- 
ings of Galileo, in commemoration 
of the completion of the third cen- 
tury since the birth of that gx-eat 
philosopher. This address was a 
very able production and highly 
spoken of 

To the occasion of this address 
he refers the origin of the thought of 
holding the international exposition 
and centennial celebration of 1876, 
at Philadelphia. 

In 1866, Prof Campbell was ap- 
pointed by the president of the 
United States, a member of the 
hoard of visitors to West Point, 
and during the same year or early 
in 1867, he addressed letters to Hon. 
Morton McMichael, mayor of Phil- 
adeliihia, and Hon. Henry S. Lane, 
United States senator, from Indiana, 
suggesting and giving an outline of 
a plan for the centennial celebration 
of 1876, at Philadelphia, to which 
letters they promptly responded 
with the most cordial endorsement 
of the proposition and promise of 



earnest co-operation at the proper 
time. 

The act of congress providing for 
holding the industrial exhibition 
at Philadelphia, in 1876, requires 
the appointment, by the president, 
of a commissioner and alternate 
commissioner from each State ; and 
in compliance with this act. Presi- 
dent Grant, on the recommendation 
of Governor Baker, appointed Prof. 
Campbell commissioner for In- 
diana. This commission bears 
date April 39, 1871. 

At the first meeting of the Unit- 
ed States Centennial Commission, 
March fourth, 1872, Prof Campbell 
was honored with the position of 
chairman of the committee on per- 
manent organization, and after- 
wards placed at tlie head of the 
committee on foreign alfairs, a po- 
sition of great responsibility, in an 
international undertaking of such 
magnitude. 

At the session of the commission 
in May, 1873, lie was elected perma- 
nent secretary of the commission, 
and entered upon the onerous duties 
of that highly important office in 
the following June. 

Prof. Campbell has been an active 
contributor to the editorial and oth- 
er columns of a number of our lead- 
ing newspapers. 



JOSEPH F. TUTTLE, D.D. 



He was born at Bloomfield, New 
Jersey, in 1818. His father was the 
Rev. Jacob Tuttle, a prominent 
minister in that State. Dr. Tuttle's 
early school life was spent at New- 
ark Academy, until 1832, when the 
family removed to Ohio. 

Dr. Tuttle entered Marietta Col- 
lege as a Freshman in 1837, and 



graduated in 1841. He received the 
first honor as valedictorian at grad- 
uation, and was afterwards more 
highly complimented by receiving 
the first honorary degree of D. D. 
conferred by the college upon one 
of its own Alumni. The subject of 
his oration (poem,) for the second 
degree, (A.M.,) was " Tiie Aztec Sac- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



G41 



rifice." He entered Lane Theologi- 
cal Seminary in 1841, and was after- 
wards tutor in Marietta College one 
year. He was licensed to preach 
April, 1844, and was settled as pastor 
of the Second Presbyterian Church 
of Delaware, Ohio, in 1845. In 1847 
he was called to the Presbyterian 
Church of Rockaway, New Jersey, 
and entered on his long pastorate, 
ending by his removal to Crawfords- 
ville, Indiana, as president of Wa- 
bash College, in 1862. During this 
period, he rarely failed to fill all his 
appointments ; indeed two or three 
Sabbaths would include all the 
omissions for twenty years. 

The incidents of an earnest and 
successful ministry, extending over 
a period of fifteen years, relate more 
to the inner life than the rough ex- 
periences of the outer world. The 
commonplace book of the pastor is 
filled with visits to the bereaved, 
ministrations to the sick, consola- 
tions to the dying, comforts to the 
needy, joys to the buoyant, the ser- 
vice at the altar and in the home. 
This sacred inner life is the reward 
of the true Christian minister in a 
higher sense than of any other pur- 
suit or profession. 

In addition to this delightful 
work as pastor, Dr. Tuttle has kept 



a busy pen for the public. His 
contributions to the religious and 
secular press have been very nu- 
merous, and have always received 
great commendation. Among the 
more important productions of hi.s 
pen we may mention his several 
Baccalaureate addresses at Wabash 
College, a " Life of William Tuttle," 
two Sabbath School books entitled, 
"Self-Reliance," and, "The Way 
Lost and Found," several addresses 
before the New Jersey Historical 
Society, the College Society at Wor- 
cester, Mass, and a number of 
funeral discourses. 

During the twelve years since 
1862, Wabash College has been 
greatly enlarged in all its facilities, 
and Dr. Tuttle has achieved very 
gratifying success as its president. 
As a public speaker, he has won a 
reputation of a high order. His Sab- 
bath afternoon lectures, in the col- 
lege chapel, are specially interest- 
ing, and his literary addresses before 
lyceums and lecture associations in 
various places are uniformly suc- 
cessful. In the class room he is an 
earnest teacher, expounding with 
clearness and precision, and seek 
ing faithfully to stimulate earnest 
endeavor to secure honest manhood. 



MOSES FOWLEE. 



He was born near Circleville, 
Ohio, in 1815. He removed to Indi- 
ana in 1839, and settled at La Fay- 
ette, where, in company with John 
Purdue, now of Purdue University, 
he engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
conducting a successful business for 
several years. He was subsequently 
associated with Robert Stockwell 
and W. F. Reynolds, in the whole- 
sale grocery trade. La Fayette was 
41 



at that time the terminus of the 
Wabash and Erie canal, and the 
head of navigation on the Wabash 
river. Her trade, within a radius 
of a hundred miles or more, was 
immense. The house of Reynolds, 
Fowler & Stockwell, not unfre- 
quently chartered an entire fleet of 
steamboats at New Orleans in the 
spring of the year to bring their 
stock of sugars, coffee and molasses 



642 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



up the Wabash. Six first class 
steamers unloading their goods at 
the La Fayette landing at one time, 
was not an unusual spectacle. Mr. 
Fowler retired from this firm, and 
in company with Adams Earl, 
opened a private banking house. 
The old State Bank had served its 
day and generation, and Mr. Fowler, 
in company with Hon. Hugh Mc- 
Cullough, C. B. Blair, Levi Warren, 
and otlier representative men, de- 
vised the new system known as the 
Bank of the State. He indentified 
himself with the La Fayette branch, 
and, as its president, opened the in- 
stitution in its auspicious begin- 
ning, and made it the strongest 
branch, (save one,) in Indiana. This 
well conducted branch, with ample 
capital and accumulated surplus, 
was merged into the present Na- 
tional State Bank, which, with its 
capital and available resources, ag- 
gregates over a million of dollars. 
Mr. Fowler is in the prime of life, 
and the active duties of the banker 
have not interfered with another, 
and we may say a better aspiration — 
to become a farmer. Some years 
since his attention was attracted to 
the valuable belt of lands lying 
west of the Wabash, on the Illinois 
State line — the very cream of the 
Grand Prairie. He invested in 
twenty-six thousand acres, and set 
himself to work in the improve- 
ment of this magnificent domain. 
On the completion of the L. M. and 
B. railroad, due west from La Fay- 



ette to Bloomington, Mr. Fowler, 
associated with Adams Earl and G. 
Ricker, from their private means, 
constructed the railroad known as 
the C. L. and C, or the short line to 
Chicago. This road passes through 
the heart of Benton county, and 
traverses the rich body of lauds 
owned by Mr. Fowler. The geo- 
graphical center of Benton county, 
at Hickory Grove, was selected as 
the new county seat. The town of 
Fowler was laid out, and the re- 
moval of the capital from Oxford 
secured by a donation from Mr. 
Fowler of forty thousand dollars to 
the building of a new court house. 
A beautiful structure has been com- 
pleted, the records removed, and a 
flourishing town has sprung up, as 
if by magic. Mr. Fowler has placed 
every acre of his landed estate in 
Benton county under cultivation, 
and while selling liberally to actual 
settlers, cultivates six thousand 
acres in corn, and handles from two 
to three thousand head of cattle 
annually. Mr. Fowler has in con- 
templation the endowment of a fe- 
male college at the new county seat ; 
a mile square, of choice land on a 
commanding elevation south of the 
town has been designated as the 
location, and if Mr. Fowler shall 
conclude to administer upon his 
own estate in the inauguration of 
this educational benefaction, it will 
be an enduring monument to his 
memory when he shall go hence. 



WILL CUMBACK. 



He was born in Franklin county, 
Indiana, March twenty-fourth. 1829. 
His father, a few years before, had 
moved to the West and occupied a 



small farm in that county. Schools, 
in those days, were of a pretty low 
type, and kept open only a few 
months in the year, so that an am- 



644 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



bitious boy was obliged to look 
away from home and make a reso- 
lute fight for an education. Cum- 
back, working steadily for his fath- 
er, contrived, by renting and work- 
ing some adjoining fields of the 
neighbors, to raise money enough 
to enter Miami University and get 
a good footing there; and as his 
stock was exhausted, he did as so 
many thousand other lovers of 
books have done, replenished it by 
teaching. Without graduating he 
kept this up a few years, when, by 
alternate teaching, reading and at- 
tending the Cincinnati Law School, 
he fitted himself for practice, and 
was admitted and went vigorously 
to work in the flourishing town of 
Greensburgh, where he has ever 
since resided. 

In 1854 he was nominated in his 
district — long known as thoroughly 
democratic — a candidate for con- 
gress, and he was elected over W. 
S. Holman. In 1860, he was one of 
the electors for the State at large. 
As his name was first on the ticket, 
he cast the first vote for Abraham 
Lincoln, and the first anti-slavery 
vote of his native State. 

"When the call was made for troops 
he enlisted as a private soldier, but 
was soon after appointed by the 
president a paymaster. This place 
he filled until the war ended. He 
received and paid out nearly sixty 
millions of dollars. 'He resumed 
his practice at Greensburgh; and 



in 18C5 the republicans of Decatur 
county nominated him for the State 
senate, to which he was elected. 

Soon after the session began, Gov- 
ernor Moi'ton was elected to the sen- 
ate of the United States, and there- 
by Lieutenant-Governor Baker be- 
came governor. The republicans 
thereupon elected Cumback presi- 
dent of the senate. 

In 1868 the republican party made 
him their candidate for lieutenant- 
governor. He canvassed the State 
very thoroughly and with his usual 
energy and success, so that his name 
led the entire ticket when the votes 
were counted. When the following 
legislature assembled, a large major- 
ity of the republican members, clear- 
ly reflecting the wishes of the party 
throughout the State, favored his 
election to the senate of the United 
States. At the caucus he received, 
on the first ballot, fifty-two votes 
out of seventy-six. The devotees 
of other senatorial candidates, re- 
fusing to be bound by the act of the 
caucus, withheld their support, and 
he was not elected to the senate. 

In 1870 the president sent Cum- 
back's name to the senate as minis- 
ter to Portugal, and the nomination 
was promptly approved. But this 
appointment he thought it his duty 
to decline. In 1871 he was made 
collector of internal revenue for the 
district in which he lives; this of- 
fice he accepted and continues to 
fill. 



MAJOR AMBROSE WHITLOCK. 



He settled in Montgomery county, 
Indiana, in 1823. He was an enter- 
prising pioneer, and did much to 
open the way for the successful set- 
tlement of that county. He laid ofl" 



the town of Crawfordsville in 1833, 
and was appointed receiver of pub- 
lic moneys for the first land oflice 
in Crawfordsville, by John Q. Ad- 
ams, in 1825. He was an active, 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



645 



brave, and efficient officer under with pioneer experiences. His wid- 



General Anthony Wayne, and after 
a long life of usefulness, he died at 
Crawfordsville in June, 1864, in the 
ninety-sixth year of his age, ripe 



ow remained until 1873, when, in 
the ninetieth year of her age, she 
passed on to meet him. 



JOHN BEAED.* 



He was one of the pioneers of 
Montgomery county; was born in 
North Carolina, January fourth, 
1795. In 1823 he moved to Mont- 
gomery county, locating near Craw- 
fordsville, where he still resides 



(1874). Mr. Beard served the peo- 
ple of his county as a legislator for 
over fifteen years, with gi'eat ability. 
He is honest, capable and energetic, 
and retires to old age with the af- 
fections of all who know him. 



HENEY S. LANE. 



He is one of the most distinguish- 
ed men of Montgomery county ; was 
born in Kentucky in the year 1811. 
In 1833 he removed to Crawfords- 
ville, and commenced the practice 
of law, rising rapidly in his profes- 
sion. He was elected to the State 
legislature in 1837, and in 1840 to 
the congress of the United States to 
fill the vacancy occasioned by the 
death of General Howard. In 1841 
he was again elected to the same 
position. In 1846 Senator Lane 
raised a company of volunteers for 
Mexico, of which he was chosen 



captain, and before marching or- 
ders were received, he was appoint- 
ed colonel of the regiment. In 
1860 Colonel Lane was elected 
governor of the State of Indiana, 
over Thomas A. Hendricks, and 
almost immediately following he 
was elected by the legislature to 
the office of United States senator, 
which position he accepted, leav- 
ing the office of governor to O. P. 
Morton, the lieutenant-governor. 
Hon. H. S. Lane is still an active 
resident of Crawfordsville. 



EEY. JAMES THOMPSON. 



He is another of the old pioneers 
of Crawfordsville ; was born in Ham- 
ilton county, Ohio, in the year 1801. 
He graduated at the Miami Univer- 
sity of Oxford, Ohio, in 1835, and 
moved to Montgomery county in 
1828. He was the first regular Pres- 
byterian preacher in Crawfordsville, 
and was instrumental in promoting 
the growth of Wabash College. He 
removed to Wabash, where he 
preached with great success for five 



years; after which he returned to 
Crawfordsville. In 1853 he moved to 
Mankato, Minn., where he preached 
for fifteen years. He died in Octo- 
ber, 1873, and his remains were 
brought back to Crawfordsville and 
deposited in Mill's cemetery. His 
name is fresh and precious in the 
memory of the people of Montgom- 
ery county, as also among those 
who have met with him in Minne- 
sota. 



* A brief sketch of Mr. Beard is included in the history of Montgomery county. 



646 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



WILLIAM W. NICHOLSON 



He was one of the first settlers in 
Crawfordsville. He left Kentucky 
in a keel-boat in 1823, passed down 
the Ohio to the mouth of the Wii- 
bash, thence up the Wabash to the 
mouth of Sugar creek, and from 
thence to Crawfordsville, where he 



settled, one of the first in the little 
hamlet. Soon after he arrived he 
started a tan-yard, and opened a tav- 
ern in a log house. He was very 
irdustrious, and accumulated con- 
siderable property. He died in 1859, 
at the age of seventy. 



ISAAC C. ELSTON. 



He was one of the leading citizens 
of Crawfordsville, now deceased ; 
was born in the State of New York 
in 1795, and emigrated to Montgom- 
ery county, Indiana, with his family 
in 1824. He was a soldier in the 
war of 1812. He was engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Crawfords- 
ville for many years, and during the 
last years of his life was a successful 



banker. He established the well- 
knowii Elston Bank of Crawfords- 
ville. Mr. Elston was a very con- 
sistent member of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, and died in 1807, 
at the age of seventy-two years. He 
is remembered by the people of 
Montgomery county as a useful 
citizen. 



WILLIAMSON DUNN. 



He was born in Kentucky, in 
1781 ; settled in Crawfordsville in 
1824. He was appointed register 
of the land office by President Mon- 



roe, and filled many other offices of 
usefulness to the citizens of tliat 
town. He died near Hanover, Imli- 
ana, in 1854. 



EOBERT BRACKENRIDGE. 



Robert Brackenridgo, ,(now de- 
ceased,) for many years a prominent 
resident of Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
was born at Brockville, Indiana, in 
September, 1818. In 18B0 he moved 
with his uncle, ('apt. Robert Brack- 
cnridge, to Fort Wayne, and became 
a clerk in his uncle's office, w'Lo 
wa.s register of the United States 
Ii.nd office at that place. At an 
early age he commenced the study 
of law, and at the age of twenty 
was admitted to the l)ar. He was a 
nartncr willi Ciiarles W. Ewiug till 
the death uf the latter, in 1S4:!. He 



early distinguished himself at llie 
bar, and receiving a very liberal 
patronage, accumulated consider- 
a])le wealth. He died at Fort Wayne 
in February, 1873^ On this sad oc- 
casion the . press of that city re- 
viewed his life as something o\ 
great importance to the city. Tiie 
Sentinel, in a two column eulogy 
of his character, made the follow- 
ing remarks: ''Few tikmi in Fort 
Wayne, or in the State, were heller 
known than Robert Brackenridge, 
and he was a ruan sure in be known 
wherever he went, for he carried 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKKl'CHES. 



647 



with him a marked individuality. 
For more than forty-two years he 
has gone in and out before the peo- 
ple of Fort Wayne, until we may 
say, almost witliout exaggeration, 
everybody linew him, and few there 
are who will not miss, with a sense 
of sadness, his familiar form and 
voice. Never an office holder, we 
believe, nor, so far as we know, an 
aspirant for office, he was essentially 
a public man. A man of his strong 
faculties and bold self-assertion, 



could not be hidden. He was a 
natural leader, and therefore in his 
chosen profession of a lawyer inevi- 
tably became a leader among his 
brethren at the bar. It is no dis- 
paragement to any of the able men 
of the Fort "Wayne bar, or of the bar 
of the State, to say that Eobert 
Brackenridge was among the ablest 
of them — and in some elements of 
the highest order of forensic ability 
he was their superior." 



COL. FKANCIS YIGO. 



Francis Vigo was born in the 
kingdom of Sardinia, in 1840, and 
died in Vincennes, Indiana, in 1836. 
Until about the year 1778, he was a 
resident of the then Spanish port 
of St. Louis, where he was active in 
trading with the Indians, in which 
pursuit he acquired the title of the 
" Spanish merchant." He removed 
to Vincennes a short time previous 
to the capture of that post by the 
celebrated George Rogers Clarke. 
He was instrumental in assisting 
Clarke to take the post, and was 
arrested by the British as a spy. 
" In the Illinois campaigns of 1778 
and 1779," says a wi"iter for the 
Vigo County Atlas, " under the com- 
mand of Gen. George Rogers Clarke, 
Col. Vigo relieved the suffering and 
destitute army by advancing large 
suras of money to feed and clothe 
them, receiving therefor bills of ex- 
change drawn on O. Pollock, of 
New Orleans, the financial agent 
of the State of Virginia, under the 
authority of which Gen. Clarke was 
conducting the campaign. Some 
of these bills were paid, and some 
have never been paid to this day, 
although Col.- Vigo, in sickness and 



destitute circumstances, applied for 
the money, and although the com- 
missioners of Revolutionary claims 
for the State of Virginia adjusted 
the claim in his favor, amounting, 
with interest accruing, to $32,654.85, 
at Richmond, Virginia, on the six- 
teenth of December, 1825. Col. 
Vigo, although his patriotism and 
self-sacrifice had saved the army 
and given victory to the cause of 
the colonies in the west, was al- 
lowed to die in a state of almost 
absolute penury for the want of 
IDayment of a just claim of money 
which he had advanced to the suf- 
fering soldiers, to the great detri- 
ment of his own business. There 
can be no doubt that tlie money 
spent for the army was the cause of 
Col. Vigo's poverty in the latter 
years of his life, when he became 
too old to retrieve his lost fortune. 
A suit for the above unpaid bill lias 
been brought by the executors of 
Col. Vigo, and is now pending in 
the court of claims of the United 
States against the State of Virginia. 
Col. Vigo was not married until 
quite old, when he was united in 
matrimony to Miss Shannon, a 



r,48 



HISTORY or INDIANA. 



daughter of one of the earliest set- 
tlers on the Wabash. Thej- never 
had any children. Col. Vigo -was 
made commandant of the militia 
of Vincennes in 1790, and in 1810 he 
was one of Gen. Harrison's confi- 



dential messengers to the Indians, 
especially those at tlie Prophet's 
Town. Col. Vigo's name will ever 
be associated with the early history 
of the Wabash valley. 



THOMAS DOWLIKG. 



This distinguished resident of 
Vigo county was born in Ireland, 
in 1810, and came to America in 
1818. At the age of eight years his 
parents died, and he was thrown 
upon his own resources for a liveli- 
hood. But in this extrcimity young 
Dowling was not wanting in cour- 
age and energy. His first move 
was to enter the printing office of 
the National Intelligencer, at Wash- 
ington, D. C, where he was then 
living. He remained in this office 
fourteen years, or until he was 
twenty-two years of age. During 
this time he had become thoroughly 
self-educated, and had gained a 
practical knowledge of the political 
events of the country. In 1832 he 
removed to Terre Haute, where he 
started XheWahnsh Courier. In 1842 
he became the editor and proprietor 
of the Express, which he conducted 
with energy and ability as a Whig 
paper until 1845. Previous to this 



date he had served eight years as a 
member of the State legislature, in 
which he became a prominent and 
useful legislator. In 1864 he erected 
" Dowling Hall," at Terre Haute, at 
a cost of $60,000. In all the leading 
enterprises of his adopted city, he 
has been active, always productive 
of the general good of the county 
and city. In June, 1873, he was 
placed, by the unanimous voice of 
the people of Vigo county, at the 
head of the affairs of the county in 
the board of county commissioners. 
Grave difficulties had arisen con- 
cerning certain alleged extravagant 
schemes, which were calculated t(j 
burden the people with useless and 
enormous taxation for proposed 
public improvements. The county 
was carried through this political 
storm safely, chiefly through his 
energy and honesty of purpose. He 
is now an old and respected citizen 
of Terre Haute. 



EICHAKD W. THOMPSON. 



This old and respected resident 
of Terre Haute was born in Vir- 
ginia, in June, 1809. In the fall of 
1831, he emigrated to Indiana, 
where he taught in Bedford, a pri- 
vate school, after which he opened 
the Lawrence County Seminary. 
After conducting this about one 
year, he engaged as clerk in a large 
dry goods house in that county. 



While in this capacity he began the 
study of law, in which he was suc- 
cessful, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1834. During the same year he 
was elected to the legislature of In- 
diana. In 1838 he was returned to 
the House, and in the following 
year was chosen State Senator. In 
the legislature of the State, Mr. 
Thompson not only displayed great 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



649 



ability and foresight, but was actu- 
ally instrumental in effecting very 
important legislation. He was Pres- 
ident of the Senate 'pro tempore on 
the occasion of the resignation of 
Lieutenant-Governor David Wal- 
lace, and held the oflflce of acting 
Governor during the administration 
of Hon. Noah Noble, until Hon. 
David Hillis was elected Lieuten- 
ant-Governor. In 1841 he was nom- 
inated for Congress by the Whig 
convention of the second congre.s. 
siona] district, and was elected over 
Hon. John W. Davis. In that Con- 
gress, Mr Thompson served on sev- 
eral important committees, and was 
considered an able member. He 
declined a renomination to the same 
position, and in 1843 removed to 
Terre Haute, where he has since 
continued the practice of law. In 
1847 he was again elected to Con- 
gress by the Whig party over Hon. 
W. A. Wright, afterwards Governor 
of Indiana. He was prominent in 
Congress during this term, and at 
its close retired from public life. 
In 1849, he was appointed United 
States Minister to Austria by Gen- 
eral Tayloi', but declined to accept 
the position. He was tendered sev- 
eral other appointments by the gen- 



eral government, all of which he 
declined. Mr. Thompson held the 
office of judge of the eighteenth ju- 
dicial circuit of Indiana one term, 
commencing in 1867, but declined 
to be a candidate at the election in 
1869. During the war for the Union, 
Mr. Thompson was active, and 
rendered valuable services to his 
country. He was commandant of 
" Camp Dick. Thompson," near 
Terre Haute, and also served as Pro- 
vost Marshall of the district. Du- 
ring the past four years Mr. Thomp- 
son has lived a retired life, declin- 
ing all political offices tendered 
him. He has also retired from the 
practice of law, except as the attor- 
ney for the I. H. and I., the St. L. V. 
and T. H., and several other roads. 
He has taken a deep interest in 
literary and educational pursuits, 
having collected a very extensive 
library of rare and standard works. 
He is president of the board of 
trustees of the Indiana State Normal 
School, and a member of the board 
of trustees of the Indiana Asbury 
University. He is now living qui- 
etly in his elegant residence at 
Spring Hill, some miles from Terre 
Haute, one of the pleasantest rural 
homes in the State. 



ZE^AS SMITH. 



This very old and much respected 
citizen of Terre Haute was born in 
New Jersey, in June, 1796. He has 
been a very diligent and hard work- 
ing man, through a long and honor- 
able life, and will go down to the 



grave with the good will of a host 
of citizens. He was for many years 
a brick-layer, and has erected many 
of the brick buildings in Terre 
Haute. He has been a magistrate 
for over fifteen years. 



DAYID S. DA:N"ALDS0N. 



He was born in Kentucky, in 1809. 
He received his education in a log 
school house in his native State. 



He located permanently in Terre 
Haute in 1835, first engaging in the 
dry goods business. At this time 



650 



HTSTOKY OF INDIANA. 



the village extended only to Third 
street. He was burnt out in 1839, 
and after a time started again in the 
same business. In 1845 he pur- 
chased from Col. Thomas Dowling 
the WabasJi Exj)r€ss printing estab- 
lishment, and conducted that paper 
as editor and proprietor until No- 
vember ninth, 1853, when he sold 
out. During his newspaper experi- 
ence, he started the first daily paper 
ever printed in Terre Haute. This 



experiment was, at that time, unsuc- 
sessful. After disposing of his 
newspaper establishment, he re- 
turned to the dry goods business, 
and at the close of the war sold out 
to his partner, and commenced the 
prosecution of pension claims, 
which he still successfully con- 
tinues. He has built up a fine rep- 
utation, and enjoys the respect of 
all who know him. 



WILLIAM H. ENGLISH * 



He was born in Scott county, In- 
diana, and is now in the prime of 
life. He is the son of the late Major 
Elisha G. English, one of tlie pio- 
neers of Scott county, whose por- 
trait and biography appear else- 
where in tliis volume. Mr. Eng- 
lish's early education was such as 
could be acquired at the common 
schools of his neighborhood, and a 
course of three years' study at the 
South Hanover University. He 
studied law, and was admitted to 
practice in the circuit court at the 
early age of eighteen years. He 
was subsequently admitted to the 
supreme court of his State; and, in 
the twenty-third year of his age, to 
the highest judicial tribunal in the 
country, the supreme court of the 
United States. 

At an early age Mr. English turn- 
ed his attention to politics, and al- 
though remarkably successful in 
political life, in the calmer reflec- 
tion of later years, he laid down 
the honors of olfice to seek in the 
walks of l)usiness a more congenial 
vocation. 



In 1843, he was chosen principal 
clerk of the house of representa- 
tives of Indiana, and during the ad- 
ministration of President Polk lie 
filled, with credit, an important po- 
sition in the treasury department at 
Washington. He was a clerk of tlie 
claims committee, in the United 
States senate during the memora- 
ble session of the compromise of 
1850, and while in Washington was 
married to Miss Emma M. Jackson, 
of Virginia. 

Returning to his native State, he 
was chosen an oflicer of the mem- 
orable convention which formed 
the present constitution of Indiana, 
which instrument, as is well known, 
bears his name as principal secre- 
tary. 

The first legislature under the 
new constitution was the most im- 
portant, as well as the longest, ever 
held in the State. Sound judgment 
and discretion were required to 
shape the laws and machinery of 
government to conform to the new 
constitution, and many useful, and 
now popular, reforms can be traced 



*Our sketch of Mr. Euglieh is maiuly taken from 
In New York, entitled " Kepreseutatlve Men." 



a work recently published 




a\'!i'5.?.t\i^«.VJf.^'\ .?W\\_K. 



652 



HISTORY OF INDIANA 



to that session, such, for instance, 
as the substitution of our present 
short form for deeds, mortgages, 
and other legal instruments in place 
of the old and outrageously long 
forms of the common law. Mr. 
English was a member of this legis- 
lature, and had much to do in se- 
curing these reforms. He also had 
the distinguished honor of being 
elected speaker of the house at this 
session, and in his service of over 
three months discharged the duties 
in such a satisfactory manner that 
no appeal was taken from any of 
his decisions. 
In October, 1852, Mr. English was 



elected to the United States house of 
representatives. He continued in 
that position, being repeatedly re- 
elected by his constituency for sev- 
eral terms. He distinguished him- 
self in congress, when the civil war 
struggle was pending, by advocating 
many measures full of loyalty and 
practical good. Retiring from con- 
gress he returned to Indianapolis, 
and has since devoted himself to 
business. He is president of the 
First National Bank of Indianapo- 
lis, and is interested aud active in 
all important enterprises that are 
calculated to improve the city. 



J. D. NUTTMAN. 



He was born at Elizabeth, New 
Jersey, November twenty sixth, 1816. 
He moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
in May, 1839. In the fall of 1861 
he opened a banking house in that 



city, which he continued until it 
was merged into the First National 
Bank of Fort Wayne, of which he is 
president. He is an enterprising, 
honorable business man. 



GEN. LEWIS WALLACE. 



He is the second son of Governor 
David Wallace, and was born in 
Franklin county, Indiana, April 
tenth, 1827. He was a law student 
in his father's office at the outbreak 
of the Mexican war, and under the 
first call for volunteers became sec- 
ond lieutenant of the first Indiana 
regiment. After the conclusion of 
that campaign, he returned to his 
books and clients, but his military 
training was not forgotten, and he 
kept in discipline a company care- 
fully drilled in the tactics of the 
Zouave, and as member of the State 
senate vainly urged the adoption of 
measures for organizing the militia 
of the State. When Sumter was 
attacked, he was in Clinton county, 



attending court. A dispatch from 
Governor Morton, summoned him 
to Indianapolis; he reported next 
morning, and at once received the 
appointment of adjutant-general. 
There were no books, no law, no 
office, no preparation of any descrip- 
tion, and but three independent 
companies in the State. This was 
Tuesday; the following Friday 
night Wallace reported to the 
governor sixty companies for six 
regiments complete, and in Camp 
Morton, and in addition more than 
eighty surplus companies organ 
ized and ready to move. Accom- 
panying the report was his resig- 
nation and a request for permission 
to go out and organize his own reg- 



BIOOBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



653 



iment. It was given, and in twen- 
ty-four hours lie reported the 
eleventh regiment. A few weeks 
later it was armed and ready for 
marching orders. The three mili- 
tia companies were incorporated 
in this regiment, and, when dis- 
banded at the end of the first term 
of service, a large number became 
officers in other regiments. 

As brigadier-general,Wallace serv- 
ed with distinction in the army of 
the Tennessee, was promoted for gal. 
lantry at Fort Donelson, and was 
the first to advocate arming the 
negroes, in a speech made in Wash- 
ington, July, 1863. 

When Kirby Smith threatened 
Cincinnati, he proclaimed martial 
law in that city, Covington, and 
Newport. It totally suspended 
business, and sent every man, with- 
out exemption, to the ranks or the 
trenches. " Citizens for labor, sol- 
diers for battle," was the cry by 
which he reached every able-bodied 
man in the metropolis, and united 
the energies of forty thousand peo- 
ple. There were no defences except 
a few half-finished works and dis. 
mounted guns. In the face of Heath 
and his victorious hordes from 
Richmond, (Kentucky), Gen. Wal- 
lace organized a new and formida- 
ble army. There was no sleep in 
Cincinnati. All day and night the 
city resounded with the tramp of 
men, the sudden sound of saws and 
hammers. A pontoon bridge across 
the Ohio was begun and completed 
between sundown and sundown, and 
groaned day and night with the per- 
petual stream of life, all setting 
southward. Except at the battle of 
New Orleans, no equal amount of 
work has ever been done on this 
continent, nor as many men got 



together in so short a time. In 
three days there were ten miles of 
intrenchments lining the hills, mak- 
ing a semicircle from the river above 
Cincinnati to the banks of the river 
below. The result was the enemy 
came in the night, looked at the 
works, and stole away, making a 
hasty and ruinous retreat. For his 
successful services in this emer- 
gency, Wallace received the thanks 
of the legislature, then in session at 
Columbus, Ohio. 

April, 1864, Wallace was assigned 
to command of the middle depart- 
ment, headquarters at Baltimore, 
Md. With 5,800 men he intercepted 
the army of Early, estimated at 
80,000, then marching on Washing- 
ton, and July ninth fought the bat- 
tle of Monocacy, Md. Though de- 
feated, he gained all he hoped — 
time for General Grant to reinforce 
the capital from City Point. Of this 
action. Grant, in his official report 
for 1865, says : " On the sixth July, 
the enemy, (Early,) occupied Ha- 
garstown, moving a strong column 
toward Frederick City. General 
Wallace, with Rickett's division, 
and his own command, the latter 
mostly new and undisciplined 
troops, pushed out from Baltimore 
with great promptness, and met the 
enemy in force on the Monocacy, 
near the crossing of the railroad 
bridge. His force was not sufficient 
to insure success, but he fought the 
enemy nevertheless, and although 
it resulted in a defeat to our arms, 
he detained the enemy, and thereby 
served to enable Wright to reach 
Washington before him." An ad- 
mission that General Wallace, by 
his promptitude and firmness, saved 
the capital from capture at a most 
important juncture of the war. 



654 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Wallace was president of the 
commission appointed to investi- 
gate General Buell's operations in 
Tennessee and Kentucky, member 
of the court that tried the assassins 
of President Lincoln, president of 
the court that tried Captain Wirz, 
keeper of the Andersonville prison. 
At the end of the rebellion he re- 
signed his commission and returned 
to his profession. 



After the war. General Wallace 
turned his attention to literature, in 
which he has -gained considerable 
reputation. His, Tlic Fair God; or, 
The last of the Tzins — a tale 
founded on the conquest of Mexico, 
has gained a world-wide celebrity. 
He now resides in Crawfordsville, 
Indiana, enjoying a lucrative prac- 
tice at the bar. 



W. E. NIIJLACJK. 



His early life was devoted to agri- 
cultural and mechanical pursuits, 
among the stirring scenes of pioneer 
life. The first school he attended 
was kept in a log house, two miles 
away from his home. He entered 
the college at Bloomington in the 
fall of 1838, and attended college 
there at intervals for two years, but 
owing to the death of his father, 
was tinable to graduate. He after- 
wards studied law, and was admit- 
ted to the practice in 1843. In the 
spring of 1845, he located at Mt. 
Pleasant, Indiana, the then ccninty 
seat of Martin county, and formally 
commenced the practice of law. In 
August, 1841), he was elected a rep- 
resentative in the State legislature 
from that county. In 1850, the year 
following, he was elected to the 
State senatg from the counties of 
Daviess and Martin for the term of 
three yeaj's, (as the term then was.) 
In the session of 1850-1, which fol- 
lowed, Knox county was added to 
his Senatorial district; he was con- 
sequently a member of the State 
senate during the long session of 
1851-2, which revised the statutes to 
conform to the new constitution of 
1851. lie went out of the senate in 
October, 1852, by the operation of 



the new constitution. He was re- 
nominated for the position under 
the new constituti(m, but declined 
to be a candidate. In January, 
1854, Hon. Alvin P. Hovey, who was 
judge of the then third judicial cir- 
cuit which embraced eleven of the 
southwestern counties, resigned the 
office. Governor Wright immedi- 
ately tendered Mr. Niblack the ap- 
pointment to fill the vacancy, which, 
after some hesitation, he accepted, 
and at once entered upon the duties 
of the office. In October following, 
he was elected to the office for the 
full term of six years. 

At the October election in 1856, 
Hon. James Lockhart, of Evans- 
ville, was elected a representative 
in Congress from the first district, 
which then embraced ten counties 
of Mr. Niblack's judicial circuit. 
In the early part of September, 
1857, Mr. Lockhart died without 
having taken his seat in Congress. 
In the latter pari of that month, Mr. 
Niblack was nominated as a candi- 
date to fill the vacancy. At the Oc- 
tober election following, he was 
elected without opposition. Near 
the close of the month of October, 
he resigned his judgeship to accept 
the position as a representative in 



BIOGRAPHICAL SIvETCHES. 



655 



the thirty-fifth Congress, which be- 
gan its first session on the first 
Monday in December following. 
In 1858 he was re-nominated and 
re-elected to the thirtj'-sixth Con- 
gress. In 1860, he was not a candi- 
date for re-election, and retired from 
Congress in the spring of 1861. 

In the fall of 1855, he removed t(j 
Vincennes, in Knox county, where 
he still resides. At the October 
election, in 1862, he was elected a 
representative in the State legisla- 
ture from Knox county. During 
the ensuing session of the legisla- 
ture, he was appointed a member 
of what was known as the military 
auditing committee, which consist- 
ed of two members of the Senate 
and three members of the House, 
and was required to meet once in 
each month to consider and pass 
upon all claims arising against the 
State growing out of the war, of 



every kind whatever. He did his 
share of the work of that committee 
until it was dissolved by the meet- 
ing of the legislature again in Jan- 
uary, 1865. In October, 1864, he 
was again elected to Congress, and 
re-entered that body as a member 
of the thirty-ninth Congress, which 
assembled in December, 1865. He 
was re-elected consecutively to each 
Congress until last year, when he 
was not a candidate. He will again 
retire from Congress, therefore, next 
spring, after a service of fourteen 
years at two diflerent intervals. 

During the thirty-ninth, forty- 
first, and forty-second Congresses, 
he was a member of the committee 
on appropriations, and during the 
fortieth and the present, (forty-third) 
Congress, he has been a member of 
the committee of ways and means. 
These are the two leading commit- 
tees of the House. 



W. S. LINGLE. 



He was born in Lawrence county, 
in 1833. He was the only son of 
Dr. Joseph F. Lingle, who died at 
Paoli, in 1834. The widow married 
again, and the subject of this sketch 
removed with his step-father, J. W. 
Hinds, Esq., to Madison, Indiana, 
where his boyhood and early youth 
were spent. He was educated un- 
der Prof. W. W. Hibben, at Law- 
renceburgh Institute, and subse- 
quently took a partial course at As- 
bury. Dependent upon his own 
resources, he obtained temporary 
employment in the telegraph office 
at Madison. All his predilections 
were in favor of the law, and his 
leisure hours were devoted to a 
course of preliminary reading un- 
der the direction of Hon. Joseph H. 



Marshall, the distinguished jurist 
of Jeff'erson. While thus employed, 
he accepted a proposition from Col. 
W. G. Terrell to embark in a journ- 
alistic enterprise at La Fayette. He 
was then twenty years of age. As- 
sociated with Col. Terrell in the 
business and editorial management 
of the La Fayette Jo-urnal, he laid 
the foundation for the remarkable 
success which has crowned his 
journalistic career. He retired 
from the Journal in 1856, and pur- 
chased the La Fayette Daily Oour- 
ier. He introduced the first steam- 
press in the State, outside of In- 
dianapolis, and made his knowl- 
edge of telegraphing available in 
the construction of a branch line to 
his office, and for a year or two he 



656 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



took the Courier telegrams on a 
Morse instrument in his sanctum. 
The Courier, for nearly twenty- 
years, under his administration, 
has attained a large circulation 
and a commanding influence. His 
son, Joseph V. Lingle, is associated 
in the management of the paper. 
The extent of its business and its 
influence justifies the remark at- 
tributed to Mr. Lingle, that he 
would " rather be the editor of the 
Co-vrier than the governor of In- 
diana." A man of positive convic- 
tions, a terse and vigorous writer, 
and a good speaker, he has been a 
tower of strength to the party with 
which he affiliates. Disclaiming 
all political aspirations whatever, 
Mr. Lingle devotes himself with un- 
tiring energy to the Courier, and the 
management of the handsome prop- 
erty which represents twenty years 
of laborious industry and good man- 
agement. His real estate invest- 



ments in La F^lyette have been ju- 
dicious, and some years .since he 
became the purchaser of the large 
body of lands in Benton county, 
donated to Yale College by the late 
H. W. Ellsworth. These lands have 
quadrupled in value since the new 
railroad era in Benton. Every acre 
of this property has been placed 
under a high state of cultivation, 
and Mr. Lingle may claim prestige 
as a successful "tiller of the soil," 
as well as a successful editor. He 
has traveled extensively with his 
family abroad, and brought home 
some rare specimens of art, as evi. 
dence of his taste and culture. He 
was recently tendered the manage- 
ment and controlling interest in a 
metropolitan journal, but, wedded 
to the Courier and La Fayette, he 
has determined to spend his days in 
Indiana. Mr. Lingle was recently 
elected to the presidency of the ed- 
itorial association of Indiana. 



MAJOR ELISHA G. EI^GLISH. 



One of the early settlers in the 
southern part of the State, was Maj. 
Eli.sha G. English, who came to 
Scott county about the time that 
county was organized, and contin- 
ued to reside there until near the 
period of his death, which occurred 
in the fall of 1874. 

He was a leading citizen in that 
part of the State, and for half a cen- 
tury was more or less identified 
with public aff"airs. He served the 
people of Scott county, as sheriff', 
as far back as 1828, and was repeats 
edly their representative in the State 
legislature. He was many years a 
senator from the counties of Scott 
and Jackson, and also from the 
counties of Scott and Clark. 



He was a member of the legisla- 
ture as far back as 1832, when that 
body met in the old court house of 
Marion county, and at that and the 
succeeding session, had for col- 
leagues such men as James Rari- 
den, George H. Dunn, John Vaw- 
ter, Elisha W. Huntington, George 
H. Profit, Samuel Bigger, Caleb B. 
Smith, John H. Thompson and Jo- 
seph A. Wright, all of whom pre- 
ceded him in the journey across 
the dark river, "full of years and 
full of honors." He was among 
the last of the survivors of the 
giants of those early days. 

He continued a representative of 
the people, either in the senate or 
the house, with a few brief inter- 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



65: 



vals, to sometime about the year 
1867 — the long period of thirty-live 
years — about which time he became 
vice-president of tlie street railway 
company, and director in the First 
National Bank of Indianapolis, 
which positions lie held at the time 
of his death. He was at one time 
United States marshal for the dis- 
trict of Indiana, and in that capacity 
superintended the taking of the cen- 
sus of the State in 1860. 

He was of a vigorous, long-lived 
race, his father and mother dying 
in extreme old age, after living to- 
gether as man and wife sixty years, 
and rearing fourteen children, all 
of whom lived to be married men 
and women, with children, before 
there was a single death in the fam- 
ily. He shared the same vigorous 
constitution, and was an active, ro- 



bust, energetic man to near the time 
of his death, which occurred in the 
seventy-seventh year of his age, not 
from a breaking down of the con- 
stitution, but from a hemorrhage 
resulting from a surgical operation. 
He was very fond of active out-door 
life, and when over seventy-five 
years of age he made two trips on 
horseback all the way from his old 
home, near the Ohio river, to In- 
dianapolis, a distance of nearly a 
hundred miles, just for the fun of 
the thing, as he said, and to show 
the boys what an old man could do. 
These are the kind of men whose 
untiring energy has made Indiana 
great and prosperous. He was en- 
tirely a self-made man, without the 
benefit of much early education, or 
any other aid than his ov/n individ- 
ual exertions. 



T. A. WYLIE, D. D., LL.D. 



He was born in Philadelphia, in 
1810, and was the son of the Rev. S. 
B. Wylie, D. D., for many years pro- 
fessor of ancient languages and vice- 
provost in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, and for more than fifty 
years pastor of the Reformed Pres- 
byterian Church in Philadelphia. 
The subject of this sketch graduated 
in 1830, under the presidency of 
Bishop Delancy. After graduating, 
he was for a number of years assist- 
ant in the academic department of 
tlie university. Having studied 
theology in the Seminary of the 
Reformed Presbyterian Church, he 
was licensed to preach, in about 
1835. He was elected to the chair 
of natural philosophy and chemis- 
try in the faculty of the Indiana 
State University in 1837, under the 
presidency of the Rev. Dr. Andrew 

42 



Wylie. On the death of Dr. Wylie 
in 1851, Rev. T. A. Wylie acted as 
president until Dr. Ryans was elect- 
ed president in 1852. In 1852, he 
accepted an appointment to the 
chair of mathematics in Miami 
University, Oxford, Ohio. After 
holding this position for two years 
and a half, he was called back to 
Bloomington to his former position, 
which he held till 1863, when he 
was elected professor of ancient lan- 
guages. He occupied this chair un- 
til 1867, when he was made profes- 
sor of natural philosophy, which 
chair he still occupies. For nearly 
thirty yeai's he was pastor of the 
Reformed Presbyterian Church in 
Bloomington. He received the de- 
grees of A. B., A. M. in course, from 
the University of Pennsylvania, and 
the honorary degree of LL.D. from 



658 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



the same institution. The degree of 
D. D. was conferred by Princeton 
College, New Jersey, and also by 
Monmouth College, Illinois, and 
Miami University, Oliio. Dr. Wh- 



ile's labors in connection with the 
State University of Indiana, will 
ever be remembered as worthy of 
highest praise. 



GEORGE W. WOOD. 



He was born in Goshen, Orange 
county, New York, September four- 
teenth, 1808. He received only a 
common school education, but in 
after years attained a proficiency in 
the studies of law and political 
economy. In 1836 he removed to 
Fort Wayne, then a mere village of 
a few hundred inhabitants, where, 
being a practical printer, he entered 
the office of the Sentinel, the first, 
and then the only newspaper pub- 
lished in Fort Waj'ne. In the fol- 
lowing year he ^ecame the propri- 
etor of that paper. From that time 
until 1856, he devoted his life tf) 
newspaper business, owning and 
conducting different papers. He 
then became connected with Sam- 
uel Hanna, in railroad enterprises, 
in which he continued till the death 



of the latter, in 1866, when he be- 
came joint administrator of Judge 
Hanna's estate with S. T. Hanna, 
and successfully and with satisfac- 
tion to all concerned, distributed 
property exceeding one million of 
dollars in value. In 1840, Mr.Wood 
was elected the first maj^or of Fort 
Wayne. In 1849, when a telegraph 
line was established between Toledo 
and La Fayette, he became the first 
resident telegraph operator in Fort 
Wayne. In 1849, he was appointed 
register of the United States land 
office at Fort Wayne, which office 
he retained until it was discontin- 
ued, or removed to Indianapolis. 
The latter portion of his life was 
devoted to the care of his own prop- 
erty. He died on the eleventh of 
November, 1871. 



A. YANGUNDY. 



He was born in Ross county, Ohio, 
July eighteenth, 1823. In 1843 he 
removed to Carroll county, Indiana, 
and has lived in Rock Creek town- 



ship since that time. He has be- 
come a wealthy and influential 
farmer in the township. 



COL. W. C. WILSON. 



He was bom at Crawlbrdsville, 
Indiana, November twenty-seventh, 
1827. He graduated at Wabash Col- 
lege in 1847, and at the law depart- 
ment of the Indiana State Univer- 
sity in 1849. Admitted to practice 
law in the first circuit of Indiana 
on the eighth of January, 1849, and 
in the supreme court of Indiana, on 



the second day of June, 1849. He 
commenced the practice of law at 
La Fayette in 1850 ; at which point 
he is still engaged in such practice. 
He volunteered as a private soldier 
under the first call for troops, and 
was mustered into the United States 
service on the twenty-first day of 
April, 1801, as major of the tenth 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



659 



Indiana regiment. He was appoint- 
ed colonel of the fortieth Indiana 
regiment, raised the regiment, and 
was mustered into service in Decem- 
ber, 1862. He served as colonel of 
the one hundred and eighth Indiana 
regiment, on John Morgan's raid. 
He was appointed colonel of the 



one hundred and thirty-fifth Indiana 
regiment in May, 1864, and appoint- 
ed assessor of internal revenue in 
the eighth district of Indiana,, in 
September, 1866. He was appointed 
postmaster at La Fayette, Indiana, 
in August, 1867. 



W. T. KOSS. 

He was born in "Woodford county, legislature in 1847. He has been 

Ky., in 1820. In 1835, he moved to quite prominent in agricultural 

Wabash county, Ind., where he still pursuits, 
resides. Was a member of the State 

F. P. EANDALL. 



He was born in Madison county. 
New York, in June, 1813. He moved 
to Fort Wayne in the spring of 1838, 
and commenced the practice of law, 
in the study of which he had previ- 
ously graduated. He was elected 
school commissioner of Allen coun- 
ty in 1840. When the town of Fort 
Wayne had concluded to become a 
city, at a public meeting of the 
voters, Mr. Eandall was unanimous- 
ly selected to write out a city char- 
ter to be submitted to the legisla- 
ture. It was passed by the legista- 



ture without changing a word. In 
1847, Mr. Eandall was elected to the 
State senate in the district composed 
of the counties of Adams, Allen, 
Huntington and Wells. Governor 
Willard appointed him director of 
the State prison, south, in which 
capacity he served two years. In 
1859, he was elected mayor of the 
city of Fort Wayne. Mr. Randall 
has devoted much of his leisure 
time to study, and has collected a 
library of very rare books. 



COL. JSTOEMAN EDDY. 



He was born in Cuyahoga county, 
N. T., in December, 1810. In 1836, 
Col. Eddy, having studied medicine, 
removed to Mishawaka, St. Joseph 
county, where he engaged in the 
practice of his profession. In 1848, 
he removed to South Bend, St. Jo- 
seph county, where he resided until 
his death, which occurred January 
twenty-eighth, 1872, except when 
temporarily absent, to discharge the 
duties of his oflSces to which he had 



been elected. In the practice of 
medicine he had been very success- 
ful, but feeling a strong desire to 
become a lawyer, he accordingly 
prepared himself by a thorough 
course of study, and was regularly 
admitted to the bar on the first day 
of April, 1847. After he had prac- 
ticed three years, he was elected 
State senator on the democratic 
ticket. In 1852, he was elected to 
Congress from the ninth district. 



660 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



having the Hon. Horace P. Biddle 
for a competitor. In 1854, he was 
defeated for Congress by Vice-Pres- 
ident Schuyler Colfax, on the Ne- 
braska issue. In 1835, he was ap- 
pointed United States district at- 
torney for Minnesota by President 
Pierce, and in 1856 he was appoint- 
ed commissioner of Indiana trust 
lands in Kansas, whicli office he 
held until the fall of 1857. At this 
time he again commenced the prac- 
tice of law, associating himself with 
the late Judge Egbert, but two years 
after, was appointed by the legisla- 
ture on a commission to settle 
claims due the State. Wlien the 
war broke out he zealously took his 
stand on the side of the Union, and 
in 1861 organized the 48th Indiana 



regiment, of which he was aj>. 
pointed colonel. He fought with 
great bravery in the battle of luka, 
where he was severely wounded; 
also Corinth and Grand Gulf, and 
the siege of Vicksburg, until it sur- 
rendered, when he resigned, being 
disabled by his wounds from fur- 
ther service for his countrj^ as a 
soldier. He continued at his pro- 
fession until 1865, when he was ap- 
pointed collector of revenue by Pres- 
ident Johnson. In 1870 he was 
elected Secretary of State on the 
democratic ticket, which office he 
held at the time of his death. He 
was successful in the practice of the 
law profession subsequent to the 
war. 



ELIJAH HACKLEMAN. 



He was born in Cedar Grove, 
Franklin county, Ind., in October, 
1817. Although his educational 
advantages were slight, he became 
quite proficient in the English 
branches, and spent a portion of his 
early life in teaching school. In 
May, 1849, he removed to Wabash 



county, Indiana, and began the im- 
provement of a farm. He filled the 
office of county surveyor in Wabash 
county several years, as also the 
office of clerk of the circuit court. 
In October, 1874, he was elected 
State senator. 



GEORGE W. HOSS, LL. D. 



He was born in Brown county, 
Ohio, in 1824, and moved with his 
parents to Marion county, Indiana, 
in 1836. He worked on a farm until 
1845, when he entered Asbury Uni- 
versity. Having to earn means for 
his own support, he left college two 
terms to teach for that purpose. 
He also taught two hours a day for 
three years in the Female Seminary 
in Greencastle. He graduated in 
1850, and was soon after chosen 
principal of a flourishing academy 
at Muncie, Indiana. He remained 



at this point two years, when he 
was elected teacher of mathematics 
in the Indiana Female College, in 
Indianapolis. In 1853, he was 
chosen first literary teacher in the 
State institute for the education of 
the blind in Indianapolis. In 1855, 
he was elected president of the In- 
diana Female College, and in 1856, 
he was elected professor of mathe- 
matics in the Northwestern Chris- 
tian University, at Indianapolis. In 
1864, he was elected State superin- 
tendent of public instruction, and 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



661 



re-elected to the same position in 
1866. Before his second term ex- 
pired, he was elected to the chair 
of English literature and theory 
and practice of teaching in the In- 
diana State University. He held 
this position until June, 1871, when 
he resigned to accept the presidency 
of the State Normal School of Kan- 
sas. In 1873, he was elected to the 
chair of English literature and elo- 



cution in the Indiana State Univer- 
sity, and on account of the de- 
cline of his wife's health in Kansas, 
he accepted the position, and still 
holds it. In 1853, he received the 
degree of A. M. in course from his 
Alma Mater, and in 1872, the degree 
of LL. D. from the Indiana State 
Uniyersit}^ He is regarded as a 
sound, practical, enthusiastic work- 
er in the educational field. 



THOMAS A. HENDEICKS. 



He was born in Muskingum 
<5ounty, Ohio, September seventh, 
1819 -, was educated at South Han- 
over College, studied law and com- 
pleted his legal studies at Cham- 
bersburg, Pa., in 1843; settled in 
Indiana and practiced his profes- 
sion with success. In 1848, he was 
elected to the State legislature, and 
declined a re-election; was an ac- 
tive and useful member of the con- 
stitutional convention of 1850; ^.nd 
was a representative in Congress 
from Indiana from 1851 to 1855. 
He was appointed by President 
Pierce, in 1855, commissioner of the 



general land office, in which he was 
continued bj^ President Buchanan 
until 1859, when he resigned. He 
was subsequently elected a senator 
in Congress for the long term, com- 
mencing in 1863, and ending 1869, 
serving on the committees on 
claims, public buildings and 
grounds, the judiciary, public 
lands, and naval afltairs. From 
1869 to 1872, he practiced the law 
profession at Indianapolis. In 1872 
he was elected governor of the State 
of Indiana. His term will expire 
in 1877. 



O. p. MORTOiq'. 



Oliver Perry Morton, one of In- 
diana's leading statesmen, and at 
present (1874) her leading repre- 
sentative in the Senate of the United 
States, was born in Wayne county, 
Indiana, August 4th, 1823. His 
parents died while he was but a 
boy, leaving him under the care of 
his grandmother and his aunts. At 
the age of fourteen he was put under 
the tuition of Professor S. K. Hosh- 
our, then principal of the Wayne 
County Seminary, at Centerville. 
After leaving this institution he en- 



tered the Miami University, at Ox- 
ford, Ohio, where he soon distin- 
guished himself as a debater and 
became a star member of the Beta 
Theta Pi Society. It was at this 
institution that he first manifested a 
superiority of intellect and evinced 
those extraordinary argumentative 
powers which in after j^ears won for 
him the well-deserved reputation of 
a profound lawyer. 

He left the university in Ohio 
without graduating and returned to 
Centerville, Indiana, where he be. 



662 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



gun the study of the law with the 
Hon. John S. Newman. Concen- 
trating all his energies on this one 
object he soon became proficient in 
all the branches of the profession 
and was admitted to the bar, where 
he early won the respect and con- 
fidence of a circle of friends. 

In the spring of 1845, Mr. Morton 
was married to Miss Lucinda M. 
Burbank, of Centerville, daughter 
of Isaac Burbank, a respectable and 
wealthy merchant of that place. 
Miss Burbank was a lady of rare 
intelligence and refinement. As the 
wife of a statesman she has honored 
both herself and the State of In- 
diana by her benevolent deeds, not 
only in behalf of the volunteers who 
served her State in the war for the 
Union, but in all charitable under- 
takings that have appealed to the 
Christian sympathy of the State. 

Mr. Morton began his public life 
as a Judge of the Circuit Court, in 
which capacity he served the people 
of his county one year. He was 
elected to this oflace by the Demo- 
cratic party, which he renounced in 
1854, owing to the repeal of the 
Missouri compromise and the pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, 
and became active in forming the 
Republican party in the State of 
Indiana. The latter party nomina- 
ted him for the office of Governor 
of the State, in 1856, by acclama- 
tion; but he was defeated at the 
polls by Ashbel P. Willard, his 
Democratic competitor. " From the 
end of the political campaign, in 
1856, to the commencement of that 
of 1860," says Mr. Morton's bio- 
grapher, " Morton asked no honors 
of his party; but, nevertheless, la- 
bored energetically, constantly for 
the promotion of its success. At 
political conventions he was always 
regarded as the most eflfective of 



workers. His sound judgment and 
eminently practical views of things 
qualified him to act well those im- 
portant parts which were assigned 
him. He was ever regarded as the 
best of political engineers and held 
in the highest estimation as a 
framer of policy. We venture the 
assertion that the records of the 
Republican party in Indiana will 
show that the great leading spirit 
of that organization, from its very 
commencement to 1860, was Oliver 
P. Morton ; that he had more to do 
in directing its movements and es- 
tablishing its doctrines than any 
other man in the State." 

Mr. Morton was elected to the 
office of Lieutenant-Governor of the 
State of Indiana in 1860, Hon. 
Henry S. Lane, the Republican can- 
didate, being elected to the first 
position. The last named gentle- 
man, however, was elected to the 
United States Senate by the Legis- 
lature of the State and Mr. Morton 
became Governor of Indiana, and 
discharged the duties ablj^ for four 
years ; in 1864 he was elected for a 
second term ; in 1865 on account of 
sickness he visited Europe, but re- 
turned in 1866, and in spite of con- 
tinued ill-health resumed his execu- 
tive duties. In June, 1866, he 
delivered a political speech while 
seated in his chair, which created 
much enthusiasm, and of which 
more than a million of copies were 
published in pamphlet form, and on 
the subsequent meeting of the Leg- 
islature, in January, 1867, he was 
elected by a remarkable vote to 
Senator in Congress for the term 
ending in 1873, serving on the com- 
mittee on foreign relations, agricul- 
ture, military affiiirs, and .private 
land claims. He was re-elected to 
the Senate in 1873, and is still an 
active member of that body. 



BIOGEAPJHICAL SKETCHES. 

J. K. EDGEETO^. 



663 



He was born in Vergennes, Ver- 
mont, February sixteenth, 1818. He 
studied law and was admitted to the 
bar in 1839. He removed to Fort 
Wayne, Indiana, in 1844, and has 
since been a prominent citizen of 
that place. He has been extensively 
engaged for the benefit of railroad 



enterprises in northern Indiana. He 
was elected a member of the thirty- 
eighth Congress, in which he served 
with considerable distinction. He 
has accumulated a fair fortune, and 
is now principally engaged attend- 
ing to its demands. 



GODLOYE S. OETH. 



He was born near Lebanon, Pa., 
April twenty-second, 1817; was 
eduicated chiefly at the Pennsyl- 
vania College, Gettysburg; studied 
law, and came to the bar in 1839, 
locating in Indiana. In 1843 and 
1846 he was elected to the State 
senate, serving six years in all, 
and one year as president of that 
body; was a presidential elector 
in 1848; was a member of the 
" peace congress " of 1861 ; and in 
1862 he was elected a representative 
from Indiana to the thirty-eighth 
congress, serving on the committee 
on foreign affairs. In 1862, when a 



call was made for men to defend 
Indiana from threatened incursions, 
he organized a company in two 
hours, was elected captain and 
placed in command of the United 
States ram " Horner," cruising the 
Ohio river, and doing much to res- 
tore quiet along the borders of Ken- 
tucky, Indiana and Illinois; also 
re-elected to the thirty-ninth con- 
gress, and to each subsequent con- 
gress down to the present time. 
Mr. Orth received the appointment 
as minister to Austria, March 
eleventh, 1875. 



M. C. KEEE. 



He was born near Titusville, 
Crawford county. Pa., March fif- 
teenth, 1827; was chiefly self edu- 
cated, but studied at several acade- 
mies ; for a time he taught school ; 
studied law at the university of Lou- 
isville, and received the degree of 
Bachelor of Law. After a brief res- 
idence in Kentucky he settled at 
New Albany, Indiana. In 1856 he 
was elected for two years to the 



State legislature; in 1862 he was 
elected reporter to the supreme court 
of the State and published five vol- 
umes; and in 1864 he was elected a 
representative for Indiana to the 
thirty-ninth congress, serving on the 
committees on private land claims 
and on accounts; re-elected to the 
fortieth congress. He is still a 
member of congress, having been 
re-elected from his district. 



CHAS. A. ZOLLINGER 



He is a prominent young man of 
German descent, a resident of Fort 



Wayne, Ind., and the present mayor 
of that city. 



664 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



L. B. STOCKTON, 



He was born in Virginia in 1808. 
He moved lo La Fayette, Indiana, 
in 1824, where lie has been an active 



and useful citizen up to tlie present 
time. He is now retired from busi- 
ness. ' 



WALTER R. HOUGHTON 



He is a native of Daviess county, 
Indiana. He has risen by his own 
industrj' to a prominent educator. 



He is now principal of the prepara- 
tory department of the Indiana 
State University. 



E. B. MARTIJSTDALE. 



He was born in Wayne county, 
Indiana, on the twenty-second of 
August, 1828. His parents moved 
to Henry county in 1832, and settled 
on a farm four miles east of New 
C!astle, where he was brought up to 
farm life, until the age of sixteen, 
when he was apprenticed to the sad- 
dler's trade. In attending school 
during the winter months, and after- 
wards working at his trade on Sat- 
urdays, and attending the county 
seminaries during the week, he ob- 
tained at twenty a fair English edu- 
cation. He studied law and prac- 
ticed that profession in New Castle 
from 1850 to 1862, during which 
time he held one term the office of 
district attorney, and one term the 
office of prosecuting attorney for the 
counties of Wayne, Henry, Ran- 
dolph and Delaware. He was, in 
1861, appointed judge of the com- 
mon pleas court for the district 
composed of the counties of Henry, 
Madison, Hancock, Rush and Deca- 
tur. In May, 1862, he moved to 
Indianapolis and engaged in the 
])ractice of law, and has from that 
time to the present been connected 
with many leading enterprises 
which have contributed to the 
growth and prosperity of the cit}-. 
We have more than once heard it 
remarked " that to no one man is 



the city more indebted for her rapid 
growth and unprecedented prosper- 
ity than to Judge Martindale." He 
is a man of quick perception and 
sound judgment. Is a thorough 
believer in the great commercial 
future of the city of Indianapolis, 
and his full faith in this for the past 
ten years with a sufficient caution 
has made his business career one of 
unprecedented prosperity. There 
are plenty of men in the State who 
possess greater wealth, but no man 
can be found who has acquired the 
same amount in the past ten years 
unaided by office or inheritance. 
He has little tastb or inclination to 
political life, but devotes his ten 
hours per day to business with as 
much energy and tenacitj^ as if he 
was dependent on it for the support 
of liimself and family. He has been 
connected with nearly every work 
of christian benevolence, contribu- 
ting liberally of his means everj- 
year to this end. He was brouglit 
up in the christian church in which 
his father was a pioneer preacher in 
this State, but some ten years ago he 
connected liimself with the First 
Presbyterian church of this city, to 
which his wife belonged, and has 
been active in every good word and 
work since. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



665 



LEWIS T. R0GEE8, A.M. 



He was born in Jessamine county, 
Kentucky, May nineteentli, 1835. He 
was in school from his boyhood. 
At about eighteen years of age he 
began his collegiate preparation, 
pursuing his studies at Centre Col- 
lege, Danville, Kentucky, until ad- 
mitted to standing in the junior 
class. Then removing to Indiana, 
he completed his course at Asbury 
University, from which institution 
he graduated in June, 1859, with the 
first class under Bishop Bowman's 
administration. After his grad- 
i;ation he taught a select school 
in Greencastle for two years; and 
in 1861 he was made tutor in the 
preparatory department of the uni- 
versity from which he had grad- 



uated. Two years afterwards (1863) 
he was elected adjunct professor in 
the Latin department, Avhich posi- 
tion he held, doing its duties with 
strength and efficiencj', until the 
year 1869, when he was promoted 
to the professorship of the depart- 
ment, haying full control of its in- 
terests, under the title, professor of 
Latin language andliterature,which 
position he still honors. Professor 
Rogers is thoroughly versed in the 
classic languages, and in the liter- 
ature of those languages he is par- 
ticularly versatile. He is acquaint- 
ed also with the Spanish language, 
and with the literature and the his- 
tories of that people. 



GEOEGE W. BOBBINS. 



He was born in Wayne county, 
Indiana, February first, 1829. He 
moved with his parents to Fulton 
county, Indiana, at an early age, and 
endured, in his youth, all the pri- 
vations of pioneer life. He settled 
on eighty acres of land and worked 
earnestly for several years, and in 



1864 had accumulated a little money. 
He sold his land, and in the spring 
of 1865 moved to Clinton county, In- 
diana, where he now resides. He 
has engaged in mercantile pursuits 
for several years, in which he was 
successful. 



JOPIK E. EARP, A. M. 



He was born at Marion, Illinois, 
April twelfth, 1846. His parents 
were of an English family, tracea- 
ble back to the time of Oliver Crom- 
well. His father was presiding el- 
der in the Southern Illinois Confer- 
ence, and has been a clergyman of 
the Methodist Episcopal church for 
twenty years. Prof Earp was pre- 
pared for college in the Alton High 
School ; entered McKendree College 
in 1862, and graduated in 1865, at 



the age of nineteen. Soon after 
graduation he was elected professor 
of mathematics and ancient lan- 
guages in the Central Wesleyan 
College, Warrenton, Missouri. At 
the end of two years he resigned 
this position and went to Europe to 
attend for two years the Universi- 
ties of Tuebingen and Berlin. Du- 
ring this time he traveled through 
Germany, Switzerland and Italy. 
In 1869 he returned and was elected 



666 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



professor of modern languages and 
Hebrew in the Indiana Asbury Uni- 
versity, which position lie at present 
occupies. He entered the Northern 
Indiana Conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in 1872. He trav- 
eled in Scotland, England, and 



France during the summer of 1874 
He has made thestudy of languages 
a specialty, and is acquainted, be- 
side his mother tongue, with Ger- 
man, French, Swedish, Hebrew, 
Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, An- 
glo-Saxon, Sanskrit and Gothic. 



JOHN BKOWNFIELD. 



He was born in Uniontown, Fay- 
ette county, Pennsylvania, Decem- 
ber twenty-fourth, 1808. He receiv- 
ed an education such as the common- 
schools at that day afforded. When 
twenty-one years of age, he com- 
menced business in connection with 
an elder brother, Col. Ewing Brown- 
field, in his native town ; was mar- 
ried February fourteenth, 1832. In 
1838 he visited friends in Niles, 
Michigan. While there visited sev- 
eral points with the view of locating 
in the West. In June, 1834, emi- 
grated to South Bend, St. Joseph 
county, Indiana, where he has ever 
since lived, continuing the mercan- 
tile business, passing successfully 
through the financial panics of '37, 
'40, '57, etc. On the location of the 
Branch Bank of the State of Indiana 
at this place, he was appointed di- 
rector on the part of the State ; was 
president of the Branch Bank of the 



State for twelve years. Has been 
president of the South Bend Na- 
tional Bank since its organization. 
For some years president of the 
South Bend Iron Works, which this 
year expects to realize a business 
of half a million dollars. He has 
been an honored member of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church forty- 
five years; a class-leader forty-four; 
superintendent of South Bend Sab- 
bath School thirty-five consecutive 
years ; a trustee of Asbury Univer- 
sity seventeen years At one time 
contributed one thousand dollars 
towards its endowments. He was 
elected bj' a convention of laymen 
a delegate to the General Confer- 
ence, which met in Brooklyn, May, 
1872. In politics he is a staunch 
democrat; in other years regarded 
as the " wheel-horse " of the democ- 
racy in St. Joseph county. 



HENKY A. PEED. 



He was born in Johnson, Indiana, 
November ninth, 1845, on a farm, 
and continued to live on a farm un- 
til seventeen years old, attending 
school in a log school-house. He 
enlisted in the army in 1863, and 
served until the close of the war. 
After the close of the war, he re- 
turned home and removed to Colum- 
bus, Indiana; worked on the Co- 



lumbus Union as journeyman print- 
er, and read law at intervals in the 
law office of Hill & Eicliardson of 
that place, for about one year ; then 
moved to Edinburgh, Indiana, and 
became proprietor of tlie Edinburgh 
Journal, and published it for one 
year. At the close of which lime 
he moved to Dover Hill and com- 
menced the publication of the Mar- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



667 



tin County Herald, in connection 
with the practice of the law, and 
lias continued to reside in that coun- 
ty since that date, continuing the 
publication of the same up to this 
time, and has succeeded to a good 
practice of law. He was married 
in 1866, to Miss Jennie Tricliett, of 
Edinburgh. In 1872 Mr. Peed was 
elected to the lower house of the In- 



diana legislature, and served during 
the special and regular sessions. 
He was elected to the State senate 
in October, 1874, by the democrats 
of Martin, Dubois and Orange coun- 
ties, after a thorough canvas of Mar- 
tin and Dubois, by a majority of 
two thousand two hundred and 
twenty-five from the district. 



EEITBEN ANDRUS, LL.D. 



He was born in Watertown, Jef- 
ferson county, New York, in 1824. 
He spent his early life upon a farm. 
At an early age he moved to Ful- 
ton county, Illinois, where he spent 
a portion of his youth improving a 
new farm. At the age of twenty-one 
he was admitted to the preparatory 
class of the Illinois college at Jack- 
sonville. He had no means, and for 
five years he attended college earn- 
ing his own board. Thus he worked 
his way to graduation, and to the 
ministry in which he has distin- 
guished himself. He organized the 



Quincy (111.) college in 1866, but 
after laboring at the head of that 
institution f)ne year, he resigned to 
return again to the ministry. He 
was then transferred from Illinois 
to Indiana and took charge of the 
Trinity M. E. church of Evansville. 
Remained three years at that post, 
and afterwards took charge of the 
Meridian street church, at India- 
nopolis. In 1862 he was elected 
president of the Asbury university 
at Greencastle, which important 
office he still holds. 



HAEYEY BATES. 



Harvey Bates, one of the oldest 
pioneers of Indianapolis now liv- 
ing, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, 
in 1795. When but four years of 
age his mother died leaving a fam- 
ily of four children all in tender 
years. The children were " put 
out" among friends. The parties 
with whom the subject of this 
sketch was intrusted moved to Leb- 
anon, Warren county, Ohio, where 
he remained doing general farm 
work until he was fifteen years of 
age. At this age he went into a 
store in that place, owned by the 
postmaster. He had the full care 



of the postofflce until he was about 
twenty-one years of age. During 
his youth his educational advan- 
tages were limited. In other words 
he received only the education 
afltbrded in the pioneer country 
schools. At til is age Mr. Bates 
bought out his employer and com- 
menced merchandizing on his own 
account. In 1816 he moved to 
Brookville, Ind., and opened a store 
there. Soon after he cast his first 
vote for delegates to the constitu- 
tional convention of 1816. He re- 
mained only a short time in Brook- 
ville, when he moved to Conners- 



668 



IIISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



ville, wlieir he ere(;ted ;i carding Gov. Jennings as sheriff to assist in 



mill and fulling mill, in which he 
carried on a successful business for 
about ten years. He sold out his 
interest in this mill, and in 1822 
came to what is now Indianapolis, 
then a wilderness, commissioned by 



organizing the county of Marion. 
From that date he has resided con- 
tinually in Indianapolis, and has 
been one of its most useful and suc- 
cessful citizens. 



JOHN C. KNOBLOOK. 



He was born in Canton, Stark 
county, Ohio, November third, 1830. 
In 1848 he moved with his father to 
Marshall county, Ind., with an ox 
team. He helped to clear up a farm. 
In 1848 he commenced working for 
A. R. ife I. H. Harper for ten dollars 
•a month. He was soon promoted 
to a position in their large mills. 
In 1852 he engaged with M. DeCamp 
as clerk in the grocery trade, and in 
1853 lie commenced in the same 
business on his own account. In 



1864 he went into the milling and 
flouring business, and in 1871 he, 
with others, engaged in the manu- 
facture of furniture with a capital 
stock of $750,000, and in 1873, with 
others, he commenced the manufac- 
ture of reapers, saw mills, lathes, 
etc., with a capital stock of |100,000. 
He is now forty-four years of age, 
and has been a successful business 
man. He is a resident of South 
Bend, Ind. 



DR NATHANIEL FIELD, 



Is one of the oldest physicians of 
the State, is a graduate of the old 
Transylvania medical school found- 
ed at Lexington, Kentucky, in the 
early part of the present centur}'. 
He was born in Jefterson county, 
Kentucky, on the seventh day of 
November, 1805, and located in Jcf- 
fersonville in the autumn of 182U, 
where he has since resided. He is 
in some respects a remarkable man. 
Whatever he believes to be right and 
just he advocates boldly and fear- 
lessly, regardless of popular opinion 
or consequences to himself. Though 
born in a slave state, and in a slave- 
holding family, at the age of eigh- 
teen he became intensely anti-slav- 
ery. In 1830 he wrote and published 
a tract against American slavery, 
entitled " Oresimus." He was one 
of the first vice-presidents of the 



American anti-slavery society, was 
president of the first anti-slavery 
convention ever held in Indiana, and 
was also president of the free soil 
convention held at Indianapolis in 
1850. 

As an illustration of his unswerv- 
ing devotion to the principles of 
right and justice, in June, 1834, he 
voted against the whole township 
of Jefl"ersonville on the enforcement 
at that time of one of the black laws 
of the State. The case was this: 
At a township election in the month 
of June, 1834, every voter was re- 
quested to sign a paper asking the 
following question: " Shall the law- 
requiring free negroes, now in the 
township, and those who may here- 
after come into it, -to give bond and 
security for their good behavior, and 
that they will not become a public 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



669 



charge, be enforced ? " The law re- 
ferred to had, since its enactment, 
been a dead letter on the statute 
book. But this new-born zeal for 
its enforcement was prompted by the 
pro-slavery mob spirit then prevail- 
ing in the Northern States, which 
culminated in the murder of Elijah 
Lovejoy, at Alton, 111. Hatred of the 
negro had become an epidemic, and 
it was dangerous to oppose it. After 
scanning the paper, and as it hap- 
pened near the close of the polls, he 
noticed that it was all one-sided. 
Every voter in the township, both 
saint and sinner, had recorded his 
name in favor of enforcing the law. 
When the paper was presented for 
his signature, he found himself sur- 
rounded by a crowd of sinister look- 
ing loafers and roughs anxious to 
see whether or not the doctor would 
dare take the part of the negroes. 
Knowing that in the then existing 
feeling of hostility to them, it would 
be impossible to give the required 
security, and the result would be 
that they would be driven from their 
homes, lose their crops, and be sub- 
jected to much suffering, he rea- 
soned with the excited crowd, and 
advised a postponement until the 
end of the year. But all was in 
vain. After giving his reasons for 
asking delay, he put his name down 
in the negative — the only man who 
voted for mercy. As might have 
been foreseen the negroes could not 
give the required bond, and were 
forcibly expelled from the town and 
neighborhood by a mob of the very 
lowest class of men. They fled in 
consternation, pursued and abused 
by the mob, who ruled the town for 
three weeks. No magistrate or con- 
stable interfered with them. The 
doctor was notified that he would 



have to share the fortune of the 
negroes whose cause he had espous- 
ed. Without a moments delay he 
laid in a good stock of fire arms, 
fortified his house, and with the aid 
of one brave friend, prepared for 
defense, resolved to sell his life as 
dear as possible, rather than suc- 
cumb to a mob composed of the 
most despicable wretches that ever 
disgraced humanity. All things 
being ready for a seige, defiance was 
hurled at the mob, and they were 
denounced as not being half as res- 
pectable as the negroes they were 
persecuting. It is sufficient to say 
that the mob never attacked his 
house. 

Notwithstanding the perils of 
those days that tried men's souls, 
the doctor has lived, with a few 
other pioneers in the anti-slavery 
cause, to see the downfall of slavery, 
and the enfranchisement of the 
African race in the United States. 

In 1854, by the death of his moth- 
er, he came into possession of sev- 
eral slaves, whom he immediately 
emancipated, thereby proving the 
sincerity of tlie anti-slavery faith. 

In July, 1836, Dr. Field was a 
delegate from Jeffersonville to the 
great Southern railroad convention, 
which assembled at Knoxville, 
Tenn., the object of which was to 
devise ways and means to construct 
a railroad from Charleston, S. C, to 
Cincinnati and Louisville. It was 
to bifurcate somewhere this side of 
Cumberland Gap. 

He represented Clark county in 
the legislature in the session of 
1838-9. Was chairman of a select 
committee to inquire into certain 
charges at that time alleged against 
the i^resident of the State univer- 
sity, the late Dr. Andrew Wylie. He- 



670 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



made an able report completely and 
honorably acquiting liim of blame. 
Dr. Field was surgeon of the sixty- 
sixth regiment of Indiana volunteer 
infantry in the late civil war, and 
rendered valuable service — for three 
successive weeks at each place — on 
the battle-fields of Richmond and 
Perry vi lie, in the State of Kentucky, 
during which time he performed 
every operation common to military 
surgery. He proved himself to be 
one of the best operators in the army. 



In 1868 he was president of the 
Indiana State medical society. 
Wrote several valuable essays for its 
transactions, and deservedly stands 
high in his profession. He is now 
far advanced in life, but still retains 
much of the fire and ardor of his 
youthful days. He has practiced 
medicine and surgery for nearly 
fifty years, and still continues to 
perform an incredible amount of 
labor for one of his age. 



TOWNSEND EYAN. 



Townsend Ryan was born in Lan- 
caster City, Pa., in 1813, and in 
earl}' manhood removed to Hamil- 
ton, Butler county, Ohio, where he 
engaged in the mercantile business, 
and in the management of a line of 
canal packets, of which he was 
principal owner, running from that 
city to Cincinnati. Prostrated by 
the great financial wave which 
swept the country from 1836 to 1839, 
he removed to Indiana, where, after 
graduation at the medical colleges 
of Cincinnati, and Jefferson, of 
Philadelphia, he engaged actively 
in the practice of medicine, and 
achieved a reputation and success 
unexcelled by that of any phj^sician 
in the west. Locating in Anderson, 
in Madison county, in 1843, he at 
once became identified with the 
best interests of his nev/ location 
and the people among whom he 
lived. A democrat in politics, he 
took a vigorous part in the cam- 
paign of 1844, and became the can- 
didate of his party in 1846 for the 
State legislature, to which he was 
elected, defeating the whig candi- 
date, R. A. Williams, and being the 
first democrat sent from that county. 



In 1850, when the Bellefontaine 
railroad, now the C. C. C. and I. was 
in contemplation, the people know- 
ing but little of such enterprises, 
opposed the project strongly, on the 
ground that its construction would 
supersede the use of horses, oxen, 
etc., and thereby entail great loss. 
This, and similar ideas had to be 
combatted. The subject of this 
sketch, together with Judge Davis, 
of that county, took hold of the en- 
terprise, and not only secured, 
finally, a subscription from the 
county, but sufiicient general aid to 
secure Anderson a railroad. 

Engaging, about this time, in the 
mercantile business, he continued 
in that until 1854, when, together 
with other parties, contracted with 
the company to build the junction 
railroad from Rushville to Indiana- 
polis, embarking an ample fortune 
in that enterprise, all of which was 
swallowed up in the collapse of the 
corrupt concern, commencing anew 
the practice of his profession. The 
newly projected Richmond, New- 
castle and Logansport railroad re- 
ceived his aid ; with that he labored 
until the cars run into Anderson. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



671 



In 1860, when the menace of war 
went abroad through the North, he 
declared at once for the Union, and 
was the first democrat in 1861, in 
the county, to declare in favor of 
the TJnion and the war policj- of 
Lincoln. Being one of the finest 
and most effective public speakers 
in the State, he gave his time and 
did valiant service in raising troops 
to answer the various calls of the 
President, and although past mid- 
dle age, and broken down in health, 
he took the post of Lieutenant- 
Colonel of the 34th Indiana infantry 
and went with it into active service, 
and was promoted, in 1862, to the 
colonelcy of the regiment on the 
resignation of Asbery Steele. He 
continued with the regiment until 



after the capture of New Madrid 
and Island No. 10, when his health 
becoming feeble compelled him to 
resign. Not content to be out of 
service, however, he soon after 
again went into the service as sur- 
geon of the 52d Indiana, and served 
with the regiment in the terrible 
fights in the Yazoo above Vicks- 
burg, and in the battles of Fort Gib- 
son, Raymond, Champion Hills, and 
Black river, previous to the invest- 
ment of Vicksburg, taking part 
with the regiment in that event. 
From thence with the regiment he 
went to western Louisiana, and was 
finally mustered out of service with 
the regiment at New Orleans, by 
reason of expiration of the term of 
service. 



JOSEPH S. BUCKLES, 



Was born near Springfield, Clark 
county, Ohio, July twenty-ninth, 
1819; came to Munice, Indiana, 
with his father, October, 1833, where 
he has since resided; was educated 
in log school houses, upon the for- 
cible theory " that to spare the rod 
spoils the boy;" studied the legal 
profession, and commenced the 
practice in 1841. In 1846, was elec- 
ted prosecuting attorney in a circuit 
opposed to him in politics, and 
composed of eight counties ; served 
two years. In 1848, was elected 
State senator by the district com- 
posed of the counties of Grant and 
Delaware; served three sessions, 
the last two as chairman of the judi- 
ciary committee. In 1854, was the 
democratic nominee for Congress 
in the old burnt district, and was 
beaten by Hon. D. P. Hollaway, the 
fusion candidate. In 1858, was elec- 
ted judge of the seventh judicial 
circuit, remained on the circuit 
bench twelve years, since which 



time he has been engaged in agri- 
culture and horticulture, he says, as 
a means of morals, health, and 
amusement, and the practice of his 
profession for a livelihood. In poli- 
tics, up to 1860, he was a democrat, 
and voted the ticket unscratched; 
supported Lincoln's administration 
during the rebellion, and has since 
•voted the republican ticket. In 
1872, he was one of the republican 
senatorial electors, and as such can- 
vassed the major part of the State, 
and has, since retiring from the 
bench, taken an active part in the 
political contests of the State. He 
has always taken a deep interest in 
all measures the tendency of which 
were to develop the resources of his 
county and State, consequently has 
been closely identified with the 
railroad and turnpike interests of 
western Indiana. He says, "he 
commenced the world poor, and 
has held his own remarkably well." 



672 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

JUDGE THOMAS B. LONG. 



•Judge Thomas B. Long was born 
near the city of Mansfield, in Rich- 
laud county, Ohio, on the twenty- 
fifth day of October, 1836. His 
father's family subsequently lived 
in Mansfield, Bucyrus, and Spring- 
field, in that State, and in 1846 re- 
moved to the city of Terre Haute, 
where they have since continuously 
resided. Here the subject of this 
sketch received an academical edu- 
cation, embracing the studies usu- 
ally j)ursued in the colleges of the 
land. In 1854, he entered the law 
ofiice of Hon. R. W. Thompson, as a 
student, where he remained for sev- 
eral years, during which he attend- 
ed lectures in the law department 
of the Cincinnati college, and grad- 
uated in the spring of 1856. In the 
fall of this year he was elected dis- 
trict attorney for tlie court of com- 
mon pleas, and about the same time 
was engaged as editor of one of the 
daily papers of the city, which po- 
sition he filled for about two years, 
when lie withdrew for the purpose 
of devoting his entire attention to 



the practice of his profession. la 
1860, he was placed upon the presi- 
dential ticket of the Union party as 
a candidate for elector, in which 
capacity he canvassed his district 
wherever his services were called 
for; but, seeing the hopelessness of 
the success of his party, he urged all 
wavering voters to support Steplieu 
A. Douglas for president. From 
this time he applied himself dili- 
gently to his professional pursuits 
and literary studies until the fall 
of 1870, when he was elected by the 
democratic party as judge of the 
criminal circuit court, which posi- 
tion he filled so acceptably that, in 
1874 — although political feeling ran 
high — he received the nomination 
of both parties, and was re-elected 
without opposition. 

Judge Long is a fluent speaker 
and a graceful writer, and has ac- 
quired some fame as a poet, by vari- 
ous fugitive pieces, and a number 
of ballads and songs, which have 
been set to music and published in 
the principal cities of the country. 



CHAKLES LOUDER, 



Whose portrait is given elsewhere, 
was born in Guilford township^ 
Hendricks county, Indiana, on the 
twelfth of May, 1823. His parents, 
Mather and Ruth Lowder, emigrated 
from Guilford county. North Caro- 
lina, and were among the first set- 
tlers of what was then known as the 
"White Lick" country. He is 
among the oldest natives of this 
part of the State, and particularly 
of Hendricks county. He has been 
a citizen of the count}- since his 
birth, and has most emphatically 



grown up with the country. Though 
he has always been modest and un- 
assuming, he has done much in 
molding the general character of 
the neighborhood, and in putting on 
foot and pushing forward public 
entei'prises which have tended to 
subdue what was at the time of his 
birth an unbroken wilderness, and 
change it to one of the garden spots 
of the State. Being a man of fair 
education, and naturally of an ob- 
serving and correct mind, there are 
few who understand more clearly 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



673 



the wants of the country than he 
does, or that are more willing to aid 
in any measure for the further de- 
velopment of the country or the 
general good of her citizens. In 
politics he has voted with the whig 
and the republican parties, hut 
claims the right to vote only for 
such men as are " honest and capa- 
ble," and clear of the use of all 
intoxicating liqnwrs as a beverage. 
He is, and has been from his birth, 
a member of the religious society of 
friends, and is esteemed b}^ those 
who know him as a conscientious 
and consistent member. By occu- 
pation he has always been a farmer 
— one from choice and not from cir- 
cumstance. His good eye, fine 
taste, and natural love for domestic 
animals, induced him early to en- 
gage in breeding fine horses, cattle 
and hogs. Having been engaged in 
breeding tliorouyJi bred cattle for 
nearly twenty-five years, he may 
now be considered one of the pio- 



neers in this State of this branch of 
scientific agriculture. The numer- 
ous sales he has made gives him an 
enviable reputation not only in this 
State, but in nearly all the Western 
States, as a good judge, and as a 
conscientious and reliable dealer. 
He is a warm friend of education on 
general principles, but especially 
that kind known as agricultural 
education, or such education as will 
make agriculturalists generally in- 
telligent, and will induce farmers 
and their sons and daughters to re- 
spect farming, and enable them to 
pursue it in the light of science. 
His farm known as " Crescent Hill," 
from its peculiar shape, lies within 
three miles of the place of his birth, 
on the west side of White Lick 
creek, north of the Indianapolis, 
Terre Haute & St. Louis railroad. 
His farm, buildings and general im- 
provements are among the best in 
the country, and show his energy 
and taste as a farmer. 



AMOS s. EYA:tvrs. 



In the spring of 1800, Richard 
Evans emigrated from Kentucky, 
and settled in Highland county, 
Ohio, where Amos S. Evans, his 
son, was born May sixteenth, 1816. 
Richard Evans was an extensive and 
successful farmer, and trained his 
son to the same occupation. The 
son, however, was born to be a mer- 
chant ; and, in 1836, at the early age 
of twenty, in obedience to an in- 
stinct which had been manifest from 
boyhood, he formed a partnership 
with his brother-in-law, F. Evans, 
and embarked in business on his 
own account at Defiance, Ohio. In 
the fall of 1838, he removed to Hills- 
boro, Ohio, where for twenty-five 

43 



years he prosecuted the retail dry 
goods trade with success. Having ' 
determined to seek a larger and 
more promising locality for trade, 
he removed, in the spring of 1860, 
to Fort Wayne with a view of en- 
gaging ultimately in the wholesale 
trade. For two years, while making 
arrangements to that end, he con- 
tinued the retail trade. At length, 
in August, 1862, in the dark days 
of the war, against the remonstran 
ces and amid the forebodings of 
friends, he inaugurated the whole 
sale dry goods trade of Fort Wayne. 
Wholesale grocery houses had ex- 
isted there for some years, but he 
was the pioneer of the dry goods 



874 



HISTORY OF IXDIANA. 



jobbing trade in Northern Indiana. 
Up to this time he has continued the 
same business, with constant and 
increasing success ; and with the aid 
of several well-chosen junior part- 
ners, all young men trained in busi- 
ness by himself, he has established 
a house second to none in the State 
in standing or prosperity. 

Mr. Evans is eminently fitted for 
the business which he has pursued 
with such unvarying constancy from 
boyhood up. With the keenest 
powers of observation, cautious in 
the midst of danger, and yet bold 
to take advantage of the rising tide, 
he never fails to catch the favoring 
breeze, and yet has always been 
found with all sails furled when a 
storm came. 

During this long, active and labo- 
rious life, he has not been unmind- 
ful of other and higher interests, 
both public and private. He is a 
man of extensive reading and cul- 
ture, and accurate general informa- 
tion. In 1854 he traveled in Eu- 
rope, and, in I80G, with his wife, 
made a second and more extended 
tour, embracing Europe, Egypt and 
Palestine. With many others of the 
State, he has been an active worker 
in behalf of prison reform. In 
1871 he was appointed by Gov. Ba- 
ker one of the commissioners of the 
house of refuge for juvenile offend- 
ers. In all religious enterprises, 
and especially in the Sunday-school 
work of his city and State, he has 
been particularly active. In 1867 



he bought a lot, and built on it a 
neat and suitable chapel, at his own 
expense, for a mission Sunday- 
school in a destitute part of Fort 
Wayne ; and he has personally su- 
perintended the school ever since 
with the exception of one year. In 
1872 he was president of the State 
Sunday-school union, and has rarely 
ever missed one of its meetings. 
For fourteen years he has been one 
of the officers of the Allen county 
Bible society, and was for several 
years its president. 

Upon the whole Mr. Evans' life 
has been one of great labor and 
activity, and at the same time of 
great usefulness. He has shown 
how it is possible for a man to be a 
philanthropist, and a worker in all 
humane and christian causes, and a 
sj^stematic and successful business 
man on the largest scale, at the 
same time. He has proved by his 
own example that a man may 
grow rich in trade and yet be doing 
good all the while. Such examples 
are not as numerous as thej' should 
be, and they deserve to be noted 
when they occur. 

Mr. Evans was married September 
twelfth, 1843, to Mary Poage, of 
Greenup, Ky. She died December 
thirteenth, 1853. On February 
eleventh, 1856, he was married to 
Sarah H. Hanna, of Fort Wayne, 
who is still living, and is a worthy 
co-laborer with her husband in all 
good works. 



COL. W. E. HOLLO WAY. 



Prominent among the enterpris- 
ing, energetic citizens who have 
contributed so largely to the mar- 
velous prosperity and development 



of Indianapolis, is Colonel W. R. 
Holloway, the postmaster. 

A sketch of Mr. Holloway's life 
is necessarily brief, for the reason 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



675 



that it comprises but a few years of 
active manhood, altliough within 
their scope have been compressed 
as much zealous industry and prac- 
tical sagacious labor as marks the 
lives of a majoritj- of men who have 
lived out the full term of their 
alloted years. Col. Holloway was 
born in the city of Richmond, 
Wayne county, December 6th, 1836, 
his father, the Hon. D. P. Holloway, 
being then the editor and proprietor 
of the Richmond Palladium, one of 
the oldest and most influential 
weekly papers in Indiana, particu- 
larly while under Mr. Holloway's 
control. The father afterwards be- 
came the well-known Commissioner 
of Patents, in Mr. Lincoln's admin- 
istration. 

Young Holloway served his ap- 
prenticeship in his father's office, 
imbibing there those habits of ap- 
plied industrjr and enthusiastic love 
for the profession of a printer and 
editor that have clung pertinacious- 
ly to him through life. 

He finished his trade in the office 
of the Gincinnati Times, when that 
paper was in the zenith of its suc- 
cess and influence, under the man- 
agement of the late Calvin W. Star- 
buck. 

Returning to Indiana in 1858, 
he re-entered his father's office, 
remaining about a year, during 
which time he published a history 
of Richmond and the early settle- 
ment of Wayne county. 

Being married in the month of 
November, 1858, he concluded to 
enter the profession of law, and 
studied in the office of Morton & 
Kibby, (Mr. Morton being his 
brother-in-law.) He was admitted 
to the bar in Wayne county in 1860. 
Hon. Oliver P. Morton was elected 



Lieutenant-Governor of the State in 
that year on the republican ticket, 
headed by Governor Lane, and the 
latter being elected United States 
senator, a few days after his inaugu- 
ration, Morton succeeded to the 
gubernatorial chair. Col. Holloway 
was appointed his private secre- 
tary, remaining in the executive 
office until 1863, throughout two of 
the hardest years of Governor Mor 
ton's term, incident to the muster 
ing and equiping of thousands of 
troops before the work had devel- 
oped into anything like system. 

In this arduous labor, Col. Hollo 
way, uniting industry, remarkable 
quickness of thought and action, 
and perception of things amount 
ing almost to unerring instinct, was 
of the greatest assistance to the 
Governor and to the State. Gov 
eruor Morton appreciated his abili- 
ties, and has ever relied largely 
upon him in the subsequent years 
of his distinguished career. 

Leaving the Governor's office, 
Col. Holloway went into business 
in the city of New York, in which 
he was quite successful. The old 
love for a printing office, however, 
retained its hold upon him, and in 
1864 he purchased the Indianapolis 
Journal establishment, remaining 
its sole proprietor and editor for 
over a year. He was unanimously 
nominated by the republican cau- 
cus of the legislature for State 
printer, and elected, but resigned 
the office when he sold his interest 
in the Journal. Upon his retire- 
ment from the Journal, he re-enter- 
ed Governor Morton's office as con- 
fidential secretary, but in another 
year re-purchased an interest in the 
Journal, retaining an active partici- 
pation in the editorial control of 



676 



HISTORY OK I^i DIANA. 



tlic paper until 1872. Ha was ap- 
pointed postmaster by President 
Grant in 1869, and reappointed in 
1872, retiring finally from the Jo^/r- 
nal in that year. 

His management of the Journal 
was conspicuous in this, that he in- 
troduced most of the metropolitan 
features that now mark Indiana- 
polis journalism; the papers of the 
city prior to that time being deci- 
dedly " slow " in style. His admin- 
istration of the postoffice has been 
admirable in every respect, to the 
complete satisfaction of the citizens 
of Indianapolis and of the officials 
of the department. 



C(j1. HoUoway has a quick, nerv- 
ous walk, dispatches business rap- 
idly and correctly, and is always 
ready and courteous to every de- 
mand made upon his time and pa- 
tience. His friendships are of the 
warmest character, and for those he 
favors with his confidence no ser- 
vice seems too exacting. 

A city full of such bustling men 
as Col. Holloway could remove 
mountains if they stood in the way 
of progress. In the character of 
such citizens must be found the 
secret of the almost supernatural 
advancement of the Hoosier m»»- 
tropolis. 



WILLIAM jytlTCHELL. 



He was born in Montgonuny 
county. State of New York, in Jan- 
uary, 1808. In 1836 he camo to In- 
diana, and built a log cabin in Ken- 
dallville, where he now resides. The 
place was then a wilderness for 
miles in every direction. He was 
elected to the Indiana legislature 
in 1842. In 1860 he was elected to 
Congress, and was, dui'ing the war. 



a firm supporter of the Union. He 
raised many troops, and otherwise 
contributed means and labor to the 
nation's cause. He has been largely 
instrumental in promoting home 
public improvements. He organ- 
ized the First National Bank of 
Kendallville in 1868, and was presi- 
dent of that institution until his 
death. 



"WILLIAM r. EDSON. 



He was born in Mount Vernon, 
Indiana, May 14th, 1834, where he 
still resides. He studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1856, at 
the age of twenty-two. He was 
elected from Posey county a nwm- 



ber of the State legislature. In 1858, 
he was elected prosecuting attorney, 
and in 1860, clerk of the Posey cir- 
cuit court. He was appointed judge 
of the common pleas court by Gov- 
ernor Baker, in 1871. 



DR ANDREW LEWIS. 



He was born on the nineteentli 
of April, 1813, in Lewisburgh, Pa. 
He early turned his attention to the 
study of medicine ; completing his 
studies, he began the practice of 
medicine, and has lived a long life 



of usefulness, both in the practice 
of his professicm, and in works of 
public improvement. He was also 
instrumental during the war, for the 
cause of the Union. He resides at 
Princeton, Indiana. 



BIOGEAPmCAL SKETCHES. 

JOHN M. LOCKWOOD. 



677 



He was born in Westchester coun- 
ty, New York, in 1809. He moved 
to Indiana, with his father, in 1818. 
Being left an orphan when only a 
boy, he struck out' on his own re- 
sources and won success. After a 
lone; and successful business life. 



he settled down in Mount "Vernon, 
where he still resides. He was in- 
strumental in organizing the Mount 
Vernon National Bank, and with 
the exception of two years, he has 
been its president. 



WILLAED CARPENTER 



He was born in Stafford, Orange 
county, New York, on the fifteenth 
of March, 1803. He removed to 
Evansville, Indiana, in 1837, where 
he still resides. He is now one of 
the oldest and most respected citi- 



zens of that place, having lived a 
long life, which has, in a great 
measure, been devoted to the inter- 
ests of the city with wonderful suc- 
cess. 



JOHN PURDUE. 



Mr. John Purdue, who has en- 
deared his name to the people of 
Indiana as the founder of the Pur- 
due University of La Fayette, was 
born in Huntington countj"^, Penn., 
in 1802. His native village, Ger- 
manjr, located between two small 
mountain ranges, presented, during 
the j^ears of his minority, all the 
scenes and incidents of pioneer life. 
It was a German settlement, as its 
name indicates, and the early resi- 
dents were not blessed with any of 
the modern appliances that now 
lend a charm to farm life. Mr. Pur- 
due's father, Charles Purdue, was a 
poor, hard-working, honest pioneer. 
He lived in a log cabin eighteen by 
twenty feet, one story high, with a 
familjr of eight cliildren. John, the 
subject of this sketch, was the only 
son. The other seven children were 
daughters. Times were hard in 
this pioneer settlement then, and 
Mr. Jf)hn Purdue was early on the 
list of " hired help." At the age of 



ei^t years he was first sent to a 
country school, where he at once 
evinced his natural taste for intel- 
lectual culture. He made rapid 
progress in his elementary studies, 
and after a few j^ears of great in- 
dustry, improving every opportu- 
nity, he became quite proficient in 
the English branches of study, and 
was himself called fo the school- 
room as a teacher. 

After several years as a most use- 
ful and successful teaelier, Mr. Pur- 
due, having partially lo.st his health, 
decided to exchange the profession 
for outdoor exercise. During the 
years of his professional labors he 
had saved up a little money, be- 
sides supporting a large family, and 
now he went out into the world to 
try his luck at speculation. He vis- 
ited Marion county, Ohio, where he 
purchased a quarter section of lan.d . 
for nine hundred dollars, paying- 
half down, and getting three years 
credit, without interest, on the bal- 



078 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



ance. He at once went to farming 
and worked a portion of tliis land 
a year and a half. During the first 
fall on his new farm, the farmers 
of the neighborhood came to him 
and desired him to purchase all 
their hogs. He told them that he 
had no money, but they offered to 
trust, and urged him to take them 
to market. He accepted their offer 
and started to market with about 
four hundred hogs. This was his 
first great speculation in merchan- 
dise, and as with all others in which 
he has engaged, it was successful. 
He made over three hundred dollars 
on the trade, paid the farmers their 
price, and won their highest confi- 
dence and esteem. We make men- 
tion of this circumstance in his 
early life to show that no matter 
what he engaged in, the full confi- 
dence of the people around him 
was unconditionally extended. Nor 
did he ever abuse that confidence. 
We shall not follow Mr. Purdue 
step by step in his commercial life. 
It has been a magnificent success 
for the individual, but not less so 
for education in Indiana, as we 
shall see. He came to La Fayette 
in 1839 and opened a store of gen- 
eral merchandise in connection with 



Moses Fowler. Soon after he struck 
(mt on his own account and has since 
accumulated a vast fortune, which 
has been freely distributed for be 
nevolent and educational purposes 
His commercial operations in New 
York city during the late civil war 
were characterized by wonderful 
business foresight, unflinching in- 
tegrity and substantial rewards, so 
much so that Mr. Purdue's name 
became a tower of credit in that 
city. He was truly the king of the 
produce merchants in that great 
metropolis during his business res- 
idence there. 

After his business relations with 
New York closed he returned to 
La Fayette, Ind., where he still re- 
sides. From his vast accumulation 
he has endowed the Purdue Uni- 
versity (agricultural college) with 
nearly $200,000, and proposes in the 
near future to largely increase the 
endowment. He is a genial old 
bachelor, having never married, is 
conversant with all standard Eng- 
lish works, pleasant in conversa- 
tion, spending much of his old age 
in the entertainment of friends, of 
which he has, perhaps, more than 
most great men. 



CHARLES B. LASSELLE. 



He was born at the town of Vin- 
cennes, this State, on the twelfth of 
October, 1819. He is descended 
from the old stock of French pio- 
neers, who explored and settled the 
Wabash valley, his father, the late 
General H. Lasselle, of Logansport, 
Ji^ving been born, in 1777, at the 
Miami village, near the present site 
of Fort Wayne, at which his father 
was then hjcated, with his family. 



as a government agent; his mother 
being born at Vincennes in 1787, 
and the daughter of Major Francis 
Bosseron, who, at the head of a 
company of that place, assisted 
General Clarke in the capture of the 
British fort there in 1779. 

In the spring of 1883, he removed 
with his father's family from Vin- 
cennes to Logansport, where he has 
ever since resided. 



BTOGRAPHTCAL SKT^TOHES. 



fi79 



In the spring and summer of 1833 
he attended school at what was 
called the " Seminary." This was a 
one story brick building built as a 
school-house, but used for holding- 
courts, elections, religious meetings, 
exhibitions, and public meetings 
generally, and occasionally for a 
school . It was then the only school- 
house in Indiana north of the Wa- 
bash river. 

In the fall of 1836 he was sent by 
his father to the State college at 
Bloomington. He attended this 
college until the spring of 1839, 
when, owing to a loss of health from 
a too close application to his stud- 
ies, he returned home. Shortly af- 
terwards he commenced the study 
of the law in the office of the Hon. 
D. D. Pratt, and was admitted to the 
Logansport bar in the fall of 1842. 
He has continued in the practice at 
this bar, with more or less of inter- 
missions, ever since. 

In 1847 he was elected and com- 
missioned as prosecuting attorney 
of the county for the term of three 
years. About this time, and for sev- 
eral years, he assisted in publishing 
and editing the Logansport Tele- 
graph, a weekly newspaper, then 
conducted by his elder brother. 
Judge Lasselle, now of Washington 
City. 

In 1862 Mr. Lasselle received the 
nomination of the democratic party 
of Cass county for the office of rep- 
resentative to the State legislature. 
Although opposed by one of the 
ablest and best men of the State — 
the Hon. D. D. Pratt, late United 
States senator, as the nominee of 
the republican party, which had 
carried the county at the last pre- 
ceding election — yet such was the 
public confidence in Mr. Lasselle, 
ioupled with his personal popular- 



ity with the people, that he was 
elected by nearly 250 majority 

In 1864 he was again nominated 
by the same party for the same posi- 
tion, and in the face of a determined 
opposition and a popular opponent, 
was re-elected by a large majority. 
In 1866 he was again solicited by 
his party friends to become a can- 
didate for the same position, but de- 
clined. In 1868 he was elected to 
the State senate from the counties 
of Cass and Fulton, which then 
composed the senatorial district. 
Having resigned, with his party 
friends in the senate, at the regular 
session of 1869, in order to prevent 
a quorum, and thus prevent a ratifi- 
cation of the fifteenth amendment 
without first taking the sense of the 
people upon that question, he was 
again returned to the senate by a 
large majority, at the following 
special election held for the elec- 
tion of senators. And having a 
second time resigned, with his party 
colleagues, at the special session of 
the same year, he was, at the regu- 
lar election of 1870, again elected 
for the third time to that position. 

Mr. Lasselle has for many years 
devoted considerable attention to 
the early history of the Wabash 
valley. Having derived through his 
ancestry many ancient and rare doc- 
uments and manuscrii^ts, he has 
greatly added to them by years of 
diligent research and careful pre- 
servation, so that he now possesses 
a mass of such historical matter no 
where else to be found. He has fur- 
nished historical sketches for sev- 
eral localities in the State, and has 
otherwise contributed to the general 
history of the Wabash valley. We 
are informed, and trust that he may 
continue his services in this laud- 
able enterprise. 



680 



HISTOKY OK INDIANA. 

PLINEY ILOAGLAND. 



He was born on the thirty-first of 
July, 1810, near New Philadelphia, 
Oliio. He has been a very promi- 
neut citizen of Fort Wayne for 
many years, taking- an active and 
important part in all railroad and 
canal nnd city improvements. In 
1851 Mr. Hoagland was elected a 
member of the house of representa- 
tives of the Indiana legislature, and 
in 18fi2 a member of the State sen- 
ate. Judge McCullough, after his 
appointment to the oflBce of comp- 



troller of the currency, resigned his 
position as president of the Fort 
Wayne branch of the T)ank of the 
State of Indiana, and accepted the 
a])p()intment, resigned his seat in 
the State senate, and held the posi 
tion until the organization of the 
Fort Wayne national bank, under 
the national banking law, when he 
declined the offer of the presidency 
of the institution, but accepted the 
office of vice-president, which he 
still continues to hold. 



DAVID S.- GOODING. 



Tie was born in Fleming county, 
Kentucky, January twentieth, 1824. 
He is a grandson of the late Colonel 
David Gooding, of Kentucky, and 
the eldest son of Asa Gooding, de- 
ceased. His father removed to Rush 
county, Indiana, in 1827, and to 
Hancock county, Indiana, in 1836, 
where Mr. Gooding has ever since 
resided. He was educated at the 
Indiana Asbury University, but the 
death of his father made it neces- 
saiy for him to leave the university 
before graduating and return home 
and take charge of his father's fiim- 
ily. While at home he studied law, 
and was a licensed and practicing 
lawyer before he was twenty-one 
years of age. In 1847, when he was 
twenty-three years old, was elected 
to the State legislature from Han- 
cock county. In 1848 he was electa 
ed prosecuting attorney of Han- 
cock county for three years. In 
1851 he was elected prosecuting 
attorney for the Indianapolis cir- 
cuit for two years, over Ex-Gov- 
ernor David Wallace. In 1852 
he was elected judge of the com- 



mon pleas court for the counties 
of Hancock and Madison for four 
years over Judge John Davis, of 
Anderson. In 1856 lie was elected 
a State Senator from Hancock and 
Madison counties for four years 
over Jiidge H. H. Hall. In 1861 he 
was again elected common pleas 
judge for four years for the conuties 
of Decatur, Ifush, Henry, Madison 
and Hancock. In 1864 he resigned 
the judgeship aud was nominated 
and elected a presidential elector 
for the State at large on the union 
ticket. His name was at the head 
of the electoral ticket, and he cast 
his vote for Lincoln and Johnson. 
In January, 1865, President Jiincoln 
nominated him for a United Stales 
judgeship in New Mexico, whieli 
nomination he declined, and the 
nomination at his special request 
was withdrawn after the senate ju- 
diciary committee had determined 
to recommend his confirmation by 
the senate. In June, 1865, he was 
a])pointed United States marshal 
for the District of Columbia by 
President Johnson, and was con- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



681 



firmed by the United States senate 
in January, 1866, and continued to 
serve as United States marslial until 
after the inauguration of President 
Grant in 1869, when he resigned 
and returned home to Indiana in 
May, 1869, and resumed the prac- 



tice of the law at Greenfield. In 
1870 he was unanimously nominated 
as the democratic candidate for 
congress, but not elected. He again 
resumed the law practice in Green- 
field, where he has resided for more 
than thirty-six years. 



CLEM. STUDEBAKEK. 



He was born in Adams county. 
Pa., on the twelfth day of March, 
1831. His father, John Studebaker, 
was a wagon maker, and built the 
first Studebager wagon known to 
the world. At the age of four years 
Clement came with the family to 
Ashland county, Ohio. At the age 
of twelve he was going to school 
and devoting all of his spare mo- 
ments in earning liis board. At 
fourteen he engaged himself to a 
farmer at two dollars per month and 
board. Tiring at this, he returned 
to his father's roof and began learn- 
ing his fathe]-'s trade, and at the age 
of twenty, with a few dollars in his 
pocket, he came west and stopped 
at South l-5end Avith only two dol- 
lars as his worldly capital. Failing 
to get employment at once, he en- 
gaged in school teaching on Pal- 
mer's prairie. To k('(^p ahead of his 



pupils he had to devote much of his 
night time to study. In his teach- 
ing he gave good satisfaction, and 
made many life-long friends. In 
February, 1852, he formed a part- 
nership with his elder brother, 
Henry, under the firm name of H. 
& C. Studebaker, with a capital of 
sixty-eiglit dollars. This was the 
beginning of tlie great house of 
Sl:udebaker Bros. Manufacturing 
Company, which is at this day the 
largest of its Mnd in the world. In 
1869, the joint stock company as it 
now exists was formed, and CJlem. 
Studebaker was made its president, 
which position he now fills. 

Mr. Studebaker has filled many 
positions of trust and responsibility 
in the count}^ and municipal gov- 
ernments to the general satisfaction 
of all. 



JOHN M. STUDEBAKEE. 



John Mohler Studebaker, the 
third son of John Studebaker, was 
born in Adams coujity, Pa., October 
tenth, 1833. His inheritance con- 
sisted in a good constitution, a 
happy mental nature, and habits of 
probity, industry and economy, 
which, combined, form the best 
capital a young man can possess. 
At the age of twelve he began bus- 
iness on his own account by taking 



a contract to clear a swamp for the 
sum of twenty-six dollars, clearing 
at this ninety cents per day, whicli 
in those days was considered large 
wages. He soon after cleared thirty 
dollars by working a sugar camp, 
which earned him the name of the 
" boy contractor." In 1851, he came 
with the family to South Bend, and 
in the spring of 1852, he engaged 
himself to a German wagon maker, 



f582 



HISTORY OF INDIANA, 



but which was one year after brok- 
en. At this time the Calilbrnia 
fever was at its height, and John, 
now in his eighteentli _year, resolved 
to seek his fortune in the gold 
fields. He traded the first wagon he 
ever made for passage to the Pacific 
slope, which wagon was the first 
Studebaker wagon ever seen in Cal- 
ifornia. At the end of the trip this 
wagon was the best one in the 
whole train and readily sold for 
three hundred dollars in gold. Ar- 
riving in Placerville, he at once 
procured employment with Mr. H. 
L. Hines, (now an honored member 
of the Studebaker Brothers Manu- 
facturing Company,) and com- 
menced making wheelbarrows at 
twelve dollars apiece. In 1858, he 
returned to South Bend and pur- 
chased the interest of his brother 
Henry, (who retired to a farm near 
South Bend,) thereby becoming an 
equal partner with Clem, under the 
firm name of C. & J. M. Studebaker. 
His arduous labors in his business 



affected his health, and threatened 
him with a serious decline, so much 
so that he spent fifteen months in 
Europe with his wife, visiting Eng- 
land, France, Germany, Italy, Switz- 
erland, and Ireland. He returned 
fully recuperated, and in a physical 
condition to successfully meet all 
the stern vicissitudes of an active 
business life. Mr. Studebaker pos- 
sesses great mental and physical 
endurance. His moral sentiments 
are well poised and his religious 
nature active. He is a consistent 
member of the Presbyterian church, 
and an active worker for, and a free 
giver to all works of true charity 
and benevolence. As a citizen he 
stands high, taking a lively interest 
in all public improvements and 
reforms. In social life he is pre- 
eminent ; his friends are many, and 
foes are few or none. Mr. J. M. 
Studebaker, in point of age, stands 
second in the firm, and fills the 
position of vice-president of the 
company. 



PETER E. STUDEBAKER. 



The subject of this sketch, Peter 
Evans Studebaker, was born in 
Ashland county, Ohio, April first, 
1836. He is the fourth of the five 
sons of John Studebaker, and the 
only one who was not bred a wagon 
maker. In boyhood Peter mani- 
fested a strong ambition to become 
a successful business man, and soon 
developed marked abilities in that 
direction. At an early age he en- 
gaged with a brother-in-law, who 
was a merchant, with whom he 
stayed two years, when he started 
west, arriving in South Bend with a 
five frank piece in his pocket as 
his sole moneyed capital. The day 



after his arrival, he engaged as a 
dry-goods clerk, which he retained 
for three years, with a constant in- 
crease in his salary. With a capi- 
tal of one hundred and fifty dollars, 
as the savings of his three years 
salary, he began business on his 
own account. Mounting a ped- 
dling wagon, he struck out into the 
country, in search of his fortune. 
Although meeting with many difii- 
culties and rebus's incident to his 
avocation, he managed to add to 
his small beginning, the handsome 
sum of seven hundred dollars. At 
the age of twenty-one he married, 
discontinued his itinerancy, and in 



BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



683 



April, 1856, opened a retail store at 
Goshen, Indiana. This he carried 
on with varied successes until 1860, 
when he engaged in selling wagons 
for his brothers, C. & M. In this 
he was eminently successful. He 
removed from Goshen to South 
Bend in 1863, and in the year fol- 
lowing, at the age of twenty-eight, 
he became an equal partner with 
his brothers, C. & J. M., the new 
firm organizing under the name of 
Studebaker Brothers. Leaving im- 
mediately for the west, he settled 
at St. Joseph, Mo., that being the 
great outfitting point for California, 
Oregon, Montana, Santa Fe, and the 



entire west. He soon commanded 
a large trade in the sale of their 
wagons for the plains, and the 
Studebaker wagon was favorably 
known throughout the whole west 
to the Pacific coast. He remained 
in St. Joseph until 1871, when he 
returned to South Bend, where he is 
now settled for life. 

Peter E. Studebaker possesses rare 
financial ability, strict integrity, 
indomitable will, and great endu- 
rance. He is the treasurer of the 
concern, which position he fills 
with credit alike to himself and the 
company. 



JACOB F. STUDEBAKER 



Jacob Franklin Studebaker, the 
fifth son of the family, and the 
junior member of the Studebaker 
Brothers Manufacturing Company, 
was born in Ashland county, Ohio, 
May twenty-sixth, 1844, and is con- 
sequently now in his thirty first 
year. At the age of eight, young 
Jacob followed with the familj^ 
train to South Bend, but afterwards 
returned to Tiffin, Ohio, where he 
learned the trade of wagon and car- 
riage making with Peter Yan Ness. 
Returning to St. Joseph county, he 



engaged three years at farming,, be- 
fore becoming a member of the 
company. He is the secretary of the 
Studebaker Brothers Manufactur- 
ing Company, and has the sole 
charge of the carriage works, a post 
for which he is peculiarly fitted. 
No man in the west, perhaps, has a 
better knowledge of the wants and 
needs of the people in his specialty, 
and very few persons have better 
taste and judgement in all matters 
relating to the manufacture of fine 
carriage work. 



O. Bird. — He is a citizen of Fort 
Wayne, has served in the State 
senate. 

J. L. Williams. — He is one of the 
oldest pioneers of Fort Wayne now 
living. He 'has lived a long life 
of great usefulness, and is respected 
by hosts of warm, devoted friends. 

A. P. Edgerton. — He is a lead- 
ing citizen of Fort Wayne. 



Chauncey Rose. — He is one of 
the oldest citizens of Terre Haute 
now living. He is well known as 
the founder of the Industrial School 
of that city, and as one of the 
wealthiest men in the State. 

Austin H. Brown. — He is a citi- 
zen of Indianapolis. At present he 
holds the oflice of clerk of Marion 
county. 



684 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



E. T. Cox. — He is well known as 
the Indiana State geologist. 

Samuel Hanna. — He was for 
many years a prominent and useful 
citizen of Fort Wayne. He took an 
active part in all public improve- 
ments, and died beloved by all who 
knew him for his integrity and abil- 
ity. He was the most prominent 
pioneer of Fort Wayne. 

Mrs. Eliza Hanna. — She is still 
living, and is one of the oldest pio- 
neers of Fort Wayne now living. 
She is the widow of the late Judge 
Samuel Hanna, of Fort Wayne, 
where she now resides. 

Mrs. Laura Suttenfield. — She 
is one of the oldest — if not the 
oldest — pioneer of Fort Wayne 
now living. 

John Hough. — He was an active 
and successful business man of Fort 
Wayne. He died in February, 1875. 

S. C. Evans. — He is an active, 
prosperous and useful citizen of 
Fort Wayne. 

B. Trentman. — lie was a suc- 
cessful business man of Fort Wayne. 
He founded the well known grocery 
establishment of Trentman & Sons, 
of that city. 

Prof. J. A . Comingor. — He is a 
resident and practicing physician 
of Indianapolis, and is a member 
of tlie faculty of the Indiana State 
medical college. 

Prop. R. T. Brown.— He is an 
able scholar in medicine, and one 
of the meml)ers of the faculty of the 
Indiana State Medical College. He 
resides at Indianapolis. 



J. H. Bass. — He is the president 
of the Bass foundry and machine 
works of Fort Wajaie. 

Hon. T. J. Cason.— He is a citi- 
zen of Lebanon, Boone cf)mity, Ind. 
Has served — terms in congress. 

Col. S. S. Bass. — He is a brother 
of J. H. Bass, of Fort Wayne. Bore 
a grand part in the war for the Un- 
ion. Deceased. 

Hon. Schuyi.er Colfax. — He is 
a resident of South Bend, and is so 
well known througliout the State 
and nation that any biograph}' of 
him in this work would be super- 
fluous. 

Prop. W. B. Fletcher. — He is a 
resident and practicing physician 
of Indianapolis, and is a member of 
the faculty of the Indiana State 
medical college. 

Hon. M. C. Hunter. — He is a 
resident of Bloomiugton. He has 
served in congress — terms. 

M. M. Moody.— He is a resident 
of Muncie, and is a pnnuinent 
granger. 

Hon. J. E. McDonald.— He is a 
resident of Indianapolis, and is a 
prominent attorue}' at law. He was 
recently elected to the United States 
senate. 

Prop. G. W. Mears. — He is an 
r)ld and reliai)le physician of hidi 
anapolis, and a member of tlie fac- 
idty of the Indiana State medical 
college. 

N. G. Oi-DS. — He is a resident of 
Fort Wayne, and a leading manu- 
facturer of tJiat place. 



BIOGRAFfllCAL SKETCHES. 



685 



Prop. Richard Owen.— He is 
well known as a scholar in natural 
science,' and occupies the chair of 
that field of study in the Indiana 
State University. 

Hon. S. K. Wolfe. — He is a res- 
ident of New Albany, and was a 
member of the late Congress. He 
is a prominent and useful citizen. 

C. Y. Patterson.— He is a resi- 
dent of Terre Haute, and a promi- 
nent member of the bar of that city, 
being at present judge of the circuit 
court. 

M. L. Pierce. — He is a promi- 
nent citizen of La Fayette, president 
of the first national bank of that 
city, and an old pioneer of that 
place. 

Col. Jas. S. Thompson. — He is 
colonel in the United States army, 
and professor of tactics in the Indi- 
ana. State University. 

Prof. C. E. Wright. — He is a 
resident and practicing physician 
of Indianapolis, and a member of 
the faculty of the Indiana State 
University. 

John Southerland. — He is a 
resident of La Porte. He was pres- 
ident of the State board of agricul- 
ture until the annual meeting of 
that board in January last. 



Hon. James N. Tyner.— A resi- 
dent of Peru, Indiana, a lawyer by 
profession. He was for many years 
in the United States postal detective 
service, for which he proved himself 
eminently fitted. Elected to the 
forty-second congress, he served 
with distinction, and did great ser- 
vice as chairman of the committee 
on postal atfairs. Many improve- 
ments and reforms in our general 
post office system are due to his 
genius. At the expiration of his 
term (the close of the forty-third con- 
gress,) Mr. Tyner received an ap- 
pointment to the very responsible 
position of Second Postmaster Gen- 
eral, vice John L. Routt. 

John Roche. — He is a resident 
and an old pioneer of Huntington. 
He has been connected with many 
of the public improvements of his 
town, and has accumulated consid- 
erable property. ' 

John T. Scott. — ^He is a promi- 
nent member of the Terre Haute 
bar, and formerly a judge of the 
court of that county. He resides at 
Terre Haute. 

D. H. Yeoman. — He is a resident 
of Rensselaer, and a prominent 
granger. 

Hon. D. D. Pratt. — He is a res- 
ident of Logansport. Has served 
in the United States senate. 



Note. — The biographer very much regrets that he was unable to obtain the necessary 
data for writing the biographies of those mentioned in the last two pages, and therefore 
can only present mere mention of their names, places of residence, etc. 



CHAPTER LXXIX. 

thp: newspaper press of Indiana. 

THE PRESS of Indiana has had a growth full equal to the 
development of her material resources. Nor can we easily 
estimate the extent to which the general prosperity of the 
State is indebted to the efforts and influences of the local 
newspaper. At the present time there are published within 
the State twenty -five dailies, two tri-weekly, three semi-weekly, 
two hundred and twenty-three weekly, sixteen monthly and 
two quarterly publications. Some of these have gained a 
national reputation. Prominent among these are the India- 
napolis Daily Sentinel and the Indianapolis Daily Jotirnal. 
Both of tliese papers have become national institutions, and 
exert a powerful influence in the Union for the respective 
political organizations which they support. The latter is a 
Republican and the former a Democratic journal, yet both are 
liberal and independent in the discussion of great questions, 
and seem to manifest moi'e zeal for the material prosperity of 
the State of Indiana than to promote mere partisan ends. The 
/Sentinel is under the editorial management of Mr. John Fish- 
back, with Mr. Joseph O'Connor as the practical managing 
editor. Mr. Fishback is also President of the Sentinel com- 
pany and the principal stockholder in the corporation. The 
Journal is under the editorial management of Mr. John D. 
Nichols, with Mr. Charles M. Walker as political editor. Mr. 
Kicholas Ruckle is President of the Journal company. 

Following is a list of the newspapers published in Indiana, 
with their size, circulation, location, and the names of their 
publishers : * 

* Compiled from Geo. P. Rowell & Co. '8 New&paper Directory for 1874. The eaine cir 
cnlation is here nsed, but it is safe to increase these estimates twenty-flve per cent, for 
the circulation in 1875. 

(686) 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF IKTDIANA. 



687 



Albion, New Era. — Published 
Thursdays ; 32x83 ; subscription 
11.50; established 1873; Samuel E. 
Alvord, editor and publisher. 

Anderson, Democrat. — Published 
Fridays; Democratic; 30x44; quar- 
to; subscription $2; established 
1871 ; M. J. Todisman & Pyles, edi- 
tors and publishers; circulation 
about 656. 

Anderson, Herald. — Fridays ; 
dem.; 8 p., 80x44; sub. $2; est. 
1868 ; Stephen Metcalf, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 960. 

Angola, Steuben Co. Republican. 
— Wednesdaj^s ; rep. ; 4 p., 26x40 ; 
sub. |2; est. 1857; W. C. McGoni- 
gai, ed. and pub. ; cir. 1,080. 

Attica, ZetZ^e?-.- Thursdays ; rep. 
4 p., 25x38; sub. $2; est. 1850 
Benj. F. Hegler, ed. and pub.; cir 
780. 

Auburn, Courier. — Thursdays 
dem.; 8 p., 80x44; sub. $2; est 
1870; T. C. Mays, ed. and pub.; cir 
1867. 

Aurora, Dearborn Independent. — 
Thursdays ; rep. ; 4 p , 28x43 ; sub. 
$2; est. 1868; L. W. Cobb, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 415. 

Aurora, Farmer and Mechanic. — 
Saturdays ; dem. ; 8 p.', 30x44 ; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1873 ; Thos. D. Wright & 
Sons, eds. and pubs. 

Aurora, News. — Wednesdays ; 4 
p., 24x36; sub. $2; est. 1873; Sam. 
Chapman, ed. and pub. 

Bedford, Banner. — Thursdays ; 
dem.; 4 p., 25x87; sub. |1.50; est. 
1871; J. C. Carleton, ed. ; Banner 
Print'g. Co., pub. ; cir. 538. 

Bedford, Independent. — Thurs- 
days; rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1849; I. H. Thomas, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 800. 

Bedford, Christian Record. — 
Monthly; 48 p. 8vo. ; sub. $1.50; est. 



1843 ; Jas. M. Mathews, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 3,167. 

'BijOOmfi:ejjD, Democrat. — Wednes- 
days; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $3; 
est. 1868; W. P. Stropes, pub. and 
prop. ; cir. 550 ; official paper. 

Bloomington, Democrat. — Satur- 
days ; dem. ; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1868 ; Thos. C. Pursell, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 500. 

Blooming-ton, Progress. — Wed. ; 
rep. ; 4 p., 25x40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1 835 ; 
Wm. A. Gabe, ed. and pub. ; cir. 550. 

Bloomington, Indiana Student. — 
Semi-monthly; 16 p., 8vo.; sub. $3; 
est. 1864; Jas. K. Beck, ed.; J. F. 
McGregor, pub. ; cir. 650. 

Bluffton, Banner. — Thursdays ; 
dem.; 4 p., 85x38; sub. $2; est. 
1849 ; Craig & Racket, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 650. 

Bluffton, Chronicle. — Fri. ; rep. ; 
8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1869 ; Jas. 
W. Ruckman, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
432. 

BoONEViLLE, Enquirer. — Sat. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $1.50; est. 
1860; Wm. Swint, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 700. 

BooNEViLLE, Republican. — Sat. ; 
4 p., 34x33 ; sub. $1.35 ; est. 1873 ; D. 
D. Doughty, ed. and pub. 

Bourbon, Mirror. — Independent ; 
4 p., 36x40; sub. $3; est. 1871; I. 
Mattingly, ed. and pub. ; cir. 550. 

Bowling Green, Archives. — 
Dem.; 4 p., 26x38; sub. $1; est. 
1869; Wm Travis, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 430. 

Brazil, Echo. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 
25x38; sub. $3; est. 1873; Thomas J. 
Gray, ed. and pub. ; cir. 650. 

Brazil, Manufacturer and Miner. 
— Thurs.: rep.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1867 ; Miner Pub. Co., pub. ; 
S. B. Riley, business man. ; cir. 720. 



688 



mSTORY OF INDIx^NA. 



Brookston, Reporter. — Tliurs. ; 4 
p. 22x32; sub. $2; est. 1873; M. H. 
Ingrim, ed. and pub. ; largest circu- 
lation in White Co. 

Bkookville, American. — Thurs. ; 
4 p. 26x38; sub. $2; est. 1851 ; C. W. 
Stivers, ed. and pub.; cir, 750; old- 
est established republican paper in 
Clinton Co. 

Bbookville, Franklin Democrat. 
— Thurs.; dem. ; 4 p., 24x36; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1839 ; C. B. Bentley, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 746 ; official paper. 

Brownstown, Banner. — Wed. ; 8 
p., 26x40; sub. $1.25; est. 1869; 
Wm. Frysinger, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
600. 

Bunker Hili;, Our ViUarja News. 
—Sat.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 
1873; Jasper H. Keys, ed. and pub. 

Butler, iV^^s.— Fri. ; 4 p., 22x32; 
sub. ^1.50; est. 1873; K. H. Weamer, 
ed. and pub. 

Cambridge City, Trilnjune. — 
Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 p. 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1869 ; Harding, McCleuu & Tal- 
bot, pub. ; cir. 750. 

Cann ELTON, Enquirer. — Sat. 
dem.; 4p.,24.x32; sub. $2; est. 1870 
E. E. Drum & Co., eds. and pubs. 
cir. 425. 

Cann ELTON, Reporter. — Sat. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 25x37; sub. $2; est. 1853; C. H. 
Mason, ed. ; Mrs. Isabella D. La 
Hunt, pub. and prop. ; cir. 780. 

Centerville, Odd FelUrwa Chron- 
icle.— ^-Ai.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1874 ; R. J. Strickland, ed. and 
pub. 

Centkeville, Wayne Co. Chron- 
id6.—^'Ai.\ 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1871 ; R. J. Strickland, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 480. 

Charlestowist, Clark Co. Record. 
—Sat.; 4 p., 28x44; sub. $1.50; est. 
1869; W. S. Ferrier, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 648. 



Cicero, New Era. — Thurs. : rep. ; 
4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1871; 
Daniel Thorp, ed. and pub.; cir. 
420. 

Clinton, Exponent.— TXxwv?,.:. in- 
dependent; 4 p., 26x38: sub, $2; 
est. 1874; Blackledge & Baker, eds. 
and pubs. 

Columbia City, Pont.— Wed. ; 
dem. ; 4 p., 27x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1852 ; 

E. W. Brown, ed. and pub.; cir. 
892; official i^aper. 

Columbia City, Whitley Cmmicr- 
c«V/l— Thurs. ; 4 p., 26x44; sub. $2; 
est. 1869 ; J. W. Baker, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 650. 

Columbus, Bartholomev Democrat. 
Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1870 ; Lyle & Finney, eds. and 
pubs. 

Columbus, Republican. — Thurs. ; 
4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. J872 ; Isaac 
M. Brown, ed. ; Brown & Bro., 
pubs. ; cir. 650. 

CoNNERSViLLE, Examinsr.- Wed. ; 
4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; est. 1867; Jno. 
M. Higgs, ed. and pub.; cir. 960. 

CoNNERSvii-LE, Times. — Wed. ; 
rep. ; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. ia50 ; 
G. M. Link, ed. and pub. ; cir. 960. 

COKTT>0^., Democrat. — Mon. ; dem. ; 
8 p., 30x44; sub. $1.75; est. 1852; 
A.W.Brewster, ed. and pub.; cir. 
624 ; official organ. 

Corydon, Republican. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 
1868; Geo. W. Self, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 645. 

Covington, Peoples^ Friend. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1831 ; E. C. Voris, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 660. 

Covington, Republic. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x34; sub. $2; est. 1872; 

F. M. Dice, ed. and pub. ; cir. 480. 
Crawpordsville. Journal. — 

Thur.; rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



689 



est. 1848; McCain & Talbot, eds. 
and pub. ; cir. 1,080. 

Crawfordsville, Beview. — Sat. ; 
dem. ; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1843 ; 
Miller, Collins & Voris, eds. and 
pubs. ; cir. 820. 

CJRAWPORDSvrLLE, Saturday Eve- 
ning Jcnirnal. — 8 p., 30x44; sub. $2; 
est. 1874; McCain & Talbot, ed. and 
pub. 

Crawpordsville, Star. — Tues. ; 
4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 1871; 
.Tere Keeney, ed. and pub. ; cir. 753. 

Crown Point, Herald. — Wed. ; 8 
p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1872; Eow- 
ins & Wheeler, ed. and pub. ; cir. 438. 

Crown Point, Register. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 34x34; sub. $2; est. 1857; 
Frank 8. Bedell, ed. and pub.; cir. 
500. 

Danville, Hendricks Go. Union. 
Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1864; John N. Searce, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 750. 

Danville, Indianian. — Thurs. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. |2; est. 
1870; C. N. Walls, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
784. 

Decatur, Eagle. — Fri.; dem.; 8 
p., 30x44; sub. $1.50; est. 1857; A. 
J. Hill, ed. and pub. ; cir. 740. 

Decatur, Herald. — Thurs. ; dem. ; 
4 p., 22x32; sub. $1; est. 1873; 
Chas. A. Black, ed. and pub. 

Delphi, Journal- — Wed.; 4 p., 
26x40; sub. $2; est. 1850; Jas. B. 
Scott, ed. and pub. ; cir. 720. 

Delphi, Times. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 
26x40; sub. $2; est. 1845; M. R. 
Graham, ed. and pub. ; cir. 635. 

Edinbxirgh, Chronicle. — Thurs. ; 
4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
Jacob Clouse, ed. and pub. 

Edinburgh, Watchman. — Thurs. ; 
4 p., 25x37; sub. $1.50; est. 1868; 
A. M. Ernsberger, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
680. 

44 



Edwardsport, Age. — Sat; 4 p., 
22x30; est. 1874; Carl. Brayfie]d,e(l. 
and pub. 

Elkhart, Reoiew. — Daily; rep.; 
4 p., 20x26 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1873 ; Chase 
& Kent, eds. and pubs. 

Elkhart, Remew. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 26x39; sub. $1.50; est. 18511; 
Chase & Kent, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
1,040. 

Elkhart, Democratic Union. — 
Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 28x44; sub. $2; eat. 
1865 ; D. W. Sweet, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 744. 

Elkhart, Observer. — Wed. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 28x44; sub. $2; est. 1872; Ed- 
ward & Emma Malloy, eds. ; Mal- 
. loy & Brush, pub. ; cir. 800. 

Ellittsville, Republican, — 

Tliurs.; rep.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1872; H. S. McCallough, 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 380. 

EvANSviLLE, Courier. — Daily and- 
weekly; dem; 4 p., 25x37; daily, 
sub. $10; weekly, $1.50; est. 1864: 
S. D. Terry & Co., eds. and pub.s. ; 
cir., weekly, 2,500. 

EvANSViLLE, Demokrat. — Daily 
and weekly; German; 4 p., 28x43; 
sub., daily, $8; weekly $2; est. 
1864; F. Saunstein, ed. and pub.; 
cir. daily 1,080 ; weekly 2,150. 

EvANSViLLE, Herald. — Daily; 4 
p., 21x30; sub. $6: est. 1873; Wm. 
T. King, ed. and pub. 

EVANSVILLE, Journal. — Daily and 
weekly ; daily 8 p., 28x40 ; weekly 
8 p., 28x42; sub., daily, $12; weekly 
$1.50; est. 1831; Evansville Journal 
Co., eds. and pub. ; cir. daily 2,757 ; 
weekly 3,024. 

Evansville, Union. — Daily and 
weekly; German; daily 4 p., 25x38; 
weekly 8 p., 28x42; sub. daily $8; 
weekly |2 ; est. 1851 ; I. Esslinger, 
ed.andpub. ; cir. daily 865 ; weekly 
1480. 



I 



690 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



Ft. Wayne, Gazette. — Daily and 
weeklj'^ ; daily 4 p., 26x38 ; weekly 
8 p., 83x45; sub. daily $9.(50; weekly 
$1.75 ; est. 1863 ; Gazette Print. Co., 
ed. and pub. 

Ft. Wayne, Sentinel. — Daily and 
weekly; dem.; dailj^ 4 p., 26x39; 
•weekly 27x43 ; sub. daily $9 ; weeklj^ 
f2; est. 1833; Dumm & Fleming, 
ed. and pub.; cir. dail}' 950; weekly 
1,440. 

Ft. Wayne, Indiana Staatz Zei- 
tung. — German; tri-weeklj^ and 
weekly ; tri-weeklj^ 4 p., , 24x36 ; 
weekly 29x42; sub. tri-vveekly $4; 
weekly |2 ; est. 1857 ; J. G. Sarnig- 
haussen, ed. and pub. ; cir. 420 and 
1,250. 

Ft. Wayne, Journal. — Sat. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 28x44; sub. $2; est. 1869; Tay- 
lor & Fairbank, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 
740. 

FowLEK, Ceiitral Glarion.-Thurs. ; 
4 p., 26x39; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
D. McA. Williams, ed. and pub. 

Francisville, Pulaski Guard. — 
Sat.; 4 p., 22x31; sub. '$1.50; est. 
1874 ; .J. Albert Winegarden, ed. 
and pub. 

Fkankfort, Clinton Republican 
Banner. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. 
$1.75; est. 1863; Fletcher Meredith, 
ed. audpub. ; cir. 656. 

Frankfort, Orescent. — Wed. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. $1.75; est. 
1851; E. H. Staley, ed.; Crescent 
Co., pub. ; cir. 933. 

Franklin, Democratic Herald. — 
Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 24x34; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1859 ; M. R. Slater, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. nso. 

FitANKLiN, Jeffersonian. — Thurs. ; 
rep. ; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1850 ; 
H. C. Allison, ed. and pub.; cir. 
900. 

Gaia'ESTON, 'Journal. — Thurs.; 4 
p., 16.\22; sub. $1.50: est. 1873; Ed- 
gar A. Johnson, ed. and pub. 



Galveston, Times. — Thurs. ; 8 p., 
22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; S. E. 
D'Forest, ed. and pub. 

Goshen, Democrat. — Wed. ; dem. ; 
4 p., 26x39; sub. $2; est. 1837; 
Murray & Beane, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
1,094. 

Goshen, Tim.es. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 
p., 27x34; sub. $2; est. 1855; Wm. 
M. Starr, ed. and pub. ; cir. 960. 

GosPORT, Tribune. — Tues. ; 4 p., 
22x31; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; J. T. 
Harner & Co., ed. and pub. 

Grandview, Monitor. — Thurs. ; 4 
p., 22x30; sub. $1.50; est. 1867; J. 
L. Hatfield, ed. and pub. 

Green Castle, Banner. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $2; est. 1852; 
Geo. J. Langsdale, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 792 ; official city paper. 

Green Castle, Indiana Press. — 
Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1858; Howard Briggs, ed. and 
prop.; cir. 1,075; official county 
papei'. 

Greenfield, Hancock Democrat. 
—Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1860; Wm. Mitchell, ed. 
and pub. ; cir. 704. 

Greenfield, News. — Sat. ; 4 p., 
24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 1874; L. E, 
Rumrill & W. T. Walker, eds.; 
Walker & Co., pub. 

Greensburg, Decatur Press. — 
Sat.; rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 
1868; M. Zorger, ed. and pub.; cir. 
480. 

Greensburg, Standard. — Wed. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2 ; est. 1835 ; 
J. C. MeKee, ed. and pub.; cir 940; 
official paper of county. 

Hagerstown, Friendly Visitor. 
—Wed.; neutral; 4 p., 22x32; sub. 
$1 ; est. 1873 ; Visitor Pub. Co., ed. 
and pub. ; illustrated. 

Hartford City, Courier. -Thnrs^.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50; R. G. Steele-, 
ed.; J. E. Williamson, pub. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



691 



Habtpord City, Neics. — Fri.; 
rep.; 4 p.^ 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1873 ; Jno. M. Ruckman, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 577 ; official county paper. 
Hebron, Sun. — Sat.; 4 p., 20x26 ; 
sub. n ; est. 1873 ; J. B. Peterson, 
ed. and jDub.; cir. 250. 

HuNTiNGBURG, Signal. — Tliurs.; 
German ; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1867 ; Signal Co., ed. and pub.; 
cir. 600. 

HtiNTiNGTON, Indiana Herald. — 
Wed.; rep.; 4 p.. 28x43; sub. $2; 
est. 1848 ; John F. Moses & Co., eds. 
and pubs.; cir. 800. 

Imdianapolis, Evening Journal. 
Daily ; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $5 ; est. 
1871 ; Indianapolis Joui-ual Co., ed. 
and pub.; cir. 3,250. 

Indianapolis, Journal. — Daily 
and weekly Fri.; rep.; 8 p., 31x44 ; 
sub. daily $12 ; Aveekly $2 ; est. 
1824 ; Indianapolis Journal Co., ed. 
and pub.; cir. daily 7,200 ; weekly 
8,000. 

Indianapolis, News. — Daily and 
weekly Wed.; independent ; 4 p., 
daily, 23x31 ; weekly 24x36 ; sub. 
daily $5 ; weekly $1 ; est. 1869 ; Jno. 
H. Haliday, ed and pub.; cir. daily 
4,920; weekly 233. 

Indianapolis, Sentinel. — Daily 
and weekly Tues.; independent ; 8 
p., 32x43 ; sub. daily $10 ; weekly 
$1.50 ; est. 1838 ; Indianapolis Sen- 
tinel Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 
4,600 ; weekly 9,800, estimated. 

Indianapolis, Telegraph. — Daily 
and weekly Fri.; German; rep.; 
daily 4 p., 26x39 ; weekly 8 p., 30x43 ; 
sub. daily $10 ; weekly $2 ; est. daily 
1865 ; weekly 1868 ; Gutteuburg Co., 
ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,250; 
weekly 1,000. 

Indianapolis, Southside. — Fri.; 4 
p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; 
Southside Print. Co., ed and pub. 



Indianapolis, Union, — Daily; 4 
p., 22x30; sub. $5; est. 1840; Indi- 
anapolis Typographical Union, ed. 
and pub. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Deutsche 
Zeitung. — Sun.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1874 ; Chas. B. Lizeus, ed. 
and pub. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Farmer. — 
Sat. ; agricultural ; 8 p., 28x42 ; sub. 
$2; est. 1865; J. G. Kingsbury & 
Co., eds. and pubs. ; largest circula- 
tion of its class in Indiana. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Volksblatt. 
Sat.; German; dem. ; 4 p., 25x38; 
sub. $2.50; est. 1848; Julius Boet- 
ticker, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,180. 

Indianapolis, Mamifacturers and 
Beal Estate Gazette. — Sat. ; 16 p., 
11x16; sub. $2; est. 1873; Gazette 
Co., ed. and pub.; illustrated. 

Indianapolis, People. — Sun. ; in- 
dependent; 8 p., 32x41 ; sub. $2; est. 
1870; Reed, Shellman & Schley, 
eds. and pub. ; cir. 6250. 

Indianapolis, Sun. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 30x46; sub. $2; est. 1873; Jno. 
O. Hardesty, ed. and pub. 

Indianapolis, Sunday Herald. — 
Sun.; 8 p., 31x44; sub. $2.50; est. 
1872 ; Geo. C. Harding, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 3,000. 

Indianapolis, Spottwgel. — Sun. ; 
German; humorous; 8 p., 27x39; 
sub. $2; est. 1866; Gutteuburg Co., 
pub. ; cir, 2,500. 

Indianapolis, Zukunft. — ^Thurs. ; 
German ; independent ; 8 p., 30x43 ; 
sub. $3; Gutteuburg Co. ed. and 
pub.; cir. 2,880. 

Indianapolis, Benham's Musical 
Beview.— 28 p, 9x12; sub. $1; est. 
1866 ; H. L. Benham, ed. and prop. ; 
cir. 6,083. 

Indianapolis, Indiana CJmrcJi- 
man. — Monthly; 4 p., 16x23; sub. 
50c. ; est. 1873 ; D. B. Hunt, pub. 



692 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Indianapolis, Educationist. — 
Monthlj- ; 20 p., 8x11 ; sub. $1 ; est. 
1873 ; Shortridge & Brown, eds. and 
pubs.; cir. 2,200. 

Indianapolis, Indiana Journal 
of Medicine. — Monthly ; medical ; 
fi4 p. DC; sub. $3; est. 1870; Thad. 
M. Stevens, M. D., ed. and pub. ; cir. 
500. 

Indianapolis, Indiana School 
Journal. — Monthly ; 48 p. oc. ; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1856; W. A. Bell, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 4,166. 

Indianapolis, Little Sower. — 
Monthly; 32 p., 7x10; sub. $l;est, 
1865; W. W. Bowling, ed. and pub. 

Indianapolis, Masonic Advocate. 
—Monthly; 16 p., 25x38; sub. $1.25; 
est. 1868; Martin H. Rice, P. G. M, 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 4,800. 

Indianapolis, Odd Fellows' Talis- 
ioan. — Monthly ; 56 p. oc. ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1867 ; B. F. Foster, ed. ; Foster 
tfc Reynolds, pubs. ; cir. 5,500. 

Indianapolis, Little CAiV/.-Quar- 
terly; 16 p., 7x10; sub. 30c.; est. 
1867; W. W. Bowling, pub. 

Jamestown, Commercial. — Wed. ; 
independent; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; 
est. 1873; F. B. Rose, ed. and pub. 

Jasper, Courier. — Fri.; dem. ; 4 
p., 20x36; sub. $1.50; est. 1868; 
Clement Boane, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
280. 

Jeppersonville, Evening News. 
— Baily except Thurs. and Sun. ; 4 
p., 14x20 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1872 ; Reu- 
ben Baily, ed. and pub. ; cir. 496. 

Jeppersonville, National Demo- 
crat. — Thurs. ; dem. ; 6 p., 15x23 ; 
sub. $1.50; est. 1854; R. Daily, ed. 
and pub. ; cir. 736. 

Jonesboro, Herald. — Thurs. ; 4 
p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 1872; N. 
W. Weddiiigtou, ed. and pub. ; cir. 
488. 



Kendallville, Stundard.-y^ed. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 27x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1863 ; 
C. O. Myers, ed. and pub.; cir. 580. 

Kentland, Gazette. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1860 ; Jno. 

B. Conner, ed. and pub.; cir. 580. 
Knightstown, Banner. — Thurs.; 

rep.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1867 ; 
J<j1ui a. Beem, ed. and pub.; cir. 
6.10. 

Knightstown, City Chronicle. — 
Tues.; 4 p., 24x34 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1870 ; J. C. Ridden, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 560. 

Knightsville, Clay Co. Enter- 
prise. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 p., 25x38 ; 
sub. $1.50; est. 1872; Luther Wolfe, 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 566. 

Knox, Stark Co. Ledger. — Thurs. ; 
dem. ; 4 p., 23x35 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; 
O. Musselman, ed. and. pub.; cir. 
420. 

KoKOMO, Democrat. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 
25x38; sub. $1.50; est, 1869; J. F. 
& J. O. Henderson, eds. and pubs. ; 
cir. 1,250. 

KoKOMO, Tribune. — Tues. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 28x43 ; sub. $1.75 ; est. 1851 ; T. 

C. Philips & Sons, eds. and pubs. ; 
cir. 1,472. 

Ladoga, Herald. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
22x32; sub. $2; est. 1866; W. H. 
Boswell, ed. and pub. ; cir. 380. 

La Fayette, Courier. — Baily and 
weekly Tues.; rep.; 4 p., 28x43; 
daily $10; weekly $2; est. 1845; W. 
S. Lingle, ed. and pub.; cir. daily 
1,500 ; weekly 1,600. 

La Fayette, Journal. — Baily and 
weekly Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. 
daily $10 ; weekly $1; est. 1829; S. 
Vater, ed. and pub. 

La Fayette, Despatch. — Baily 
and weekly Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 28x42; 
sub. daily $8 ; weekly $2; est. 1869 ; 
J. C. Bobelbower, ed. and pub. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



693 



La Fayette, Sunday Morning 
Ledger. — Independent ; 8 p., 30x44 ; 
sijb. $2.50; est. 1874; Jno. A. Carr, 
ed. and pub. 

La Grange, Standard. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1867 ; 
Jno. H. Rerick, ed.; C. L. Griffin, 
pub.; cir. 837. 

La Porte, Argus. — Thurs.; dem.; 
4 p., 28x45 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1869 ; H. 
E. Wadsworth, ed.; Wadsworth & 
Kessler, pub.; cir. 1,250. 

La Porte, Herald. — Sat.; rep.; 4 
p., 30x44 ; sub. $4 ; est. 1868 ; Her- 
ald Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 2,400. 

Lawrencebtjrg, Denwcratic Reg- 
uter. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 26x40; 
*ub. $2; est. 1848; Ed. F. Sibley, 
ed. and pub.; cir. 1,200. 

Lawrences URGH, Pi-ess.- Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. !|;2 ; est. 1864 ; 
J. P. Chew, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,109. 

Leavenworth, Crawford Co. 
Democrat. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; Thos. K. Van- 
zandt, ed. and pub.; cir. 576. 

Leavenworth, Independent. — 
Wed.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1869 ; Robt. E. Ryan, ed.; Indepen- 
dent Pub. Co., pub.; cir. 800. 

Lebanon, Patriot. — 1 "uurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1858 ; 
W. C. & D. W. Gerard, ed. and pub.; 
>cir. 750. 

Lebanon, Pioneer.— Fv\.\ dem.; '4 
p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1852 ; B. 
A. Smith, ed. and pub.; cir. 620. 

Liberty, Herald. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1851 ; C. 
W. Stivers, ed. and pub.; cir. 768. 

LiGONiER, National Banner. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 26x39 ; sub. $2 ; 
(St. 1866 ; J. B. Stoll, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 1,212. 

LOGANSPORT, Star. — Daily and 
•weekly Sat; 4 p., daily, 22x32; 



weekly 32x45 ; sub. weekly $2 , est. 
1873 ; Smith & Hall, eds. and pubs. 

LoGANSPORT, Journal. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 30x47; sub. $2, est. 1849; 
Bryer, Hunt^ Dague & Co., pubs.; 
cir. 1,536. 

LoGANSPORT, PJiaros. — Wed. ; 8 
p., 30x44 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1844 ; Ru- 
fus Magee, ed. and prop.; cir. 1,440. 

LOGANSPORT, Sun. — Thurs.; 8 p., 
30x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1873 ; Dan. H. 
Bennett, ed. 

Lowell, Star. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 
26x39 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1872 ; E. R, 
Beebe, ed. and pub.; cir. 476. 

Madison, Courier. — Daily and 
weekly Wed.; rep.; daily, 4 p., 
24x36 ; weekly 32x48 ; sub. $10 and 
$2 ; est. daily 1848, weekly 1837 ; M. 
C. Garber & Co., eds. and pubs.; cir. 
daily 700, weekly 1,440. 

Madison, Pro.^ress.— Semi-weekly 
and weekly Thurs.; dem.; semi- 
weekly, 4 p., 22x30 ; weekly, 8 p., 
30x40; sub. $2.50 and $2; est. 1871 ; 
N. Manville, ed. and pub.; cir. 300 
and 1,000. 

Marion, Chronicle. — Thurs.; rep., 
4 p., 28x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1867 ; 
Marshall F. Tingley, ed. and prop.; 
cir. 800. 

Marion, Democrat. — Thurs.; 8 p., 
30x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; L. A. &: 
J. L. Wallace, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
800. 

Marion, Weekly Monitor. -Thnvs.; 
independent ; 8 p., 20x44 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1868 ; J. S. Jennings, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 560. 

Martinsville, Morgan Co. Ga- 
zette. — Sat.; independent; 4 p., 
25x38 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1850 ; E. W. 
Callis, ed. and pub.; cir. 750. 

Martinsville, Morgan Co. Re- 
publican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4p.,20.\40; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1870 ; Bain & Suu.ck, 
eds. and pubs.; cir. 780. 



694 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Michigan City, Enterprise. — Yv'i.; 
rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $3; est. 
1866 ; Thos. Jernegan, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 580. 

MiSHAWAKA, EuterpHse. — Sat.; 
rep.; 4 p., 38x44; sub. $1.50; est. 
1854 ; Jernegan & Carpenter, eds. 
and pubs.; cir. 913. 

Mitchell, Commercinl. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 34x34 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1866 ; 
E. S. Mclntire, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 

MoNTicELLO, Constitutionalist. — 
Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $3 ; 
est. 1866 ; J. W. McEwen, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 350. 

MoNTicELLO, Herald. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $3 ; est. 1863 ; 
W. J. Huff, ed. and pub.; cir. 300. 

MooRESviLLE, Enterprise. — • 
Tliurs.; 4 p., 34x35 ; sub. |1.50 ; est. 
1873 ; Macy & Burke, eds. and pubs.; 
cir. 430. 

Mount Vernon, Democrat. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 35x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1867 ; Tom. Collins, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 650. 

Mount Vernon, Republican. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 25x88; sub. $3; est. 
1871 ; C. L. Prosser, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 660. 

MuNCiE, Democrat. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
24x36 ; sub. f 1.50 ; est. 1870 ; Col. 
Williams, ed. and pub. 

MuNCiE, Indiana Granger. — 
Thurs.; 8 p., 36x40 ; sub. $1.50; est. 
1878 ; N. F. Ethell, ed. and pub. 

MuNCiE, News. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
28x45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; N. F. 
Ethell, ed. and pub.; cir. 560. 

MuNCiE, Times. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 
p., 80x45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1861 ; 
Brady & Mellette, eds. and pubs.; 
cir. 3,249. 

Nashville, Jacksonian. — Thurs. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 32x28; sub. 1.50; est. 
1870; G.W.Allison, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 300. 



New Albany, Ledger Standard. 
— Daily and weekly Wed.; dem.; 
4 p., daily, 24x36 ; weekly 29x46 ; 
sub. $10 and $3 ; Ledger Standard 
Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,600; 
weekly 3,850 ; official pappr. 

Newcastle, Courier. — Fri.; rep.; 
8 p., 38x43 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1841 ; 
Pleas & Rogers, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
1,923. 

New Castle, Times. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1865; Hiatt & Parker, eds. and 
pubs.; cir. 773. 

New Harmony, Register. — Sat.; 
dem.; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1867 ; C. W. Slater, ed. and pub.; cir. 
500. 

New Haven, Palladium. — Fri.; 
4 p., 23x35 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; 
T. .1. Foster, ed. and pub.; cir. 340. 

NOBLESVILLE, Ledger. — Fri.; rep.; 
4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; 
Wm. Bodenhamer, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 960. 

North Manchester, Manchester 
Republican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 
22x33 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1865 ; M. E. 
Pleas, ed. and pub.; cir. 330. 

North Vernon,. Plaindealer. — 
Tues.; rep.; 8 p., 36x40; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1864 ; R. A. Connor, ed.; W. G. 
Norris, pub.; cir. 1,130. 

North Vernon, Sun. — "\^"ed. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1872 ; J. N. Marsh, ed. and pub.; cir. 
783. 

Notre Dame, Am Ma^'ia. — Sat.; 
Catholic ; 24 p., 7x10 ; sub. $3 ; est. 
1864 ; Notre Dame University, ed. 
and pub.; cir. 7,000. 

Notre Dame, Scholastic. — Sat.; 
8 p., 21x30 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; 
Notre Dame University, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 440. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



695 



Osgood, Rijiley Co. Journal. — 
Thnrs.; 4 p., 33x35 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1866 ; R. N". Papet, ed. and pub. 

OxFOED, Tribune. — Wed.; rep.; 4 
p., 22x32 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1865 ; A. Cow- 
gill, ed. aud pub.; cir. 587. 

Paoli, American Eagle. — Tliurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 22x82 ; sub. $1 ; H. & J. 
W. Comingore, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
360. 

Pendleton, Register. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1 ; est. 1872 ; 
T. B. Deem, ed. and pub.; cir. 650. 

Peru, Miami Go. Sentinel. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 30x42; sub. $2; 
est. 1848 ; W. B. Loughridge, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 1,275. 

Peru, Bepublican. — Fri.; rep.; 4 
p., 28x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1856 ; G. I. 
Reed, ed. ; Reed & Sinks pub. ; cir. 
1,280. 

Petersburgh, Pike Go. Demo- 
t'/Y(^.— Sat. ; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; 
est. 1870; Demott & Knight pubs.; 
cir. 620. 

Petersburgh, Press. — Sat. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 1869; 
M. Krebs, ed. and pub.; cir. 576. 

Plainfield, Citizen. — Sat. ; 4 p., 
23x30; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; Jno. 
N". Vestal ed. and pub. 

Plymouth, Democrat. — Thurs. ; 4 
p., 36x40; sub. $2; est. 1855; Van 
Valkenburgh & Geddes, eds. and 
pubs. ; cir. 773. 

Plymouth, Marshall Go. Repuhli- 
cffl?i.— Thurs. ; 8 p.; 30x44; sub. $3; 
est. 1856; Jno. Millikan, ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 600. 

Portland, Commercial. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 35x38; sub. $1.50; est. 
1865; E.J. Marsh, ed. and pub.; cir. 
648. 

Portland, Jay Go. Granger. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 36x40; sub. 
$1.50; est. 1871; W. W. Timmonds 
ed. and pub. ; cir. 600. 



Princeton, Clarion. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1846; 
A. J. Calkins, ed. and pub. ; cir. 875. 

Princeton, Democrat. — Sat. ; 4p., 
26x40; sub. $3; est. 1861; Wm. H. 
Evans, ed. and pub.; cir. 924. 

Remington, Journal. — Sat. ; 4 p., 
24x35; sub. $3; est. 1872; C. M. 
Johnson, ed. and pub.; cir. 400. 

Rensselaer, Union. — Thurs. ; 
rep. ; 4 p. 34x36 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1868 ; 
James & Healy, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 
560. 

Reynolds, White Co. Banner. — 
Fri.; indep.; 4 p., 30x36; sub. |1; 
est. 1871; J. E. Dunham ed. and 
pub. ; cir. 160. 

Richmond, Independent. — Daily 
and weekly; Sat; 4 p., daily 33x32, 
weekly 26x40; sub. $6, and $3.50; 
est. 1873, and 1866 ; Magg c% Cald- 
well, pub. ; cir., weekly, 1,483. 

Richmond, Hausfreund. — Sat. ; 8 
p., 28x42; sub. $2: est. 1872; M. 
Waterman, ed. and pub. ; cir. 580. 

Richmond, Palladium. — Sat. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $1.50; est. 
1831 ; B. W. Davis, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 680. 

Richmond, Telegram. — Fri. ; rep. ; 
4 p., 30x46 ; sub. |2 ; est. 1863 ; Tel- 
egram Printing Co., eds. and pubs. ; 
cir. 2,000. 

Rising Sun, Ohio Co. Recorder. — 
Fri. ; indep. ; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $3 ; 
est. 1865 ; J. F. Waldo, ed. and pub. ; 
cir. 533. 

Roanoke, Register. — Sat.; 4 p., 
34x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; Hiram 
D. Carll, ed. and pub.; cir. 350. 

Rochester, Sentinel. — Sat.; dem.; 
8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1853 ; A. 
T. Bitters, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 

Rochester, Union Spy. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $3; est. 1868; 
T. Major Bitters, ed. and pub.; cir. 
600. 



696 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



RocKPORT, Democrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 
25x38 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1855 ; C. Jones, 
cd. and pub.; cir. 583. 

ROCKPORT, Journal. — Thurs.; 
rep.; 4 p., 25x39; sub. $1.50; est. 
1861 ; J. Wyttenbach, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 600. 

RocKPORT, Republican. — Wed.; 4 
p., 28x42 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; S. 
E Kercheval & Co., eds. and pubs.; 
cir. 1,292. 

RocKviLLE. Indiana Patriot. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1870; G. A^^ Collings, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 960. 

RocKVii.LE, Sepvblican. — Wed.; 4 
p., 27.X42 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1854 ; J. B. 
Cheadle, ed. and pub; cir. 1,104. 

RrsHViLi.E, Jacksonian. — Thurs. ; 
4 p.. 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1867 ; 
Geo. H. Puntenney, ed. 

Rush viij.E, Repiihlica «.— Thurs. ; 
4 p., 24x86 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1839 ; F. T. 
Drebert, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 

Salem, Washington Go. Democrat. 
—Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; .sub. 
$1 .50 ; est. 1849 ; Stevens & Cravens, 
eds. and pubs.; cir. 683. 

SCOTTSBURGH, Scott Co. Demo- 
crat. — Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. 
$1 ; est. 1872 ; J. H.J. Sierp, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 640. 

Seymour, Democrat. — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 24x37 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1868 ; A. A. Davison, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 480 

Seymour, Times. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 
22x31 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1855 ; J. R. Mon- 
roe, ed. and pub.; cir. 450. 

Shelbyviuue, Shelby Republican. 
—Thurs.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1866 ; J.M. Cumback, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 680. 

Shelbyville, Volunteer — Thurs.; 
dem.; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1843 ; 
John Hoop, prop.; cir. 1,600. 



Shoals, MaHin Go. Herald. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; 
est. 1868 ; Henry A. Peed, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 600. 

South Bend, Tribune. — Daily 
and weekly ; Sat.; 4 p., dail}% 19x25 
weekly, 30x44 ; sub. $6, and $1.50 
est. 1873 ; A. B. Miller ed.; Tribune 
Printing Co., pub.; cir., weekly, 
2,720. 

South Bend, Indiana Gourier. — 
Fri., German, 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1873 ; Fascett Bro. & Brown- 
field, ed. and pub. 

South Bend, St. Jo. Valley Reg- 
ister. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 30x43; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1845 ; A. Beal, ed. 
and pub.; cir. 2,116. 

South Bend, Union. — Wed.; 
dem.; 4 p., 28x45; sub. $1.50; est. 
1866; J. Brownfield, Jr., ed. and 
pub.; cir. 1,104. 

South Bend, Northern Indiana 
Teacher. — Monthly; 48 p. octavo; 
sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; H. A. Ford, ed. 
and pub. 

South Bend, School. — Monthly ; 
16 p., octavo ; sub. $1 ; est, 1874 ; 
Marsliall & McAraney. 

Spencer, Otcen Go. Journal. — 
Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1858 ; John Wayland, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 480. 

Spencer, Owen Go. Netos. — Sat. ; 
8 p., 26x39; sub. $2; est. 1873; 
Yocke}' & Connelly, eds. and pubs. 

Spiceland, Rejwrter. — Wed.; 4 p., 
26x41 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; F. Rat- 
cliff, ed., J. W. Harvey, pub. 

SvuJYAi^i, Democrat. — Wed. ; dem. ; 
4 p., 25x37 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1854 ; Mur- 
ray Briggs, ed. and pub.; cir. 775. 

Sullfvan, Sullivan Go. Union. — 
Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 25x28 ; sub. |2 ; est. 
1866 ; J. A. Hayes ed. and pub,; cir. 
780. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OF INDIANA. 



697 



. Teli, City, Anzeiger. — Sat.; Ger- 
man, rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1866 ; G. F. Bott, ed. and pub ; cir. 
824. 

Tell City, Commercial.— ^Tlwxrs.; 
4 p., 34.X36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1873 ; H. 
J. May,- ed. and pub. 

Terre Haute, Express. — Daily 
and weekly; Thurs.; rep.; daily, 4 
p., 25x38 ; weekly, 8 p., 30x43 ; sub. 
$10 and $2 ; est., daily, 1851, weekly. 
1840 ; Express Printing Co. pub.; 
cir., daily, 1,672, weekly, 1,080. 

Terre Haute, Gazette. — Daily 
and weekly ; Thurs.; 4 p., daily, 23x 
33, weeldy, 28x42 ; sub. $6, $1.50 ; 
est. 1869 ; Ball & Dickerson, eds. 
and pubs.; cir., daily, 1,150, weekly, 
1,450. 

Terre Haute, Journal. — Daily 
and weekly ; Fri.; dem.; 4 p., daily, 
25x38, weekly, 28x42 ; sub. $10 and 
$2 ; R. N. Hudson, ed. and prop.; 
cir., daily, 800, weekly, 1,080. 

Terre Haute, Banner. — Tri- 
weekly ; Tues., Thurs., and Sat.; 4 p., 
24x34 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1870 ; A. Fab- 
ricius, ed. and pub.; cir. 540. 

Terre Haute, Saturday Even- 
ing Mail. — Indep.; 8 p., 30x43 ; sub. 
$2 ; est. 1870 ; P. S. Westfall, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 4,233. 

Thorntown, Independent — Wed.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2.; est. 1873 ; IST. 
C. Rayhouser, ed. and pub. 

Thorntown, Register. — Fri. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x34 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 
1871 ; L. B. Kramer, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 400. 

Tipton, Advance. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
24x82 ; sub. $1 ; Wm. J. Turpen, ed.; 
Turpen & Emmons, pubs. 

Tipton, Enterprise. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; 
Joel Reese, ed. and pub.; cir. 520. 

Tipton, Times. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 
24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1855 ; C. J. 
Brady, ed. and pub.; cir. 620. 



Union City, Eagle. — Tues.; rep.; 
4 p., 26x37 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1863 ; 
Bentley Masslicli, ed. and jiub.; cir. 
1,000. 

Union City, Times. — Thurs.; 4 p., 
26x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; J. Com- 
mons, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 

Valparaiso, Messenger. — Tues. ; 
indep.; 8 p., 35x48 ; sub. $2 ; est. 
1871 ; E. Zimmerman, ed. and pub. 

Yalparaiso, Porter Co. Vidette. — 
Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1857 ; A. Guruey, ed. and pub.; 
cir. 650. 

Veedersburg, Fountain Co. Her- 
ald.— Wed.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. 2 ; est. 
1873 ; J. H. Spence, ed. and pub. 

Vernon, Banner. — Wed.; rep.; 4 
p., 26x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1845 ; W. 
C. Stineback, ed.; C. E. Wagoner, 
pub.; cir. 480. 

Versailles, Ripley Index. — 
Thurs.; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $1.50; est. 
1873 ; Thompson & Wayland, eds. 
and pubs.; cir. 490. 

Vevay, Democrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 26x 
40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1868 ; J. H. Wright, 
ed. and pub.; cir. 500. 

Vevay, Reveille. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 
30x44 ; sub. $2 : est. 1817 ; Wm. J. 
Baird, ed. and pub.; cir. 736. 

ViNCENNES, Western Sun. — Semi- 
weekly ; Tues. and Fri.; weekly, 
Sat.; dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. $5, and 
$2 ; est. 1804 ; A. J. Thomas & Co., 
ed. and pub.; cir., semi-weekly, 610, 
weekly, 1,302. 

ViNCENNES, Timex. — Sat.; rep.; 4 
p., 28x42 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1865 ; Cad- 
dington & Noble, ed. and pub.; cir. 
985. 

Wa^ask, Free Trader. — Fri.; 4 p.; 
26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; A. L. Bag- 
by, ed. and pub.; cir. 640. 

Wabash, Plaindea ler. — Thur. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 28x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1858 ; 
Ferry & Butler, ed. and pub.; cir. 
1,547. 



698 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Walton, Enterprise. — Sat.; 8 p., 
22x31 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1874 ; Cliap- 
pelear & Sumption, cd. aud pub 

Warsaw, National Union. — Fri.; 
dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1860 ; 
F. J. Zimmerman, ed. and pub.; cir. 
800. 

Warsaw, Northeru Indianinn. — 
Tliurs.; rep.; 4 p., 30x48 ; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1856 ; R. Williams, ed. 

Washington, Davis Co. Demo- 
crat. — Sat; dem.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. 
$1 ; est. 1867 ; S. Belding, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 608. 

Washington, Enterprise.-ThViYs,. ; 
4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1873 ; John 
A. Geeting, ed. and pub.; cir. 711. 

Washington, Gazette. — Sat.; rep.; 
4 p., 25x39 ; sub. $1.25 ; est. 1866 ; S. 
F. Harrall & Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 
816. 

Waterloo, Fre.'^s. — Thurs.; rep.; 
4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1858 ; Bax- 
ter & Kennedy, eds. and pubs.; cir. 
580. 

Waveland, News. — Sat.; 4 p., 22x 
31; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; W. H. 
Boswell, ed. and pub.; cir. 260. 

West Lebanon, TFarre??, Times. — 
Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; 



est. 1873 ; Walker & Fleming-, eds. 
and pubs. 

WiLLiAMSPORT, Warren Eepubli- 
(Yw.— Thurs.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2 ; 
est. 1855 ; John Gregory, ed. and 
pub.; cir. 500. 

WiNNEMAC, Democrat. — Thurs. ; 
dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1857; 
F. B. Thomas, ed.; cir. 400. 

WiNNEMAC, Mepublican. — Fri. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 23x.35 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1872 ; 
J. Keiser, ed. and pub.; cir. 400. 

Winchester, Journal. — Wed.; 
rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 
1861 ; Hadson & Beeson, eds. and 
pubs. 

Wolcottville, Register.— TIivlvs,. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 
1874 ; J. R. Rhubottom, ed. and pub. 

Worthington, Times. — Thurs. ; 
rep.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est. 
1856 ; Ward & Miller, ed. aud pub.; 
cir. 360. 

Xenia, Gazette. — Wed.; 4 p., 22x 
32 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1872 ; R. K. Rob- 
inson, ed. and pub.; cir. 367. 

ZiONSViLLE. Times. — Fri.; 4 p., 
22x30; sub. $1 ; est. 1873; M. How- 
ard, ed. and pub. 



I 



/VPPENDIX. 



POST-OFFICE DIKECTOKY OF INDIANA. 

The first name given is tlie post-office, and the second tlie county. Tliose 
printed in italics are county -seats ; those having the * affixed are money- 
drder offices; offices marked " B," are British international money-order 
offices; "G," German international money-order offices ; and "S" Swiss 
international money-order offices: 



Aaron -- Switzerland 

Aberdeen.. Ohio 

.\bing;ton .Wayne 

Aboite__ Allen 

Ackton Marion 

-^dams Decatur 

Adamsburg Cass 

Adeyville Perry 

Akron.. Fulton 

Alamo Montgomerj' 

Alaska Morgan 

-\lbany Delaware 

Albion* Moble 

A lert Decat ur 

Alexander Clay 

Alexandria Madison 

Alfonte Madison 

.\lfordsville Daviess 

Allen..- Miami 

Allento wn Knox 

Alma Whitley 

Alpha Scott 

Alpine Fayette 

Alquina Fayette 

Alto Howard 

Alton ._ Crawford 

Alvarado Steuben 

Amboy Miami 

America. Wabash 

Amity Johnson 

Arao Hendricks 

Amsterdam Cass 

A'ndenon*'R Madison 

Audersonville Franklin 

An{iola*'R Steuben 

Annapolis Parke 

.4noka Cass 

Anthony Delaware 

Antioch Huntington 

Arba Randolph 

Arcadia Hamilton 

Arcana Grant 



Areola Allen 

Argos* ..Marshall 

An - Noble 

Armiesburgh Parke 

Armstrong. . .Vanderburgh 

Arney Owen 

Aroma Hamilton 

Ascension Sullivan 

Ashborough Clay 

Ashby's Mills. Montgomery 

Ash Grove Tippecanoe 

Ashland Henry 

Asherton Parke 

Atkinsonville -Owen 

Atica* Fountain 

Atwood Kosciusko 

Auburn* DeKalb 

Augusta Station. ..Marion 
Aurora*, B, G ...Dearborn 

Austin Scott 

Avilla Noble 

Avoca -..Lawrence 

Avon Hendricks 

Aydelott Benton 

Azialia Bartholomew 

Bainbridge * Putnam 

B al bee - - - J ay 

Ballstown Ripley 

Barber's Mills Wells 

Barberville Jefferson 

Bargersville Johnson 

Barren Harrison 

Bartonia -..Randolph 

Bateham Sullivan 

Batesville Ripley 

Battle Ground. Tippecanoe 

Bean Blossom Brown 

Bear Branch Ohio 

Bear Creek Jay 

Beaver City Newton 

Beaver Dam Kosciusko 

(699) 



Beaver Timber Newton 

Beck"s Grove Brown 

Beck's Mills.. Washington 

Bedford * Lawrence 

Beech Grove Rush 

Beechy Mire Union 

Belden -Wabash 

Belle Union Putnam 

Belleville Hendricks 

Bellraore -. Parke 

Benham's Store Ripley 

Bennett's Switch. . .Miami 

Bennettsville Clarke 

Bennington --.Switzerland 

Benton"- Elkhart 

Bentonville Fayette 

Benuville Jennings 

Berlin Clinton 

Berne ..Adams 

Bethany. Parke 

Bethel '. Wayne 

Bethlehem.-- Clarke 

Bicknell Knox 

Big Indian... Cass 

Billingsville , Union 

Bingen Adams 

Bird's Eye Dubois 

Birmingham Miami 

Black CTak Ridge.. Daviess 

Blairsville Posey 

BloomfieUl* Greene 

Bloomingdale Parke 

Blooming Grove.. Franklin 
Bloom ingport... Randolph 
Bloomingsburgh .. .Fulton 
i?/oomi//f/('o/(.*B,G. Monroe 

Blountsville Henry 

Blue Creek Franklin 

Blue Grass Ful ton 

Blue Lick Clarke 

Blue Ridge Shelby 

Blue River Harrison 



700 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



Bhifl' Ci'eok Johnson 

Bluft" Point Jav 

Blufftoyi* Well8 

Bogard's Fork. . .Crawl'ord 

Boggstowii ... Shelby 

Bono Lawrenci' 

Boone Grove .Porter 

Booucr/lli-^' .Warrick 

Boston Wayne 

Boston Store. Montt;omery 

Bosvvell Benton 

Boundar.y Jay 

Bourbon * Marshall 

Bonder ..Blackford 

Bovine Gibson 

Bowling Green * Clay 

Boxley Hamilton 

Boydston"s MillsKosciusko 

Bracken Huntington 

Bradford Harrison 

Brazil *B ...Clay 

Bremen Marshall 

Bretzville Dubois 

Brewersville Jennings 

Bridgeport Marion 

Brldj}eton ..Parke 

Bright Dearborn 

Brighton La Grange 

Brimtield Noble 

Brin<:hnrs-t Carroll 

Bristol Elkhart 

Broad Rii)i)le Marion 

Brook Newton 

BrookiieUl Shelby 

Brooklyn * Morgan 

Brookston * White 

Brooki:iUe*B. G .Franklin 

Browiisburg Hendricks 

Brown's Corners. Ilunt'g'n 

Broivnsto ivii '•' Jackson 

Brown's Valley Montgom'y 

Brown sville Union 

Bruce's Lake Fulton 

'Bruceville Knox 

Brunswick Lake 

Bi'ushy Prairie.. I>a Grange 

Brianr" Jay 

Bryant's Creek Monroe 

Bryan sville Lawrence 

Buckskin Gibson 

Butlaloville Spencer 

Bunker Hill Miami 

Burdick Porter 

Burjet's Corners. .Clinton 

, Burlington Carroll 

Burni'lt Vigo 

Burnett's Creek WTiite 

Burnside Clinton 

Burnsville ...Bartholomew 

Burrows Carroll 

Butler*... De Kalb 

Butlerville Jennings 

Byrneville. Harrison 

Cadiz Henry 

Cairo Putnam 

Calcutta Clay 

Callao LaPorte 

Cambridge City*BGWayne 

Camden Carroll 

Campbellsburg.Washing'n 

Cana. Jennings 

Canaan ..i Jefferson 

Can al Warrick 

Canudtoii * B Perry 

Canoper Adams 

Canton Washington 

Carbon Clay 



Carlisle* Sullivan 

Carmel Hamilton 

Carpcntersville .. .Putnam 

Carroll Carroll 

Carroll ton Hai.cock 

Cartersburgh . . .Hendricks 

Carthage Rush 

Casfsella Lake 

Cassville Howard 

Castle ...•- Randolph 

Castleton Marion 

Cataract .'Owen 

Catlin Parke 

Cedar Creek DeKalb 

Cedar Grove Franklin 

Cedar Lake Lake 

Cedarville Allen 

Cedarwood Harrison 

Celestine Dubois 

Celina Perry- 
Center Howard 

Center Point Clay 

Center Square. Switzerland 

Centreton ...Morgan 

Center Valley ..Hendricks 

Gente7'ville*- Wayne 

Cerro Gordo Randolph 

Chalmers White 

Chamberlain Allen 

Chambersburg Orange 

Charlestown* Clarke 

Charlottsville Hancock 

Chauncj' Tippecanoe 

Chester.. Wayne 

Chesterfield Madison 

Chesterton* Porter 

Chestnut Hill. Washington 

Chili Miami 

Christie's Prairie Clay 

Churubusco ..Whitley 

Cicero Hamilton 

Clarke Randolph 

Clarke Station Lake 

Clarksburg Decatur 

Clark's Hill ...Tippecanoe 

Clark's Prairie Daviess 

Clarksville Hamilton 

Claysville Washington 

Clayton. Hendricks 

Clear Creek Monroe 

Cleona. Brown 

Clermont ...Marion 

Cleveland Hancock 

Clifford Bartholomew 

Clifton Union 

Clifty Decatur 

Clinton * Vermilion 

Clouser'8 Mills. Montgom'y 

Cloverdale Putnam 

Clover! and Clay 

Coatsville Hendricks 

Coburn'e Corners. .DeKalb 

Coesse ..Whitley 

Coffee -.Clar 

Colburu Tippecanoe 

Colfa.x Clinton 

Collamar ...Whitley 

Collett Jay 

Collins Whitley 

Cologne Delaware 

Coloma... Parke 

Columbia ...Pavette 

Columbia CiUj* B, (}. "S. 

Whitlev 
CoUimbus* B, G.Barthol'w 

Commiskey Jennings 

Cologne...". Jackson 

Connersiil/e* B. G.Favette 



Conn's Creek Shelby 

Crookerly Vigo 

Cope Morgan 

Courtland J ackSon 

Corunna DeKalb 

Coi-y .Clay 

Coryilo>i*B Harrison 

Corymbo ..LaPorte 

Cottage Grove Union 

Courter M iami 

County Line... Tippecanoe 

Gorington* Fountain 

Cowari De] aware 

Cox's Mills Wayne 

Craig S wi tzerl and 

Craufordsti//fi*B.'Mo\ng'y 

Cresswell Jefl'ersoh 

Crisman Porter 

Crisp's Cross Roads. Har'sn 

Crittenden Cass 

Cromwell.. ....Noble 

Crooked Creek Steuben 

Cross Plains Ripley 

Crothersville Jackson 

Crown Point* G Lake 

Crowville Warrick 

Cuba Owen 

Culver's Station. Tippeca'e 

Cumberland Marion 

Curtisville Tippecanoe 

Curveton Cass 

Cutler Carroll 

Cynthiana Posey 

Dale Spencer 

Daleville Delaware 

Dal ton -. Wayne 

Banville* Hendricks 

Darlington ...Montgomery 

Darwin .Carroll 

Dayton Tippecanoe 

Decahir* Adams 

Decker's Station Knox 

Deedsville Miami 

Deem Owen 

Deep Rirer Lake 

Deep Creek Carroll 

Deerfield Randolph 

Delaney's Creek. Wash'ton 

Delaware Riplev 

Delectable Hill Pike 

Delphi* B Carroll 

Delta Parke 

Demming ...Hamilton 

Denver Miami 

Deputy Jefferson 

Derby Perry 

Dexter Perry 

Dillsborough Dearborn 

Ditney Hill Dubois 

Donaldson Marshall 

Don Juan Perry 

Doolittle's Mills Perry 

Door Village La Porte 

Dora Wabash 

Dover HiU Martin 

Dow Cass 

Down Hill Crawford 

Drewersburgh Franklin 

Dublin* ...'.' -Wayne 

Dudlevtowu Jackson 

Duff ..Dubois 

Dunkirk Jay 

Dunlapsville Union 

Dunreith ...Henry 

Dupont Jefferson 

Dye Martin 

Dyer Lake 



APPEKDIX. 



701 



Eaglesfield Clay 

Bagletown Hamilton 

Bade ._ Vanderburgh 

Earl Park Benton 

East Enterprise Switzerrd 
East Germantown. -Wayne 

Eaton -.Delaware 

Economy..- Wayne 

Eden Hancock 

Eden Mills La Grange 

Edinburgh * Johnson 

Edna Mills Clinton 

Edwardsport Knox 

Edwardsville Floyd 

Eel Eiver Allen 

Egypt Carroll 

Elberfeld Warrick 

Elizabeth Harrison 

Elizabethtown .Barth'raew 

Elizaville Boone 

Elkhart* B, G, S... Elkhart 

Elkinsville .-Brown 

Ellittsville . . - Monroe 

Ellsworth Vigo 

Elmay Grant 

Elrod -..Ripley 

Blwood -Madison 

Ely - Warrick 

Eminence -Morgan 

Emisou Station Knox 

English Crawford 

English Lake Starke 

Enochsburg Franklin 

Enterprise - Spencer 

Epsom Daviess 

Erie -. Lawrence 

Ervin Howard 

Etna Green Kosciusko 

Eugene Vermillion 

Eureka Spencer 

Evans' Landing.. Harrison 
Evansville* B, G, S, 

Vanderburgh 

Everton - Fayette 

Ewing Jackson 

Ewington Decatur 

^'airfield Franklin 

Fairfield Center ...DeKalb 

Fairland* --Shelby 

Fairmount Grant 

Fairplay Vanderburgh 

Fairview Randolph 

Falmouth Rush 

Farabee's Station -Wash'tn 
Farmers' Institute. Tippe'e 
Farmers' Retreat-Dearborn 

Farmers' Station Owen 

Farmersville Posey 

Farmland Randolph 

Fayettville Lawrence 

Ferdinand -Dubois 

Fenns Shelby 

Ferguson's Station ..Allen 

Fidelity- Pike 

Fillmore Putnam 

Ksh Creek Steuben 

Fishersburgh Madison 

Fisher's Switch. -Hamilton 

Fish Lake Elkhart 

Flat Rock Shelby 

Flint Steuben 

Florence Switzerland 

Florida Madison 

Flowerville White 

Floyd's Knobs ..- ..Floyd 

Polsomville -- Warrick 

Forest Hill -- Decatur 



Fort Branch* ..Gibson 

Fort Ritner. Lawrence 

Fortville Hancock 

Fort Wayne*'B, G, S-Allen 

Foster's Ridge Perry 

Fountain Fountain 

Fountain Station Vigo 

Fonntaiutown Shelby 

Fowler-' Benton 

Fox Wells 

Francisvilie Pulaski 

Francisco Gibson 

Franlcfort* Clinton 

Franklin* Johnson 

Frankton --Madison 

Fredericksburgh- Wash'ton 

Fredonia T--- Crawford 

Freedom Owen 

Freelandville Knox 

Freeport Shelby 

Freetown ..Jackson 

Fremont Steuben 

French Lick - Orange 

Friendship Ripley 

Friendswood .. .Hendricks 

Fulda Spencer 

Fulton ...Fnlton 

Furnessville Porter 

Galen Adams 

Galena Floyd 

Gallaudet Marion 

Galveston. Cass 

Gaynorville Decatur 

Geetingsville Clinton 

Geneva --- Adams 

Gentryville Spencer 

Georgetown Floyd 

Georgia ...Lawrence 

Geppville Jay 

Gibson's Station Lake 

Gilead ...Miami 

Glendale Daviess 

Glen Hall Tippecanoe 

Glenn's Valley Marion 

Goodland* Newton 

Goodwin's Corner ..Union 

Qoshen^B ..Elkhart 

Gosport* Owen 

Graham Jefferson 

Grand Rapids Crossing, 

Noble 

Grandview Spencer 

Grantsburgh Crawford 

Granville Delaware 

Graysville Sullivan 

Green Briar Orange 

Green Cas^^e* B... Putnam 

Green Center Noble 

Greene Jay 

Greenfield* Hancock 

Green Oak Fulton 

Greensborough Henry 

Greensbui-ghfB, G.Decatur 

Green's Fork Wayne 

Greentown Howard 

Greenville -.Floyd 

Greenwood Johnson 

Griswold Knox 

Groomsville Tipton 

Groveland Putnam 

Gro vertown Starke 

Groves - Fayette 

Guilford Dearborn 

Guionsville Dearborn 

Gundrum Pulaski 

Guthrie Lawrence 



Hackleman Grant 

Hagerstown* Wayne 

Hall Morgan 

Hall's Corners Allen 

Hamburgh Franklin 

Hamilton Steuben 

Hamlet Starke 

Hamrick's Station. Putnam 

Hancock Harrison 

Hanly's Corner Ripley 

Hanna's Station.. La Porte 

Hanover* .- Jefferson 

Hardinsburgh .Washingt'n 

Harlan-.. _ Allen 

Harmony Clay 

Harrisburg .-Fayette 

Harrison Delaware 

Harristowu ...Washington 

Harrisville Randolph 

Harrmann's Station. D'b'rn 

Harrodsburgh Monroe 

Hartford Ohio 

Hartford City* .Blackford 

Hartsville Bartholomew 

Harvey sburgh Fountain 

Haskell La Porte 

Habstadt Gibson 

Hausertown Owen 

Hawkins Jay 

Haymond Franklin 

Haysville Dubois 

Hazleton Gibson 

Hebron* . - Porter 

Hecla Whitley 

Hector Jay 

Heffren Washington 

Heller's Corners Allen 

Heltonville Lawrence 

Hendricks Crawford 

Henryville Clarke 

Hepton Kosciusko 

Hermaan Ripley 

Hickory Branch Posey 

Hillham Dubois 

Hillsborough Fountain 

Hillsdale Vermillion 

Hillsend Carroll 

Hitchcock's Station, 

Washington 

Hoagland Allen 

Hobart Lake 

Hobbieville Greene 

Holland Dubois 

Holman Dearborn 

Holman Station Scott 

Holmes Boone 

Holton Ripley 

Home Jefferson 

Homer Rush 

Honey Creek Henry 

Hooversburgh Miami 

Hope* Bartholomew 

Houston Jackson 

Howard Parke 

Howesville Clay 

Huntertown Allen 

Huntingburgh Dubois 

nuntinqton* . Huntington 

Huntsville M adison 

Huron Lawrence 

Huth Franklin 

Hyndsdale Morgan 

Idavilie White 

Independence Warren 

INDIANAPOLIS* B, G, 8, 

Marion 

Indian Village Noble 



702 



IIISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



Iiigleliekl Vaiuk'rburgh 

luo Carroll 

Inwood Marshall 

Ireland Dubois 

Isola Martin 

Jacksonburgh .. Wayne 

Jackson Center Porter 

Jackson Station Tipton 

Jadden Grant 

Jalajja Grant 

James' Switch Marion 

Jamestown* Boone 

Jason ville Greene 

Jasper* Dubois 

Jefferson _ Clinton 

JefferBonville* B, Gi. Clarke 

Jerome Howard 

Jeseup"8 Station Parke 

Johnstown ..Greene 

Joliettville Hamilton 

Jonesborouj^h* Grant 

Jones' Station ...Dearborn 
Jouesville . . .Bartholomew- 
Jordan - Jay 

Jordan Village . ...Owen 

Jordan ville - Knox 

Judson -Parke 

Julietta .-Marion 

Kasson Vanderburgh 

Keek's Church Martin 

Kellerville Dubois 

Kelso Dearborn 

Kendallville* B Noble 

Kent Jefferson 

Kentland* Newton 

Kewauna Fulton 

Keystone Welle 

Killmore Clinton 

Kingsbury La Porte 

King's Cave Harrison 

King's Station Gibson 

Kingston Decatur 

Kirk's Cross Koads. Clinton 

Knightstown Henry 

Knightsville* Clay 

Knox Starke 

Kokoino* B Howard 

Kossuth Wasliington 

Koufs Station Porter 

Xiaconia Harrison 

La Crosse La Porte 

Ladoga* Montgomery 

La F'ayette* B, G, S.Tipp'e 

La Fontaine Wabash 

La Granfit* La Grange 

La Gro* ^ Wabash 

Lake Spencer 

Lake Station. Lake 

Laketon Wabash 

Lakeville St. Joseph 

Lancaster JefTerson 

Landersdale Morgan 

Lane Montgomery 

Lanesville Harrison 

La Porte* B, G, S.La Porte 

Larwill Whitley 

Laud 'VN'hitley 

Laurel* Franklin 

Lawrence Marion 

Lawr&nceburg* B .Dearb'n 
Lawrenceville ...Dearborn 
Leamon Corner ..Hancock 
Leavenworth* ...Crawford 

Lebanon* Boone 

Lee Warrick 



Leesburgh Kosciusko 

Leesville Lawrence 

Leipsic Orange 

Leiter's Ford Fulton 

Lena Clay 

Leo Allen 

Leopold Perry 

Leoti Pike 

Le Roy Lake 

Lett's Corners Decatur 

Lettsville Daviess 

Lewis Vigo 

Lewis Creek Shelby 

Lewisville Henry 

Lexington* Scott 

Liber .Jay 

Liberty* Union 

Liberty Mills Wabash 

Libertyville ...Vigo 

Lick's Creek Orange 

Ligonier*B, G Noble 

Lilly Dale Perry 

Lima La Grange 

Lincoln Cass 

Lincolnville Wabash 

Linden Montgomery 

Linn Grove ...Adams 

Linton Greene 

Lisbon Noble 

Little Giant Howard 

Little York ...Washington 

Livonia Washington 

Locke Elkhart 

Lockport Carroll 

Lock Spring Ripley 

Logan Dearborn 

Logansport* B, G Cass 

London Shelby 

Longwood Fayette 

Loogootee* Martin 

Loraine Whitley 

Lozantville Randolph 

Lotus Union 

Lovely Dale Knox 

Lovett Jennings 

Lowell.- Lake 

Lowell Mills. Bartholomew 

Ludlow Dubois 

Luray Henry 

Lusk's Springs Parke 

Lynn Randolph 

Lynville Warrick 

Lyons Greene 

Lyon's Station Fayette 

McCameron Martin 

McCordsville Hancock 

McCoy's Station... Decatur 
McCutchenville.Vanderb'g 

McGraws ville Miami 

Mace .- Montgomery 

Madison* B, G . . .JefTerson 

Magnolia.. Crawford 

Mahalasville Morgan 

Majenica Huntington 

Malta -.-Putnam 

Manchester Dearborn 

Manhattan Putnam 

Manilla Rush 

Mansfield Parke 

Manville Jefferson 

Maples Allen 

Marco Greene 

Marcy La Grange 

Marengo Crawford 

Mariah Hill Spencer 

Marietta Shelby 

Marion* Grant 



Markle Huntington 

Markleville Madison 

Marmont Marshall 

Marshfleld WarTen 

Martinsbiirgh. Washington 

Ma rtiri svil/e* Morgan 

Martz -Clay 

Marysville -Clarke 

Mauckport Harrison 

Maxinkuckee Marshall 

Mechanicsburg Henry 

Mechanicsville .Vanderb'g 

Medarysville Pnlaski 

Medora Jackson 

Memphis Clarke 

Mercury Madison 

Mei-om* Sullivan 

Merriam Noble 

Merrillville Lake 

Metamora Franklin 

Metea.-- Cass 

Metz Steuben 

Mexico Miami 

Michigan City* B.La Porte 

Michigantown Clinton 

Middleburv Elkhart 

Middle Fork Clinton 

Middletown Henry 

Midway Spencer 

Mier Grant 

Mifflin Crawford 

Milan Ripley 

Milford Kosciusko 

Millersburgh Elkhart 

Miller's Station Lake 

Mill Grove Blackford 

Millhousen Decatur 

Millport Washington 

Mills' Corners tJay 

Milltown Crawford 

Millville Henry 

Millwood Kosciusko 

Milner's Corners .Hancock 

Milroy Rush 

Milton* Wayne 

Mimosa Hendri cks 

Mishawaka* B..St. Joseph 
Mitchell* B, G... Lawrence 

Mixersville Franklin 

Mongoquinong .La Grange 

Monitor J.Tippecanoe 

Monmouth Adams 

Monon White 

Monroe Adams 

Monroe Mills Monroe 

Monroeville* Allen 

Monrovia* Morgan 

Monterey Pulaski 

Montez Cass 

Montezuma Parke 

Montgomer.v's Station, 

Daviess 

Monticello* White 

Montmorency .Tippecanoe 

Montpelier Blackford 

Mooney Jiickson 

Moorefield Switzerland 

Moore's Hill* Dearborn 

Mooresville* Mor^n 

Moore's Vineyard .Barth'w 

Moral Shelby 

Moran Clinton 

Morgantown* Morgan 

Morocco Newton 

Morris Ripley 

Morristown Shelby 

Morton Putnam 

Mortonsville Clinton 



APPENDIX. 



T03 



Moscow Rush 

Mountain Spring,.. Martin 

Mount Auburn Shelby 

Mount Carmel Franklin 

Mount Comfort. -.Hancock 
Mount Etna... Huntington 
Mount Healthy . Barthorw 
Mount Hope ."... ..DeKalb 

Mount Liberty Brown 

Mount Meridian... Putnam 

Mount Moriah .Brown 

Mount Pisgah ..La Grange 

Mount Pleasant .Perry 

Mount Prospect.. Crawford 
Mount Sterling .Switzerl'd 

Mount Summit Henry 

Mount Vernon* G.. .Posey 

Muddy Fork Clarke 

Mud Lick Jefferson 

Mulberry Clinton 

Muncie*'B. G Delaware 

Murray Wells 

Napoleon Ripley 

Nash Depot. .Vanderburgh 

Nas hville* Brown 

Nebraska Jennings 

Needham's Station. Jolin'n 

Needmore Brown 

Neff - -.Randolph 

Neil's Creek Jefferson 

Nelson "Vigo 

Nettle Creek Wayne 

Nevada Tipton 

Neiv Albany* B, G ..Floyd 

New .\lsace Dearborn 

New .Amsterdam . Harrison 

Newark Greene 

New Bellsville Brown 

Newbern Bartholomew 

Newberry ...Greene 

New Britton Hamilton 

N ewbitrgh* '.Warrick 

New Burlington .Delaware 
New Carlisle* ..St. Joseph 

Nexv Castle* ...Henry 

New Center Wayne 

New Corner. Delaware 

New Corydou Jaj' 

Now Cumberland Grant 

New Elizabeth .Hendricks 

New Era DeKalb 

New Garden.. Wayne 

New Goshen Vigo 

New Harmony* Posey 

New Harrisbiirgh .Wabash 

New Haven* ..Alleu 

New Holland Wabash 

New Lancaster Tipton 

New Lebanon Sullivan 

New Lisbon Henry. 

New London Howard 

New Madison Wabash 

New Marion ...Ripley 

New Market . !\rontgomery 

New Maysvilk- Putnam 

New Middletovvn .Harrison 
New Mount Pleasant ..Jay 

New Paris Elkhart 

New Philadelphia. Washt'n 
New Pittsburgh .Randolph 

New Point ..I' Decatur 

Newport* Vermillion 

New Providence Clarke 

New Richmond. Montg'm'y 

New Ross Montgomery 

New Salem. Rush 

New Salisbury ...Harrison 



Newton's Retreat .Tippe'e 
Newton Stewart ...Orange 

Newtonville Spencer 

Newtontovvn Fountain 

New Trenton Franklin 

Newville .DeKalb 

New Washington.. -Clarke 

New Waverly Cass 

New Winchester. Hend'cks 

Neysville Parke 

Niconza Miami 

Nine Mile Allen 

Nineveh Johnson 

Noah.... Shelby 

Noblesville* Hamilton 

Nora Marion 

Normanda Tipton 

Northern Depot Boone 

Northfield Boone 

North Grove Miami 

North Hogan Ripley 

North Judsou Starke 

North Liberty ..St. Joseph 
North Madison... Jefferson 
North Manchester*.Wab'h 

North Salem Hendricks 

North's Laudino; Switz'lnd 
North Union .Montgomery 
North Vernon* .. Jenninss 
Notre Dame*. ..St. Joseph 

Nottingham Wells 

Nuirs Soils Fayette 

Oak Pulaski 

Oakalla Putnam 

Oakdale Jennings 

Oakdam Vanderburgh 

Oakfarm Brown 

Oakford Howard 

Oak Forest Franklin 

Oakland... Spencer 

Oakland City Gibson 

Oaklandon Marion 

Oaktown Knox 

Oceola St. Joseph 

Octagon Tippecanoe 

Odell Tippecanoe 

Ogden Henrj" 

0\\ Creek Perry 

Oldenbin-gh Franklin 

01 ean _ _ Ripl ey 

Olive Hill ._ Wayne 

Omeffa Hamilton 

Ontario La Grange 

Onward Cass 

Orange Fayette 

Oraugeville ■ Orange 

Orchard Grove Lake 

Oregon Clarke 

Organ Spring.Washington 

Orion '.'...Kosciusko 

Orland* Steuben 

Orleans* Orange 

Orth Montgomery 

Osgood* Ripley 

Ossian Wells 

Oswego Kosciusko 

Otis La Porte 

Otisco - Clarke 

Otterbein Benton 

Otto Clarke 

Otwell --- Pike 

Ovid Madison 

Owensburgh Greene 

Owensville Gibson 

Owl Prairie Daviess 

Oxford* Benton 



Padoria Crawford 

Palestine Kosciusko 

Palmyra Harrison 

Paoli* _ Orange 

Paragon ...Morgan 

Paris Jennings 

Parke Greene 

Parker Randolph 

Parkersburgh . Montgorii'ry 
Parker's Settlement.Posey 

Parkville Parke 

Patoka Gibson 

Patricksburgh Owen 

Patriot* Switzerland 

Paw Paw Miami 

Paxton's Sullivan 

Pecksburgh Hendricks 

Pekin Washington 

Pendleton* Madison 

Pennville Jay 

Peoria .Franklin 

Peppertown .Franklin 

Perkinsville Madison 

Perrysburgh ...Miami 

Perrysville .....Vermillion 

Perii*B. G Miami 

Petersburgh* Pike 

Pettit .Tippecanoe 

Philadelphia Hancock 

Pickard's Mill Clinton 

Pierceton* Kosciusko 

Pierceville Ripley 

Pike's Peak Brown 

Pikeville... Pike 

Pilot Grove Newton 

Pilot Knob .Crawford 

Pimento.. ...Vigo 

Pine Village Warren 

Pittsborough ...Hendricks 

Pittsburgh Carroll 

Plainfleld*. .... .Hendricks 

P! ain ville _ Daviess 

Pleasant Switzerland 

Pleasant Grove Jasper 

Pleasant Hill .Montgomery 

Pleasant Lake Steuben 

Pleasant Mills Adams 

Pleasantville Sullivan 

Plymouth* B. G ..Marshall 

Po Allen 

Point Isabel Grant 

Poland Clay 

Polk Patch Warrick 

Polk Run Clarke 

Pond Creek Mills Knox 

Poalsville Warren 

Poplar Grove Howard 

Porter's Cross Roads. Port'r 

Porter Station Porter 

Portersville Dubois 

Portland* ._ Jay 

Portland Mills Parke 

Poseyville Posey 

Poston Rip! ey 

Potato Creek. Montgomery 

Powers. . - Jay 

Prairie Creek Vigo 

Prairie Edge .Montgomery 

Prairieton Vigo 

Pratt Clay 

Prescott ...Shelby 

Priam Blackford 

Priceville . Huntington 

Princeton* B Gibson 

Prince William Carroll 

Prospect Madison 

Prosperity Madison 

Pulaski Pulaski 



704 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



PurceH's Knox 

Pntnamvillc Putnam 

Pyrmont Carroll 

Quaker Hill-Vermillion 

(iuakertown Union 

i^ueensville Jennings 

(iiiercue Grove-Switzerrud 
liuincy Owen 

Raglesville Daviess 

Itainstown Hendricks 

liaineville Warren 

llaleigh Rush 

Randolph .- Randolph 

Hanger Perry 

Hanb Benton 

Kay.- Steuben 

Kay'e Crossing Shelby 

KavBvillc Henry 

Red Brush Warrick 

Red House Morgan 

Reelsville Putnam 

Red Key - Jay 

l{eece's Mil! Boone 

Rego - ...Orange 

Rei Ripley 

ReitTsburgh ...Wells 

Remington* Jasper 

Reno Hendricks 

Rensselcer * Jasper 

Reserve ..Miami 

Retreat Jackson 

Itexville Ripley 

Reynolds * White 

Richardson St. Joseph 

Richland Rush 

Richmond * B.G Wayne 

liich Valley Wabash 

Kichwoods Delaware 

Ridgeville Randolph 

Ki gdon Madison 

itiley Vigo 

Ringgold .-La Grange 

Hising Sun* Ohio 

Riverside Fountain 

River Vale Lawrence 

Roann .Wabash 

Roanoke Huntington 

Rob Roy Fountain 

h'ochesier* Fulton 

Rockfleld Carroll 

Rockford Jackson 

Rock Island Perry 

liockport * B Spencer 

Jtockville * B Parke 

Roseburgh Grant 

Rogersville Henry 

Rolling Prairie ...La Porte 

Rome Perry 

Rome City Noble 

Romney Tippecanoe 

Rono Perry 

Root Allen 

Rosedale Parke 

Rose Hill Kosciusko 

Roseville Parke 

Rosewood Harrison 

Ross Lake 

RosBville Clinton 

Itoyal Center Cass 

Roy alton Boone 

Royerton Delaware 

!;ush Creek Valley, 

Washington 

liushvUte * G Rush 

Russell's Mills Parke 

KuBsellville Putnam 



Russiaville .Howard 

Ryner Fountain 

Sabine Marion 

Saint Bernlce ..Vermillion 

Saint Henry Dubois 

Saint John Lake 

Saint Joseph. Vanderburgh 
Saint Joseph's Hill .Clarke 

Saint Leon Dearborn 

Saint Louis Crossing 

Bartholomew 
Saint Magdalene ...Ripley 

Saint Mary's Vigo 

Saint Maurice Decatur 

Saint Meinrad Spencer 

Saint Omer Decatur 

Saint Paul * Decatur 

Saint Peter's Fi-anklin 

Saint Philip ..Posey 

Saint Wendell's Posey 

Salamonia Jay 

Salem* B Washington 

Salem Center Steuben 

Salina Gibson 

Saline City ..Clay 

Salt Creek Porter 

Sal tilloville . . . Washi ngton 

Saluda Jefterson 

Samaria ... Johnson 

Sanborn Knox 

Sandford Vigo 

San Jacinto Jennings 

San Pierre Starke 

Santa Claus Spencer 

Santa Fe Miami 

Saratoga Randolph 

Sardinia Decatur 

Saturn Whitley 

Schereville Lake 

Schnellville ..Dubois 

. Scipio Jennings 

Scotland Greene 

Scott La Grange 

Scottsville Floyd 

Seafleld ..White 

Sedalia Clinton 

Sedan De Kalb 

Seelyville Vigo 

Sellersbnrgh Clarke 

Selma Delaware 

Sevastopol Kosciusko 

Seymour * Jackson 

Shadesville Gra'at 

Shanghai Howard 

Shannondale .Montgomery 

Sharon Delaware 

Sharp's Mills Harrison 

Sharpsville Tipton 

Shawnee Mound. Tlppeca'e 

Shelburn Sullivan 

8helbyvUle*Q Shelby 

Sheldon Allen 

Shell's DeKalb 

Sheridan Hamilton 

Shidler Delaware 

Shields Jackson 

Shielville Hamilton 

Shoals* Martin 

Silver Lake Kosciusko 

Silverville Lawrence 

Sitka Martin 

Six Mile Jennings 

Slash .-- Grant 

Slate .Jennings 

Slate Cut Clarke 

Smithland Shelby 

Smith's Valley... Johnson 



Smithville Monroe 

Snoddy's Mills... Fountain 

Snow Hill Kandoiph 

Solitude Posey 

Solsbury Greene 

Somerset Wabash 

Somervllle Gibson 

South Bend*B.G St.Joseph 
South Bethany. Bartholo'w 
South Cleveland ..Whitley 

South Gate Franklin 

South Martin Martin 

South Milford ..La Grange 

Sonthport Marion 

Southwest .Elkhart 

South Whitley* ...Whitley 

Spade's Depot RipleV 

Spaldingville ..Kno.x 

Sparksville Jackson 

Sparta Dearborn 

Spartanburgh ...Randolph 

Spearsville ..Brown 

Spencer* Owen 

Spencerville De Kalb 

Spiceland Henry 

Springfield Frankliii 

Springhill Decatur 

Springport Henry 

Springville Lawrence 

Spurgeon Pike 

Stampers Creek ...Orange 

Stanford Monroe 

Star Rush 

Star City Pulaski 

State Line* Warren 

Staunton Clay 

Steam Corner Fountain 

Steele's ...Rush 

Stewartsville Posey 

Stilesville Hendricks 

Stinesville Monroe 

Stip's Hill Franklin 

Stockdale Miami 

Stockton Owen 

Stockwell * Tippecanoe 

Stone Blufls Fountain 

Stoney Point Jeflersou 

Stranghn's Station.. Henry 

Strawtown Hamilton 

Sturgeon Fulton 

Sugar Branch. Switzerland 

Sugar Creek Hancock 

Sugar Grove... Tippecanoe 

Sullivan * B Sulliviui 

Sulphur Hill Shelby 

Sulphur Springs.. -Shelby 

Summit ." DeKal b 

Summit Grove. Vermiilion 

Summitville Madison 

Sumner Rush 

Sumption PrairieSt. Joseph 

Sunman Ripley 

Sunny Side Marion 

Swan Noble 

Swanville Jefltersou 

Sweetser's Grant 

Swit's City Greene 

Sylvania Parke 

Syracuse Kosciusko 

Tampico Jackson 

Tarkeo Decatur 

Tassinong Porter 

Taylorsville.. Bartholomew 
Teil's City*B. G. S. .Perry 
Terre Coupee. ..St. Joseph 
Terj-e Haute * B. G. S.Vigo 
Tetersburgh Tipton 



APPENDIX. 



705 



Thorntown* Boone 

Tiosa Fulton 

Tippecanoetown -Marshall 

Tipton*. ..Tipton 

TitUBville Kiplcy 

Toleston Lake 

Toronto Vermillion 

Toto Starke 

Trader's Point Marion 

Trafalgar .Johnson 

Transitville ...Tippecanoe 

Trask Grant 

Trenton Randolph 

Trinity Springs Martin 

Troy Perry 

Tunnelton. Lawrence 

Turkey Creek Steuben 

Turman's Creek.. Sullivan 

Turner's Clay 

Twelve Mile Cass 

Tyner City .Marshall 

Union Pike 

Union City* B.G.Randolph 

Union Mills LaPorte 

IJjiionville Monroe 

Upland.. ...Grant 

Urbana Wabash 

Urmcyville Johnson 

Utica Clarke 

Valeene.. Orange 

Valentine.. La Grange 

Valley City ..Harrison 

Valley Mills Marion 

Vallonia Jackson 

Valparaiso * B. G. ..Porter 

Van Buren Grant 

Vandalia Owen 

Vcedersburgh Fountain 

Vera Cruz Wells 

Vernon. * .Jennings 

Versailles* Ripley 

Vevay* Switzerland 

Vienna Scott 

Vincennes * B. G Knox 

Vine's Springs Ripley 

Vistula Elkhart 

Volga Jefferson 

Wnbnsh*B Wabash 

Wadesville Posey 

Wagoner's !■ tation ..Miami 
Wailesboro'*gh . Bartholo'w 

45 



Wakarusa Elkhart 

Walkerton* St. Joseph 

Wallace Fountain 

Wallen.. Allen 

Walnut Marshall 

Walnut Grove Warren 

Walnut Hills Marshall 

Walton Cass 

Waltz Wabash 

Wanatah* LaPorte 

Warren.. Huntington 

Warrington .Hancock 

Warsaw *B Kosciusko 

Washington* Daviess 

Washington Center, 

Whitley 
Washington Cross'g. Wells 
Waterford Mills. ..Elkhart 

Waterloo* DeKalb 

Waterman Parke 

Watson - Clarke 

Waveland Montgomery 

Waverly Morgan 

Wawaka Noble 

Wapecong Miami 

Waymansville.Barthol'ni'w 

Wayuesburgh Decatur 

Waynesville . Bartholomew 
Waynetown .. Montgomery 

Wea Tippecanoe 

Webster Wayne 

Weisburgh Dearborn 

Wesley Montgomery 

West Baden.- Orange 

West Buena Vista.. Gibson 

Westchester Jay 

West Creek Lake 

Westtield* Hamilton 

West Fork Crawford 

West Franklin Posey 

West Kinderhook ..Tipton 

Westland Hancock 

West Lebanon* ... Warren 

West Liberty Howard 

West Newton Marion 

West Point .. .Tippecanoe 

Westport Decatur 

West Shoals Martin. 

Westville* La Porte 

Wheatland Knox 

Wheeler .Porter 

Wheeling Delaware 

Whitcomb ...Franklin 

White Creek Jackson 



White Hall Owen 

Whitehnid ...Johnson 

White Lick Boone 

Whitestown Boone 

Whitesville .. Montgomery 

White Water .Wayne 

Whiting Lake 

Wickliffe .Crawford 

Wild Cat Carroll 

Williamsburgh Wayne 

WiUiuinsport* Warren 

Williams town Decatur 

Willow Branch ...Hancock 

Willmington Dearborn 

Wilmot Noble 

Winamac* Pulaski 

Wiiicliester* Randolph 

Windfall Tipton 

Windsor Randolph 

Winlicld Lake 

Winslow Pike 

Winterroud Shelby 

Wintursville .Decatur 

M'irt Jefferson 

Wodenothe Henry 

Wolcott White 

Wolcottville La Grange 

Wol f Creek Marshall 

Wolf Lake ....Noble 

Woodbank Marion 

Woodburn Allen 

Woodbury Hancock 

Woodland St. Joseph 

Wooster Kosciusko 

Woostertown Scott 

Worthington* Greene 

Wright Greene 

AVright's Corners.Dearb'rn 
Wyun Franklin 

Xenia. Miami 

Yankeetown ...Warrick 

York Center Steuben 

Yorktown Delaware 

Yorkville Dearborn 

Young's Creek Orange 

Youngstown Vigo 

Yountsville. -.Montgomery 

Zanesville Wells 

Zenas Jennings 

Ziusbnrgh Madison 

Zionsville* Boone 



706 



HISTORY OF lA^DIANA. 



GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE COUNTY SEATS OF IND., 

AIR LINE DISTANCES AND DIRECTION FROM INDIANAPOLIS, 
CINCINNATI AND CHICAGO. 
Explanation.— N. E. iiieanp north east; S. E. south east: N. W. northwest; S. W. 
south west; N. of W. north of west; S. of W. south of west; E. of N. east of north; 
W. of N. west of north. 



INDIANArOLIS 

Direction Miles 



CINCINNATI. 

Direction Miles 



CHICAGO, 

Direction Miles 



Albion Noble 

Anderson Madison 

Angola Steuben 

Anburn De Kalb 

Bedford Lawrence 

Bloomfleld Greene 

Blooniington Monroe 

Blutftonr Wells 

Booneville Warrick 

Bowling Green,. Clay 

Brookville Franklin 

Brownstown Jackson 

Cannelton . . Perry 

Centerville Wayne 

Charleston Clarke 

Columbus Bartholomew . 

Columbia City. ..Whitley 

Connersville Fayette 

Coiydou HaVrison 

Covington Fountain 

Crawtbrdsville . . . Montgomery. . 

Crown Point Lake 

Danville Hendricks 

Decatur Adams 

Delphi Carroll 

Dover Hill Martin 

Evansville Vanderburgh . 

Fort Wayne Allen 

Fowler Benton 

Frankfort Clinton 

Franklin Johnson 

Goshen Elkhart 

Greensburgh Decatur 

Green C!astle Putnam 

Greentield Hancock 

Hartford City ...Blackford 

Huntington Huntington . . . 

Indianapolis ... Mar ion 

Jasper Dubois 

Kentland Newton 

Knox ...Starke 

Kokomo Howard 

LaFayette _ .Tippecanoe ... 

LaGrange La(7range 

LaPorte LaPorte 

Lawrenceburgh.. Dearborn 

Leavenworth Crawford 

Lebanon Boone 

Liberty Union 

Logansport Cass 



N. E. 
N. E. 
N. E. 
N. E. 
W. of S. 

s. w. 
s. w. 

N. E. 
S. W. 
S. W. 
S. E. 
South, 
W. of S. 
East, 
S.E. 
S. E. 
N. E. 
S. of E. 
South, 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
West, 
N. E. 
N. W. 
S. W. 

s. w. 

N. E. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
E. of S. 
E. of N. 
S.E. 
S. of W. 
East, 
N. E. 
N. E. 

s"w."" 

N. W. 
W. of N, 
North, 
N. W. 
N. E. 
W. of N 
S.E. 
W. of S. 
N. W. 
S. of E. 
W. of N, 



125 
35 

150 

130 
65 
68 
45 
90 

135 
55 
70 
62 

133 
67 
96 
40 

107 
60 

108 
75 
45 

135 
20 

105 
65 
82 

148 

110 
87 
40 
20 

132 
50 
40 
21 
68 
90 

105 

103 

112 

52 

62 

141 

135 

89 

110 

26 

72 

72 



N. W. 
N. W. 

W. of N. 
W. of N. 
S. of W. 
West, 
West, 
W. of N. 

s. w. 

N. of W. 

N. W. 
S. of W. 
S. W. 

N. W. 

s. w. 

N. of W. 
N. W. 

N. W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 

N. W. 

N. W. 
N. W. 
W. of N. 
N. W. 
S. of W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. of W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
8. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
W. of N. 
N. W. 
West, 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 



173 

96 

184 

165 

115 

140 

115 

125 

175 

145 

38 

90 

155 

57 

82 

83 

15 

53 

112 

180 

153 

230 

125 

125 

163 

133 

193 

146 

193 

142 

95 

194 

60 

141 

S7 

108 

140 

105 

147 

205 

197 

137 

165 

188 

218 

20 

123 

131 

45 

158 



S. 



S.E. 

S.E. 

East, 

S. of E. 

S.E. 

E. of S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

E. of S. 

E. of S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

E. of 

S. E. 

S.E. 

S. E. 

S.E. 

S. E. 

E. of S 

South, 

S.E. 

E. of S, 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. of E 

S.E. 

S. E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. E. 

E. of S 

S. E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. of E. 

S. of E 

S.E. 

S. E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 



APPENDIX. 



70T 



To-ms. 



County. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 



CINCINNATI. 



Madison Jefferson 

Marion Grant 

Martinsville Morgan . _ 

Monticello White 

Mount Vernon . .Posey 

Muncie Delaware 

Nashville Brown 

New Albany Floyd 

New Castle Henry..- 

Newport Yej'million 

Noblesville Hamilton 

Paoli Orange 

Peru M iam i 

Petersburgh Pike . 

Plymouth Marshall 

Portland Jay 

Princeton Gibson 

Rensselaer Jasper 

Rising Sun Ohio 

Rochester Fulton 

Rockport Spencer 

Rockville Parke 

Rushville Rush 

Salem Washington .. 

Scottsburgh Scott 

Shelbyville Shelby .. 

South Bend St. Joseph 

Spencer Owen 

Sullivan Sullivan 

Terre Haute Vigo 

Tipton Tipton 

Valparaiso Porter 

Vernon Jenning .. 

Versailles Ripley . - .. 

Vevay Switzerland 

Vincennes Knox 

Wabash Wabash ^- 

Warsaw Kosciusko 

Washington Daviess 

Wil liamsport Warren 

Winnemac Pulaski 

Winchester Randolph 



S. E. 
N. E. 
S. W. 

N. W. 

s. w. 

N. E. 
South, 
E. of S. 
N. of E. 
N. of W. 
N. E. 
S. W. 
E. of N. 

s. w. 

W. of N. 

N. E. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
S. E. 
North, 
S. W. 
West, 
S. of E. 
South, 
S. E. 
S. E. 
North, 
S. W. 

s. w. 

S. of W. 
E. of N. 

N. W. 
S. E. 
8. E. 
S. E. 

S. w. 

N. E. 
E. of N. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
W. of N. 
N. of E. 



85 
63 

27 
78 

160 
55 
37 

105 
46 
70 
22 
86 
72 

108 

113 
83 

126 

100 
95 
95 

140 
61 
42 
82 
78 
27 

137 
47 
85 
74 
37 

131 
62 
72 
95 

108 
78 

10' 



s. w. 

N. W. 
N. of W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. of W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 
S. W. 
N. W. 

s. w. 

N. W. 

N. W. 

S. W. 

S. W. 

N. W. 

N. W. 

N. of W. 

West, 

N. of W. 

N. W. 

N. W. 

West, 

West, 

S. W. 

S. of W. 

N. W. 

N. W. 
95, S. of W. 
75iN. W. 
96lN. W. 
74lN. W. 



S. E. 

S. E. 

S. E. 

S. E. 

South, 

S. E. 

S. E. 

S. E. 

S. E. 

E. of S. 

S. E. 

S. E. 

S. E. 

E. of S. 

S.E 

S. E. 

South, 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

E. of S. 

E. of S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. of E. 

E. of S. 

South, 

South, 

S.E. 

S.E. 
65' S. E. 
44|S. E. 
42 S. E. 
176 South, 
143 Is. E. 
172iS. E. 
156 E. of S. 
180 E. of S. 
184 S. E. 
82 S. E. 



57 

123 

114 

174 

210 

93 

100 

95 

76 

175 

110 

120 

147 

165 

190 

98 

185 

200 

24 

172 

170 

165 

65 

98 

80 

80 

2T0 

130 

167 

170 

121 

221 



260 
143 
184 

92 
278 
173 
203 
272 
188 
142 
158 
243 
115 
238 

80 
180 
245 

70 
256 

95 
260 
150 
202 
245 
247 
195 

76 
188 
197 
170, 
143 

42 
232 
240 
264 
225 
125 
107 
227 
114 

80 

190 



708 



HISTOKY UF INDIANA. 



TABLE OF POPULATION BY COUNTIES FOR 1800 and 1870, 

AND THE PER CENT. GAIN. 



Counties. 18V0. 

Adams 11,382 

Allen 43,494 

Bartholomew . _21,133 

Benton 5,615 

Blackford 6,272 

Boone 22,593 

Brown - - 8,681 

Carroll 16,152 

Cass 24,193 

Clarke ... 24,770 

Clay 19,084 

Clinton 17,330 

Crawford 9,851 

Daviess 16,747 

Dearborn 24,116 

Decatur 19,053 

DeKalb 17,167 

Delaware 19,030 

Dubois 12,597 

Elkhart 26,026 

Fayette 10,476 

Floyd 23,300 

Fountain 16,389 

Franklin 20,223 

Fulton 12,726 

Gibson 17,371 

Grant... 18,487 

Greene 19,514 

Hamilton 20,882 

Hancock 15,123 

Harrison 19,913 

Hendricks 20,277 

Henry.. ..22,986 

Howard 15,847 

Huntington _-_19,036 

Jackson 18,974 

Jasper 6,354 

Jay 15,000 

Jefferson 29,741 

Jennings 16,218 

Johnson 18,366 

Knox 21,562 

Kosciusko 23,531 

LaGrange 14,148 

Lake.. 12,339 

LaPorte 27,062 

Lawrence 14,628 



I860, 


Gain. 


9,252 


23.0 


29,328 


48.3 


17,865 


12.7 


2,800 


100.0 


4,122 


52.1 


16,753 


34.9 


6,507 


33.4 


13,489 


19.7 


16,843 


43.6 


20,502 


20.8 


12,161 


56.9 


14,505 


19.4 


3,226 


19.7 


13,323 


25.7 


24,406 


Loss 


17,294 


15.9 


13,880 


23.7 


15,753 


20.7 


10,394 


21.2 


20,986 


28.7 


10,225 


2.4 


20,183 


15.4 


15,566 


5.4 


19,549 


3.5 


9,422 


34.9 


14,532 


19.5 


15,797 


13.0 


16,041 


21.7 


17,310 


20.6 


12,802 


18.1 


18,521 


7.5 


16,953 


19.6 


20,119 


14.2 


12,524 


26.5 


14,867 


28.0 


16,286 


16.5 


4,291 


45.7 


11,399 


31.6 


25,036 


18.8 


14,749 


9.9 


14,854 


23.7 


16,056 


;54.o 


17,418 


35.1 


11,366 


33.3 


9,145 


34.9 


22,919 


13.7 


13,692 


6.8 



Counties. 1870. 1860. Gain. 

Madison 22,770 16,518 37.8 

Marion 71 ,939 39,855 80.5 

Marshall 20,211 12,722 58.9 

Martin 11,103 8,975 23.7 

Miami 21,052 16,851 24.9 

Monroe 14,168 12,847 10.3 

Montgomery _ .23,765 20,888 13.8 

Morgan .. 17,528 16,110 8.8 

Newton 5,829 2,360 1 04.2 

Noble 20,389 14,915 36.7 

Ohio 5,837 5,462 6.9 

Orange 13,497 12,076 11.8 

Owen 16,137 14,376 12.2 

Parke 18,166 15,538 16.9 

Perry 14,801 1 1 ,847 25.0 

Pike 13,779 10,078 36.7 

Porter 13,942 10,313 35.2 

Posey 19,185 16,167 18.7 

Pulaski 7,801 5,711 36.6 

Putnam 21,514 20,681 4.0 

Randolph 22,862 18,997 20.3 

Ripley 20,977 19,054 10.0 

Rush 17,626 16,193 8.2 

Scott 7,873 7,303 7.8 

Shelby 21,892 19,569 11.9 

Spencer 17,998 14,556 23.6 

Starke 3,888 2,195 77.1 

Steuben 12,854 10,374 23.8 

St. Jo.seph 25,322 18,455 37.2 

Sullivan 18,453 15,064 22.5 

Switzerland ...12,134 12,698 Loss 

Tippecanoe 33,515 25,726 30.3 

Tiptcm __. 11,953 8,170 46.3 

Union 6,341 7,106 Loss 

Vanderburgh.. 33,145 20,552 12.6 

Vermillion 10,840 9,422 15.0 

Vigo 33,549 22,517 48.5 

Wabash 21,305 17,547 21.4 

Warren 10,204 10,057 1.4 

Warrick 17,653 13,261 33.1 

Washington ...18,495 17,900 3.3 

Wayne 34,048 29,958 13.6 

Weils 13,585 10,844 25.3 

White 10,554 8,258 27.8 

Whitley 14,399 10,730 34.2 

The State. 1,680,637 1,350,428 24.45 



APPENDIX. 



709 



PER CENT. INCREASE IN POPULATION OF THE STATES, 

FROM 1860 TO 1870, AND THEIR AREA IN SQUARE MILES — COMPARED. 



State. Gain. 

1 Nevada 519.7 1 

2 Nebraska .,326.5 2 

3 Kansas. -- 238.5 3 

4 Minnesota 153.2 4 

5 Iowa 76.6 5 

6 Oregon 73.4 6 

7 Michigan 58.1 7 

8 Illinois 48.4 8 

9 California 47.5 9 

10 Missouri 45.1 10 

11 Wisconsin 36.0 11 

12 New Jersey 34.8 12 

13 Florida.... ....33.8 13 

14 Texas. ...32.0 14 

15 Rhode Island 24.5 15 

16 Indiana 23.9 16 

17 Pennsylvania 21.0 17 

18 Massachusetts 18.4 18 

19 West Virginia 18.3 19 

20 Connecticut 16.8 20 

21 Kentucky 14.4 21 

22 Ohio . -13.8 22 

23 Maryland 13.7 23 

24 Georgia. 13.6 24 

25 Tennessee ..13.4 25 

26 New York. ....12.5 26 

27 Delaware- 11.5 27 

28 Arkansas. 11.0 28 

29 North Carolina 7.8 29 

30 Mississippi 5.5 30 

31 Vermont. -- 5.0 31 

32 Alabama 3.5" 32 

33 Louisiana 3.5 33 

34 South Carolina 3.5 34 

35 Virginia 0.43 35 

New Hampshire Loss, 2.4 36 

Maine " .29 37 



State. Sq. Miles 

Texas 237,504 

California .155,500 

Nevada 81,539 

Minnesota 81,259 

Oregon 80,000 

Kansas 78,418 

Nebraska ..- ..75,995 

Missouri 67,380 

Virginia, includ. W. Va. 61,352 

Florida 59,268 

Georgia 58,000 

Michigan 56,243 

Illinois 55,405 

Wisconsin 53,924 

Arkansas 52.198 

Iowa. 50,914 

Alabama 50,722 

New York 50,519 

Mississippi 47,156 

Pennsylvania 46,000 

Tennessee 45,600 

North Carolina 45,000 

Louisiana .41,255 

Ohio 39,964 

Kentucky 37,680 

Indiana 33,809 

Maine-... ..., 31,766 

South Carolina ... 30,213 

Maryland 11,124 

New Hampshire 9,280 

Vermont 9,056 

New Jersey 8,320 

Massachusetts 7,800 

Connecticut 4,730 

Delaware... 2,120 

Rhode Island 1,046 

District of Columbia 60 



710 



HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 



POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 

ENUMERATED IN THEIK ORDER OF SIZE AND PER CENT. GAIN. 



Pl,ACK. 1870. 

New York ...942,293 
Pliiladelphia .674,022 

Brooklyn 396,099 

St. Louis 310,864 

Chictis-o 298,977 

Baltimore 267,354 

Boston 250,526 

Cincinnati 216,239 

New Orleans -191,418 
SanFi-anoisco, 149,473 

Buffalo 117,714 

Washington.. 109,199 

Newark 105,059 

Louisville 100,753 

Cleveland 92,829 

Pittsburgh ....86,076 

Jersey City 82,546 

Detroit 79,577 

Milwaukee 71,440 

Albany 69,422 

Providence 68,904 

Rochester 62,386 

Allegany City. -53.180 

Richmond 51,038 

New Haven ...50,840 

Charleston 48,956 

Indianapolis ..48,244 

Troy 46,465 

Syracuse 43,051 

Worcester 41,105 

Lowell- 40,928 

Memphis 40,226 

Cambridge 39,634 

Hartford^ 37,180 



I860. 


Gain. 


805,651 


17.0 


565,529 


19.4 


266,661 


48.6 


160,773 


93.4 


112,172 


166.5 


212,418 


21.2 


202,977 


23.4 


161,041 


33.6 


118,670 


61.3 


56.802 


163.1 


81,129 


45.1 


61,122 


78.6 


71,941 


46.0 


68,033 


48.1 


43,417 


113.8 


49,217 


74.9 


29,226 


182.4 


45,619 


74.4 


45,246 


57.8 


62,367 


11.3 


50,666 


36.0 


48,204 


30.0 


28,702 


85.3 


37,907 


34.6 


39,267 


30.0 


40,467 


20.9 


18,611 


156.5 


39,232 


18.4 


28,119 


52.7 


24,960 


64.7 


36,827 


11.1 


22,621 


80.0 


26,060 


52.1 


17,966 


106.9 



■ Place. 1870. 1860. Gam. 

Scranton 35,092 9,223 28().r. 

Reading .'..33,930 23,162 46.ri 

Patterson 33,579 19,586 71 .4 

Kansas City . . . 32,260 4,418 630.2 

Mobile 32,034 29,258 9.4 

Toledo .31,584 13,768 129.4 

Portland 31,413 26,341 19.2 

Columbus 31,274 18,554 68.5 

Wilmington ---30,841 21,258 45.1 

Dayton^ _ 30,473 20,081 51.7 

Lawrence 28,932 17,639 64.0 

Charleston 28,323 25,065 13.0 

Lynn ..28,246 19,083 48.0 

Utica 28,804 22,529 28() 

Savannah 28,235 22,292 27.1 

Fall River 26,768 14,026 90.8 

Springfield 26,709 16,199 64.8 

Nashville .25,865 15,988 61.1 

Covington 24,505 16,471 49 

Salem 24,119 16,471 46.4 

Quincy 24,052 13,718 75.3 

Manchester 23,509 20,107 16.9 

Harrisburg 23,104 13,405 72.3 

Trenton 22,874 17,228 32.8 

Peoria 22,849 14,045 62.7 

Evansville 21,830 11,484 90.1 

New Bedford -.21, 325 22,300 loss 

Oswego 20,910 16,816 24.3 

Elizabeth- 20,832 11,567 80.1 

Lancaster 20,233 17,603 14.9 

Camden 20,045 14,358 39.(1 

Davenport 20,038 11,267 78 () 

St. Paul -20,030 10,400 92.6 



STATISTICS OF POPULATION. 

The Memorial Diplomatique gives the following interesting account of the density of 
l)opnlation in the great centres of humanity throughout the globe: 

There are nine cities having a population exceeding one million souls, viz. : London. 
8,2.51.000; Soochou. 2,000,000; Paris, 1,825,000; Pekin, 1,648,080: Yeddo, 1,554,000; Canton. 
1,2:^6,000; Constantinople, 1,075,000; Siang-tan, in the province of Hunan, 1,000,000; and 
Tchan-tchaon-foo, in the province of Tolvion, 1,000,000. It will be seen, that, although 
London holds the lirst place, the Chinese Empire can still boast of possessing more 
populous cities than all the civilized States of the West. The number of cities possess- 
ing a population ranging from above half a million up to a million, is twelve, viz. : 
New York, Vienna, Berlin. Hank-kaow, Phihidelpliia, St. Petersburg, Bombay, Calcutta, 
Fow-chow, Tchening, Banirkok, and Kiato. Twenty cities have a ])opulation of from 
:^0(l,(HM) to 400,CK)I) inhabitants; thirty-three of from 2(X),000 to :500,000, and ninety of from 
100,(HM) to 2(K),0(M). Europe alone possesses one hundred and suveiity-one cities contain 
ing more than .50,000 inhal)itants, at the head of which stand London, Paris, Constant! 
nople, Vienna, Berlin, and St. Petersburg. 



APPENDIX. 711 

GEOWTH OF EAILEOADS m THE UNITED STATES. • 

YEAR. MILES. INCR'E. YEAR. JIHES. INCR''E. YEAR. MILES. I'NCK'k. 

1830 Zi 1845 4,633 35fi 18(iO.. 3(),(kS 1,K4(; 

1831 95 73 1846 4.930 297 1861 31,386 651 

1833 239 \U 1847 5,.590 660 1862. 33,130 Sm 

1833.. :380 151 1848 5,996 406 1863 33,170 1,0.50 

1834. __ 633 253 1849 7,365 1,369 1864 :K,90K 738 

1835.. 1,098 465 1850 .. 9,021 1,656 1865 35.l!85 1,177 

1836 1,273 175 1851 10,983 1,961 1866.. 3li,S37 1.743 

1837.-.. 1,497 224 1852 13,908 1,926 1867 39.376 3.449 

1838 1,913 416 1853 1.5,360 3,452 1868 43.355 3.979 

1839.. 2,302 :389 18.54 16,720 1,360 1869 47.308 4,944 

1840 2,818 .516 1855.. 18,374 1,6.54 1870. 53,898 5,690 

1841... 3,535 717 1856 33,016 3,643 1871 60,.568 7,670 

1843 4,036 691 1857 34.503 2,487 1872 66,735 6,167 

1843.... 4,185- 1.59 1858 26,968 2,465 1873 70,651 3,916 

1844 4,377 192 1859 28,789 1.831 

Proportioned as follows ; 

New England States ^^Maine, 905 miles; TSIew Hampshire, 877: Vermont, 721 ; Mass- 
achusetts, 1,755; Rhode Island, 159; Connecticut, 897. Total miles, 5,314. 

Middle States. — New York, 5,165 miles; New Jersey, 1,418; Pennsylvania, 5,550; 
Deleware, 364; Maryland and District ol' Columbia, 1,046; West Virginia, 576. Total, 
14,019 miles. 

Western States. — Ohio, 4,358 miles; Michigan, 3,309; Indiana, 3,714; Illinois, 6.589; 
Wisconsin, 3,3C3; Minnesota, 1,950; Iowa, 3,738; Kansas, 2,100; Nebraska, 1,075; Mis- 
souri, 3,858; Wj'oming, 459; Utah, 373; Dakotah, 275; Colorado, 603; Indian Territory, 
279. Total, 33,773 miles. 

Southern States. — Virginia, 1,573 miles; North Carolina, 1,265; South Carolina, 
1,320; Georgia, 2,260; Florida, 466; Alabama, 1,722; Mississippi, 990; Louisiana, 539; 
Texas, 1,578; Kentucky, 1,320; Tennessee, 1,630; Arkansas, 700. Total, 15,353 miles. 

Pacific States. — California, 1,308 miles; Oregon, 351; Nevada, 639; Washington Ter 
ritory, 105. Total, 2,193 miles. Grand Total, 70,651 miles. 

*Poor^s Manual of Railroads, 1874-5. 



EAILEOADS OF INDIANA. 

MILES OF MILES OF 

MAME OF RAILROAD. MAIN TRACK. SIDE TRACK. CAP. STK. 

Chicago, Cincinnati & Louisville. 86 4 $1,. 500,000 

Cincinnati, La Fayette & Chicago 56 1,929,300 

Cincinnati ifc Martinsville 39 1 400,000 

Cincinnati, Richmond & Port Wayne .'.. 91 5 2,000.000 

Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan 81 3 2,3.50,000 

Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central .587 78 13,33S,569 

Evansville <& Crawl'ordsville '. 132 10 1,14-1,415 

Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago 5 7 39i),.573 

Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati 109 1,000.000 

Indiana & Illinois Central 85 4 3,0O0.(KMl 

Indianapolis, BloomingtonA Western:^ :^:W :38 7,000.000 

Indianapolis, Cincinnati & La Fayette 1.58 20 .5,.587.1.5() 

Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago. 75 7 5,6:i5,o<K) 

Indianapolis & Vincennes 117 18 1,44J3.(()0 

Jefi'ersonville, Madison & Indianapolis... 236 31' 2,()00.000 

Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern 95 5 1,500,()IMJ 

Louisville, New Albany & Chicago 288 17 3,000,000 

Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Air Line 28 1 1,5:^5,930 

Ohio & Mississippi :%5 31 1,5:^5,9:30 

Indianapolis & Terre Haute 109 3 l,9Ht<,150 

Toledo. Wabash & Western 627 109 16,0(X».000 

White Water Valley.. 61 7 380,025 



Totals 3,784 395 $73,515,942 



712 



HISTORY OF INDIANA. 



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CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 



PREAMBLE. 



To the end that justice be established, public order maintained, and 
libertj^ perpetuated, we, the people of the State of Indiana, grateful to 
Almighty God for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form 
of government, do ordain this Constitution. 

ARTICLE I. 

BILL OP RIGHTS. 

Skction 1. We declare. That all men are created equal; that they are 
endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that all power is 
inherent in the people; and that all free governments are, and of a right 
ought to be, founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, 
safety, and well being. For the advancement of these ends, the peopU 
have, at all times, an indefeasible right to alter and reform their gov. 
ernment. 

Sec. 2. All men shall be secured in the natnral right to worship 
Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences. 

Sec. 3. No law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise 
and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of con 
science. 

Sec. 4. No preference shall be given, by law, to any creed, religious 
society, or mode of worship ; and no man shall be compelled to attend, 
erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against 
his consent. 

Sec. 5. No religious test shall be recjuired as a qualification for any 
oiiice of trust or profit. 

Sec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of 
any religious or theological institution. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be rendered incompetent as a witness in conse- 
quence of his opinions on matters of religion. 

Sec. 8. The mode of administering an oath or attirmation, shall be snch 
as may be most ctmsistent with, and binding upon, the conscience of the 
person, to whom such oath ov affirnuition may be adiuinistered. 

Sec. 9. No law shall be passed restraining the free interchange of 
thought and opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print, 

niG) 



APPENDIX. 717 

freely, on any subject whatever; but for the abuse of that right, every 
person shall be responsible. 

Sec. 10. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth of the matters alleged 
to be libellous may be given in justification. 

Sec. 11. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall not be 
violated ; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the person or thing to be seized. 

Sec. 12. All courts shall be open; and every man, for injury done to 
him in his person, property, or reputation, shall have remedy by due 
course of law. Justice shall be administered freely, and without pur- 
chase ; completely, and witliout denial ; speedily, and without delay. 

Sec. 13. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right 
to a public trial, by an impartial jury, in the county in which the offense 
shall have been committed; to be heard by himself and counsel; to 
demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have 
a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. 

Sec. 14. No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense. 
No person in any criminal prosecution shall be compelled to testify 
against himself. 

Sec. 15. No person arrested, or confined in jail, shall be treated with 
unnecessary rigor. 

Sec. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required. Excessive fines shall 
Qut be imposed. Cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 
All penalties sliall be proportioned to the nature of the otteuse. 

Sec. 17. Offenses, other than murder or treason, shall be bailable by 
sufficient sureties. Murder or treason shall not be bailable, when the 
proof is evident, or the presumption strong. 

Sec. 18. The penal code shall be founded on the principles of reforma- 
tion, and not of vindictive justice. 

Sec. 19. In all criminal cases whatever, the jury shall have the right 
to determine the law and the facts. 

Sec. 30. In all civil cases the right of trial by jury shall remain invio- 
late. 

Sec. 21. No man's particular services shall be demanded without just 
compensation ; no man's property shall be taken by law without just com- 
pensation; nor, except in case of tlie State, without such compensation 
first assessed and tendered. 

Sec. 22. The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts 
of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable 
amount of property from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt or 
liability hereafter contracted; and there sliall be no imprisonment lor 
debt, except in case of fraud. 

Sec. 23. The General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class 
of citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms, shall 
not equally belong to all citizens. 



718 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

Sec. 24. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 25. No law shall be passed, the taking effect of which shall be 
made to depend upon any authority, except as provided in this Constitu- 
tion. 

Sec. 26. The operation of the laws shall never be suspended, except by 
the authority of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 27. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, except in case of rebellion or invasion; and then only if the 
.public safety demand it. 

Sec. 28. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war 
against it, and giving aid and comfort to its enemies. 

Sec. 29. No person shall be convicted of treason, except on the testi- 
mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or upon his confession in 
open court. 

Sec. 30. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture 
of estate. 

Sec. 31. No law shall restrain any of the inhabitants of the State from 
assembling together in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common 
good; nor from instructing their representatives; nor from applying to 
the General Assembly for redress of grievances. 

Sec. 32. The people shall have a right to bear arms for the defense of 
themselves and the State. 

Sec. 33. The military shall be kept in strict subordination to the civil 
power. 

Sec. 34. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
without the consent of the owner ; nor, in time of war, but in a manner to 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 35. The General Assembly shall not grant any title of nobility, 
nor confer hereditary distinctions. 

Sec. 36. Emigration from the State shall not be prohibited. 

Sec. 37. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
within the State, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted. No indenture of any Negro or 
Mulatto, made and executed out of the bounds of the State, shall be valid 
within the State. 

ARTICLE II. 
suffrage and election. 

Section 1. All elections shall be free and equal. 

Sec. 2. In all elections, not otherwise provided for by this Constitu- 
tion, every wliite male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- 
one years and upwards, who shall have resided in tlie State during the six 
montlis immediately preceding such election; and every white male of 
foreign birtli, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have 
resided in the United Slates one year, and shall have resided in this State 
during six months immediately preceding such election, and shall have 



APPENDIX. 719 

declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conform- 
ably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization, shall 
be entitled to vote in the township or precinct where he may reside. 

Sec. 3. No soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the 
United States, or of their allies, shall be deemed to have acquired a resi- 
dence in this State in consequence of having been stationed within the 
same ; nor shall any such soldier, seaman, or marine, have the right to vote. 

Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence in the 
State by reason of his absence, either on business of this State or of the 
United States. 

Sec. 5. No Negro or Mulatto shall have the right of suffrage. 

Sec. 6. Every person shall be disqualified from holding office during 
the term for which he may have been elected, who shall have given or 
ofl'ered a bribe, threat, or reward, to procure his election. 

Sec. 7. Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to fight a 
duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such challenge, or 
who shall agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible 
to. any office of trust or profit. 

Sec. 8. The General Asssembly shall have power to deprive of the 
right of suffrage, and to render ineligible any person convicted of an 
infamous crime. 

Sec. 9. No person holding a lucrative office or appointment, under the 
United States, or under this State, shall be eligible to a seat in the General 
Assembly ; nor shall anj"- person hold more than one lucrative office at the 
same time, except as in this Constitution expressly permitted : Provided, 
that offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, 
and the office of deputy Postmaster, where the compensation does not 
exceed ninety dollars per annum, shall not be deemed lucrative : And pro- 
vided also, that counties containing less than one thousand polls, may 
confer the office of Clerk, Eecorder, and Auditor, or any two of said offices 
upon the same person. 

Sec. 10. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub- 
lic moneys, shall be eligible to any office of trust or profit, until he shall 
have accoimted for, and paid over, according to law, all sums for which 
he may be liable. 

Sec. 11. In all cases in which it is provided that an office shall not be 
filled by the same person more than a certain number of years continu- 
ously, an appointment pro tempore shall not be reckoned a part of that 
term. 

Sec. 12. In all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, 
electors shall be free from arrest, in going to elections, during their 
attendance there, and in returning from the same. 

Sec. 13. All elections by the people shall be by ballot; and all elec- 
tions by the General Assembly, or by either branch thereof, shall ha 
viva voce. 

Sec. 14. All general elections shall be held on the second Tuesday in 
October. 



720 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

ARTICLE III. 

DISTRIBUTION OP TOWERS. 

Section 1. The powers of the Government are divided into three sepa- 
rate departments : the Legislative, the Executive, including the Adminis- 
trative, and the Judicial; and no perscm charged with official duties under 
one of these departments, shall exercise anj^ of the functions of another, 
except as in this Constitution expressly provided. 

ARTICLE IV. 

LEGISLATIVE. 

Section 1. The Legislative authority of the State shall be vested in a 
General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Rei)rc- 
sentatives. The style of every law shall be: "Be it enacted by the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the State of Indiana;" and no law shall be enacted 
except by bill. 

Sec. 2. The Senate shall not exceed lifty, nor the House of Representa- 
tives one hundred meniljers, and they shall be chosen liy tlie electors of 
the respective counties or districts, into which the State may, from time 
to time be divided. 

Sec. 'i. Senators sliall be elected for tlie term of four years, and Repre- 
sentatives for the term of two years, from the day next after their general 
election : Promded, however, that the Senators elect, at the second meeting 
of the General Assembly under this Constitution shall be divided by lot 
into two equal classes, as nearly as may be ; and the seats of Senators of 
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of 
the second class, at the expiration of four years, so that one-half, as nearly 
as possible, shall be chosen bienially forever thereafter. And in case of 
increase in the number of Senators, they shall be so annexed, by lot, to 
one or the other of the two classes, as to keep them as nearly equal as 
practicable. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall, at its second session after the 
adoption of this Constitution, and every sixth year thereafter, cause an 
enumeration to be made of all the white male inhabitants over the age of 
twenty-one years. 

Sec. 5. The number of Senators and Representatives shall, at the ses- 
sif)n next following each period of making such enumeration, be fixed by 
law, and apportioned among the several counties, acc(jrding to the num1)er 
of white male inhabitants, above twenty-one years of age in each: Pro- 
vided, that the first and second elections of the members of the General 
Assembly, under this Constitution, shall be according to the apportion- 
ment last made by the General Assembly, before the adoption of this Con- 
stitution. 

Sec. 6. A Senatorial or Representative district, where more than one 
county shall constitute a district, shall be composed of contiguous coun- 
ties, and no county for Senatorial apportionment shall ever be divided. 



APPENDIX. 721 

Sec. 7. No person shall be a Senator or Representative, who, at the 
time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States; nor any one 
who has not heen, for two years next preceding his election, an inhabitant 
of this State, and for one j^ear next preceding his election an inhabitant 
of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall be at 
least twenty-five, and Representatives at least twenty-one years of age. 

Sec. 8. Senators and Representatives, in all cases except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest, during 
the session of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from 
the same, and shall not be subject to any civil process, during the session 
of the General Assembly, nor during the fifteen days next before the com- 
mencement thereof For any speech or debate in either House, a member 
shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Sec. 9. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be held biennially 
at the capital of the State, commencing on the Thursday next after the 
first Monday of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-three, and on the same day of every second year thereafter, unless a 
different day or place shall have been appointed by law. But if, in the 
opinion of the Governor, the public welfare shall require it, he may at any 
time, by proclamation, call a special session. 

Sec. 10. Each House, when assembled, shall choose its own officers, 
(the President of the Senate excepted,) judge the elections, qualifications 
and returns of its own members, determine its rules of proceeding, and sit 
upon its own adjournment. But neither House shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place other than 
that in which it may be sitting. 

Sec. 11. Two-thirds of each House shall constitute a quorum to do 
business; but a smaller number may meet, adjourn from day to day, and 
compel the attendance of absent members. A quorum being in attend- 
ance, if either House fail to effect an organization within the first five 
days thereafter, the members of the House so failing shall be entitled to 
no compensation from the end of said five days until an organization 
shall have been effected. 

Sec. 12. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub 
iish the same. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request of 
any two members, be entered, together with the names of the members 
demanding the same, on the journal: Provided, that on a motion to 
adjourn, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to order the 
yeas and nays. 

Sec. 13. The doors of each House, and of committees of the whole, 
shall be kept open, except in such cases as in the opinion of either House 
may require secrecy. 

Sec. 14. Either House may punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member ; but not a 
second time for the same cause. 

Sec. 15. Either House, during its session, may punish by imprison- 
ment, any person not a member who shall have been guilty of disrespect 
46 



722 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

to the House, by disorderly or contemptuous beliavior in its presence; but 
such imprisonment shall not at any time exceed twenty-four hours. 

Sec. 16. Each House shall have all powers nccessaiy for a branch of 
the Lefj;islative department of a free and independent State. 

Sec. 17. Bills may originate in either House, but may be amended or 
rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the House of Reiiresentatives. 

Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days in 
each House; unless in case of emergency, two-thirds of the House where 
such bill may be depending, shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it 
expedient to dispense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sections, 
on its final passage, sliall in no case be dispensed with, and the vote on 
the passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and 
nays. 

Sec. 19. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly 
connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title. But 
if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in 
the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be 
expressed in the title. 

Sec. 30. Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly wcjrded, avoid- 
ing, as far as practicable, the use of technical terms. 

Sec. 21. No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to 
its title; but the act revised or secti(m amended, .shall be set forth and 
published at full length. 

Sec. 32. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in 
anjr of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: 

Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the jjeace and of 
constables ; 

For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; 

Regulating the practice in courts of justice; 

Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal cases; 

Granting divorces; 

Changing the names of persons; 

For laying (uit, opening and working on highways, and for the election- 
or appointment of supervisors; 

Vacating roads, town i)lats, streets, alleys, and public squares; 

Summoning and empaneling grand and petit jurors, and providing for 
their compensation ; 

Regulating county and township business; 

Regulating the election of county and township officers, and their com- 
pensation ; 

For tlie assessment and collection of taxes for Stiile, county, township, 
or road purpose^; 

Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of 
scliool funds; 

In relation to fees or salaries; 

In relation to interest on money; 



APPENDIX. 723 

Providing for opening and conducting elections of State, county, or 
townsliip officers, and designating tlie places of voting; 

Providing for tlie sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons 
laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians 
or trustees. 

Sec. 23. In all the cases enumerated in the preceding section, and in 
all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall 
be general, and of uniform operation throughout the State. 

Sec. 24. Provision may be made by general law, for bringing suit 
against the State, as to all liabilities originating after the adoption of this 
Constitution; but no special act authorizing such suit to be brought, or 
making compensation to any person claiming damages against the State 
shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 25. A majority of all the members elected to each House shall be 
necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution, and all bills and joint res- 
olutions so passed, shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respect- 
ive Houses. 

Sec. 26. Any member of either House shall have the right to protest, 
and to have his protest, with his reasons for dissent, entered on the journal. 

Sec. 27. Every statute shall be a public law, unless otherwise declared 
in the statute itself. 

Sec. 28. No act shall take effect until the same shall have been pub- 
lished and circulated in the several counties of the State by authority, 
except in case of emergency, which emergency shall be declared in the 
preamble, or in the body of the law. 

Sec. 29. The members of the General Assembly shall receive for their 
services a compensation to be fixed by law ; but no increase of compensa- 
tion shall take effect during the session at which such increase may be 
made. No session of the General Assembly, except the first under this 
Constitution, shall extend beyond the term of sixty-one days, nor any 
special session beyond the term of forty days. 

Sec. 30. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which 
he may have been elected, be eligible to any office, the election to which 
is <rested in the General Assembly ; nor shall he be appointed to any civil 
office of profit which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which 
shall have been increased during such term ; but this latter provision shall 
not be construed to apply to any office elective by the people. 

ARTICLE V. 

EXECUTIVE. 

Section 1. The executive power of the State shall be vested in a Gov- 
ernor. He shall hold his office during four years, and shall not be eligi- 
ble more than four years in any period of eiglit years. 

Sec 2. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall hold his office 
during four years. 

Sec. 3. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the 
times and places of choosing members of the General Assembly. 



724 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Sec. 4. In voting for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, the electors 
shall designate for whom they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieu- 
tenant Governor. The returns of every election for Governor and Lieuten- 
ant Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern- 
ment, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall 
open and publish them in the presence of both Houses of the General 
Assembly. 

Sec. 5. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes 
for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, shall be elected; but in case two 
or more persons shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for 
either office, the General Assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith proceed 
to elect one of the said persons Governor, or Lieutenant Governor, as the 
case may be. 

Sec. 6. Contested elections for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, shall 
be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor or Lieu- 
tenant Governor, who shall not have been five years a citizen of the United 
States, and also a resident of the State of Indiana during the five years 
next preceding his election; nor shall any person be eligible to either of 
the said offices who shall not have attained the age of thirty years. 

Sec. 8. No member of Congress, or person holding any office under 
the United States, or of this State, shall fill the office of Governor or Lieu- 
tenant Governor. 

Sec. 9. The official term of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor 
shall commence on the second Monday in January, in the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and fifty-three, and on the same day every fourth year 
thereafter. 

Sec. 10. In case of the removal of the Governor from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the duties of the office, the 
same shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor, and the General Assem- 
bly shall, by law, provide for the case of removal from office, death, resig- 
nation, or inability, both of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, 
declaring what officer then shall act as Governor ; and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a Governor elected. 

Sec. 11. Whenever the Lieutenant Governor shall act as Governor, or 
shall be unable to attend as President of the Senate, the Senate shall elect 
one of its own members as President for the occasion. 

Sec. 12. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia and 
naval forces, and may call out such forces to execute the laws, or to sup- 
press insurrection, or to repel invasion. 

Sec. 13. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly 
information touching the condition of the State, and recommend such 
measures as he shall judge to be expedient. 

Sec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, 
shall be presented to the Governor ; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall 



APPENDIX. 725 

have originated ; which House shall enter the objections at large upon its 
journals, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsidera- 
tion, a majority of all the members elected to that House shall agree to 
pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the Governor's objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a 
majority of all the members elected to that House, it shall be a law. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days, Sundays 
excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law with, 
oiat his signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its return, 
in which case it shall be a law, unless the Governor within five days next 
after such adjournment shall file such bill with his objections thereto in 
the office of the Secretary of State, who shall lay the same before the Gen- 
eral Assembly at its next session, in like manner as if it had been returned 
by the Governor. But no bill shall be presented to the Governor within 
two days next previous to the final adjournment of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 15. The Governor shall transact all necessary business with the 
officers of government, and may require information in writing, from the 
officers of the administrative department, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices. 

Sec. 16. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Sec. 17. He shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations 
and pardons after conviction, for all olfenses, except treason and cases of 
impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. 
Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution 
of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly, 
at its next meeting; when the General Assembly shall either grant a 
pardon, commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or 
grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeit- 
ures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and shall report 
to the General Assembly at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, com- 
mutation, or pardon granted, and also the names of all persons in whose 
favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made and the sev- 
eral amounts remitted: Pi'ovided, however^ that the General Assembly' may, 
by law, constitute a council, to be composed of officers of State, without 
whose advise and consent the Governor shall not have power to grant 
pardons in any case, except such as may by law be left to his sole power. 

Sec. 18. When, during a recess of the General Assembly, a vacancy 
shall happen in any office, the appointment to which is vested in the Gen- 
eral Assembly; or when at any time a vacancy shall have occurred in anj^ 
other State office, or in the office of Judge of any Court; the Governor 
shall fill such vacancy by appointment, which shall expire when a suc- 
cessor shall have been elected and qualified. 

Sec. 19. He shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may 
have occurred in the General Assembly. 

Sec. 30. Should the seat of government become dangerous from dis- 
ease, or a common enemy, he may convene the General Assembly at any 
other place. 



726 mSTOKY OF INDIANA. 

Sec. 21. The Lieutenant Gnvcriioi- shall, by virtue of his office, be Pres- 
ident of the Senate, have a right, when in committee of the whole, to join 
in debate, and to vote on all subjects; and whenever the Senate shall be 
equally divided he shall give the casting vote. 

Sec. 23. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for liis services a 
compensation, which shall neither be increased or diminished during the 
term for which he shall have been elected. 

Sec. 23. I'he Lieutenant Governoi*, while he shall act as President of 
the Senate, shall receive for his services, the same compensalion as the 
Speaker of the House of Representativ(is, and any person acting as Gover- 
nor, shall receive the compensation attached to tin; office of Gov(;nior. 

Sec. 24. Neither the Governor nor Lieutenant Governor shall be eligi- 
ble to any other office, during the term for which he shall have been elected. 

ARTICLE VL 

administrative. 

Skctton L There shall be elected, b}' the voters of the Stale, a Secre- 
tary, an Auditor, and a Treasurer of State, who shall, severally, hold fheir 
offices for two years. They shall perform such duties as may be enjoined 
by law; and no person shall be eligible to eitlier of said offices more than 
four years in any period of six years. 

Sec. 2. There shall be elected, in each county, by the voters thereof, at 
the time of holding tlie general elections, a Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
Auditor, Recorder-, Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner, and Surveyor. Tlie Clerk, 
Auditor, and Recorder, shall continue in office four years; and no person 
shall be eligible to the office of Clerk, Recorder, or Auditor, more tlian 
eight years in any period of twelve years. The Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner 
and Surveyor, shall continue in office two years; and no person shall be 
eligible to the office of Treasurer or Sheriff more than four years in any 
period of six years. 

Sec. 3. Such other county and township officers as may be necessary, 
shall be elected, or appointed, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 4. No person shall be elected, or appointed, as a county officer, 
who shall not be an elector of the county; nor any one who shall not have 
been an inhabitant thereof during one year next preceding his appoint- 
ment, if the county shall have been so long organized; but if the counts- 
shall not have been so long organized, then within the limits of the county 
or counties out of which the same shall have been taken. 

Sec. 5. The Governor, and the Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer of 
State, shall, severally, reside and keep the public records, books, and 
papers, in any manner relating to their respective offices, at the seat of 
government. 

Sec. 6. All county, township an<l town officers, shall reside within their 
respective counties, townships and towns, and shall keep their respective 
offices al su(Ui jdaces therein, and perform such duties, as may be direc'ted 
by law. *^ 

Sec. 7. All State otRcers sliall, for crime, incapacity, or negligence, be 



A.PPENDIX. 727 

liable to be removed from office, either by impeachment by the House of 
Kepresentatives, to be tried by the Senate, or by a joint resolution of tlu; 
General Assembly; two-thirds of tlie members elected to each branch 
votino;, in either case, therefor. 

Skc. 8. All State, county, township and town officers, may be impeaclicd, 
or removed from office, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 9. Vacancies in county, township and town offices, sliall be filled 
in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 10. The General AssemlDly may confer upon the Boards doing- 
county business in the several counties, powers of a local, administrative 
character. 

ARTICLE VII. 

JtrOICIAL. 

Section 1. The Judicial jiower of tlie State sliall bo vested in a 
Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, and in such inferior Courts as the Gen- 
eral Assembly may establish. 

Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of not less than three nor more 
than five Judges, a majority of whom shall form a quorum. They shall 
hold their offices for six years, if they so long behave well. 

Sec. 3. The State shall be divided into as many districts as there are 
Judges of the Supreme Court ; and such districts shall be formed of con- 
tiguous territory, as nearly equal in population as, without dividing a 
county, the same can be made. One of said Judges shall be elected from 
each district, and reside therein ; but said Judges shall he elected by the 
electors of the State at large. 

Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction co-extensive with the 
limits of the State, in appeals and writs of error, under such regulations 
and restrictions as may be prescribed by law. It shall also have such 
original jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer. 

Sec. 5. The Supreme Court shall, upon the decisions of every case, give 
a statement in writing of each question arising in the record of such case, 
and the decision of the Court thereon. 

Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the sjjeedy pub- 
lication of the decisions of the Supreme ( -ourt, made under this Constitu- 
tion ; but no Judge shall be allowed to report such decision. 

Sec. 7. There shall be elected by the voters of the State, a Clerk of the 
Supreme Coui't, who shall hold his office four years, and whose duties shall 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall each consist of one Judge, and shall 
have such civil and criminal prosecution as may he prescribed by law. 

Sec. 9. The State shall, from time to time, be divided into judicial eir 
cuits, and a Judge for each circuit shall be elected by tiic voters thereof. 
He shall reside within the circuit, and shall hold his office for the term of 
six years, if he so long behave well. 

Sec. 10. The General Assembly may provide by law, that the Judge of 
one circuit may hold the courts of another circuit, in cases of necessity or 



72S HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

convenience ; and, in case of temporary inability of any Judge, from sick- 
ness or other cause, to hold the courts in his circuit, provision may be 
made, by law, for holding such courts. 

Sec. 11. There shall be elected, in each judicial circuit, by the voters 
thereof, a Prosecuting Attorney, who shall hold his office for two years. 

Sec. 12. Any Judge or Prosecuting Attorney, who shall have been con- 
victed of corruption or other high crime, may, on information in the name 
of the State, be removed from office by the Supreme Court, or in such other 
manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Skc. Vi]. The Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts shall, at 
stated times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during 
their continuance in office. 

Sec. 14. A competent number of Justices of the Peace shall be elected, 
by the voters in each township in the several counties. They shall con- 
tinue in office four years, and their powers and duties shall be prescribed 
by law. 

Sec. 15. All judicial officers shall be conservators of the peace in their 
respective jurisdictions. 

Sec. IC. No person elected to any judicial office, shall, during the terra 
for which he shall have been elected, be eligible to any office of trust or 
profit, under the State, other than a judicial one. 

Sec. 17. The General Assembl}^ may modify or abolish the Grand Jury 
system. 

Sec. 18. All criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and 
by the authority of the State ; and the style of all process shall be " The 
State of Indiana." 

Sec. 19. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, with such powers 
and duties as shall be prescribed by law ; or the powers and duties of the 
same maj' be conferred upon other courts of justice ; but such tribunals or 
other courts, when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judgment 
to be obligatory on the parties, unless they voluntarily submit their matters 
of difference, and agree to abide the judgment of such tribunal or court. 

Sec. 20. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of 
this Constitution, shall provide for the appointment of three Commission- 
ers, whose duty it shall be to revise, simplify and abridge, the rules, prac- 
tice, pleadings and forms, of the courts of justice. And they shall provide 
for abolishing the distinct forms of action at law, now in use ; and that 
justice shall be administered in a uniform mode of pleading, without dis- 
tinction between law and equity. And the General Assembly may, also, 
make it the duty of said Commissioners to reduce into a systematic code, 
the general statute law of the State ; and said Commissioners shall report 
the result of their labors to the General Assembly, with such recommen- 
dations and suggestions, as to abridgement and amendment, as to said 
Commissioners may seem necessary or proper. Provision shall be made, 
by law, for filling vacancies, regulating the tenure of office, and the com- 
pensation of said Commissioners. 

Sec. 21. Every person of good moral character, being a voter, shall be 
entitled to admission to practice law in all courts of justice. 



APPENDIX. 7^9 

ARTICLE VIII. 

EDUCATION. 

Section 1. Knowledge and learning, generally diffused throughout a 
community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, it 
shall be the duty of the General Assembly to encourage, by all suitable 
means, moral, intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement, and to 
provide, by law, for a general and uniform system of Common Schools, 
wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all. 

Sec. 2. The Common School fund shall consist of the Congressional 
township fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; 

The Surplus Revenue fund ; 

The Saline fund and the lands belonging thereto ; 

The Bank Tax fund, and the fund arising from the one hundred and 
fourteenth section of the charter of the State Bank of Indiana ; 

The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and tlie 
moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries ; from the fines 
assessed for breaches of the penal laws of the State, and for all forfeitures 
which may accrue ; 

All lands and other estate which shall escheat to the State for want of 
heirs or kindred entitled to the inheritance ; 

All lands that have been, or may hereafter be, granted to the State, where 
no special purpose is expressed in the grant, and the proceeds of the sales 
thereof, including the proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to 
the State of Indiana by the act of Congress of the twenty-eighth of Sep- 
tember, 1850, after deducting the expense of selecting and draining the 
same ; 

Taxes on the property of corporations, that m.aj be assessed for Com- 
mon School purposes. 

Sec. 3. The principal of the Common School fund shall remain a per- 
petual fund, which may be increased, but shall never be diminished; and 
the income thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of Com- 
mon Schools, and to no other purpose whatever. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall invest, in some safe and profitable 
manner, all such portions of tlie Common School fund as not hereintofore 
been entrusted to the several counties ; and shall make provision, by law, 
for the distribution, among the several counties, of the interest thereof. 

Sec. 5. If any county shall fail to demand its proportion of such inter- 
est, for Common School purposes, the same shall be re-invested for the 
benefit of such county. 

Sec. 6. The several counties shall be held liable for the preservation of 
so much of the said fund as may be entrusted to them, and for the pay- 
ment of the annual interest thereon. 

Sec. 7. All trust funds, held by the State, shall remain inviolate, and be 
faithfully and exclusively applied to the purposes for which the trust was 
created. 

Sec. 8. The General Assembly shall provide for the election, by the 
voters of the State, of a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, who 



730 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 

shall hold his office for two years, and whose duties and compensation 
shall be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IX. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

Section 1. It sliall be the duty of the Genei-al Assembly to provide, by 
law, for the supp<n-t of Institutions for the education of the Deaf and 
Dumb, and of the Blind; and also for tlie treatment of tlie Insane. 

Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall i)rovide Houses of Refus;e, for the 
correction and reformation of juvenile otl'enders. 

Sec. B. The county ))oards shall have power to provide farms, as an 
asylum for those persons who, by reason of age, infirmity, or other misfor- 
tune, may have claims upon the sympathies and aid of society. 

ARTICLE X. 

FINANCE. 

Section 1. The General Assemblj' shall provide, by law, for a uniform 
and equal rate of assessment and taxation, and shall prescribe such regu- 
lations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both 
real and personal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, literary, 
scientific, religious or charitable purposes, as may be specially exempted 
by law. 

Sec. 2. All the revenues derived from the sale of any of the pultlic works 
belonging to the State, and from the net annual income thereof, and any 
si;rplus that maj', at any time, remain in the treasury, derived from taxa- 
tion for general State purposes, after tlie pa3'ment of the ordinary e.xj^enses 
of the government, and of the interest on bonds of the State, other than 
Bank bonds, shall be annually applied, under the direction of the General 
Assemljly, to tlie payment of the principal of the public debt. 

Sec. 3. No money shall b'e drawn from the treasury, but in pursuance 
of appropriations made by law. 

Sec. 4. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the 
public money, shall be published with the laws of each regular session of 
the General Assembly. 

Sec. T). No law shall authorize any debt to be contracted, on behalf of 
the State, except in the following cases: To meet casual deficits in the rev. 
enue ; to pay the interest on the State debt ; to repel invasion, siijipress 
insurrection, or, if hostilities be threatened, provide for the public defense. 

Sec. 6. No county shall subscribe for stock in any incorporated com- 
pany, unless the same be paid for at the time of such subseriiition ; nor 
shall any county loan its credit to any incorporated company, nor borrow 
money for the purpose of taking stock in any such company ; noi- shall 
the General Assembly ever, on behalf the State, assume the debts "f any 
county,. city, town or township, nor of any corporation whatever. 

Sec. 7. No law ov resolution shall ever be passed by the General Assem- 
bly of the State of Indiana that shall recognize any liability of this State 
to pay or redeem any certificate of stocks issued in pursuance of an act 



APPENDIX. 731 

entitled " An act to provide for the funded debt of the State of Indiana, 
and for the completion of tlie Wabash and Erie Canal to Evansville," passed 
January 19, 1846, and an act supplemental to said act passed January 29, 
1847, which, by the provisions of the said acts, or either of them, shall be 
payable exclusively from the proceeds of the canal lands, and the tolls and 
revenues of the canal in said acts mentioned ; and no such certificates or 
stocks shall ever be paid by this State. 

Note. — Agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houpos of 
the General Assembly, Regular Session of 1871, and referred to the General Assembly to 
be chosen at the next general election. Agreed to by a majority of the members elected 
to each house of the General Assembly, Special Session of 18V3. Submitted to tlie elec- 
tors of the State by an act approved January 38, 1873. Ratified by a majority of the 
electors, at an election heVd on the 18th day of February, 1873. Declared a part of the 
constitution by proclamation of Thomas A. Hendricks, Governor, dated March 7, 1873 

ARTICLE XI. 

CORPORATIONS. 

Section 1. The General Assembly shall not have power to establish or 
incorporate any bank or banking company, or moneyed institution, for tlie 
purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except 
under tlie conditions prescribed in this Constitution. 

Sec. 2. No banks shall be established otherwise than under a general 
banking law, except as provided in the fourth section of this article. 

Sec. 3. If the General Assembly shall enact a general banking law, 
such law shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by an officer 
of the State, of all paper credit designed to be circulated as monej'^ ; and 
ample collateral security, readily convertible into specie, for the redemp- 
tion of the same in gold or silver, shall be required, which collateral secu- 
rity shall be luider the control of the proper officer or officers of Slate. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly may also charter a bank with branches, 
without collateral security, as required in the preceding section. 

Sec. 5. If the General Assembly shall establish a bank with branches, 
the branches shall be mutually responsible for eacli other's liabilities, upon 
all paper credit issued as money. 

Sec. 6. The stockliolders in every bank or banking company, shall be 
individually responsible, to an amount over and above their stock, etjual 
to their respective shares of stock, for all debts or liabilities of said bank 
or banking company. 

Sec. 7. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be, at all times, redeem- 
able in gold or silver ; and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or 
indirectly, the suspension by any bank or banking compan}'^, of specie 
payments. 

Sec. 8. Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case of insolvency, 
to preference of payment over all other creditors. 

Sec. 9. No bank shall receive directly or indirectly, a greater rate of 
interest than shall be allov/ed, by law, to individuals loaning money. 

Sec. 10. Every bank, or banking company, shall be re((uired to cease 
all banking njierations within twenty years from the time of its organiza- 
tion, and promptly thereafter to close its business. 



732 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 

Sec. 11. The General Assembly is not prohibited from investing the 
Trust Funds in a bank with branches ; but in case of such investment, the 
safety of the same shall be guaranteed by unquestionable security. 

Sec. 12. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank, after the 
expiration of the present bank charter; nor shall the credit of the State 
ever be given, or loaned, in aid of any person, association, or corporation; 
nor sliall the State hereafter become a stockholder in any corporation or 
association. 

Sec. 13. C-orporations, other than banking, shall not be created by special 
act, but may be formed under general laws. 

Sec 14. Dues from corporations, other than banking, shall be secured 
by such individual liability of the corpoi'ators, or other means, as may be 
prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE XII. 



Section 1. The militia shall consist of all able-bodied white male per- 
sons, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except sucli as may 
be exempted by the laws of the United States, or of this State ; and shall 
be organized, officered, armed, equipped and trained, in such manner as 
may be provided by law. 

Sec 2. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant, Quartermaster and 
Commissary Generals. 

Sec 3. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the Governor, and 
shall hold their offices not longer than six years. 

Sec 4. The General Assembly shall determine the method of dividing 
the militia into divisions, brigades, regiments, battallions and companies, 
and fix the rank of all staff officers. 

Sec. 5. The militia ma^- be divided into classes of sedentary and active 
militia, in sucli manner as shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 6. No person conscientiously opposed to bearing arms, shall be 
compelled to do militia duty; but such person shall pay an equivalent for 
exemption, the amount to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE XIII. 
negroes and mulatto es. 

Section 1. No negro or mulatto shall come into, or settle in, the State, 
after the adoption of this Constitution. 

Sec 2. All contracts made with any negro or mulatto coming into the 
State, contrary to the provisions of the foregoing section .shall be void ; and 
any person who shall employ such negro or mulatto, or otherwise encour- 
age him to remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten 
dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars. 

Sec. 3. All fines which may be collected for a violation of the provis- 
ions of this article, or of any law which may hereafter be passed for the 
purpose of carrying the same into execution, shall be set apart and appro- 



APPEiroix. 733 

priated for the colonization of such negroes and mulattoes, and their 
descendants, as may be in the State at the adoption of tliis Constitution, 
and may be willing to emigrate. 

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall pass laws to carry out the provis- 
ions of this article. 

AKTICLE XIV 

BOUNDARIES. 

Section 1. In order that the boundaries of the State may be known and 
established, it is hereby ordained and declared, that the State of Indiana is 
bounded on the East by the meridian line which forms the western bound- 
ary of the State of Ohio ; on the South by the Ohio river, from the mouth 
of the Great Miami river to the mouth of the Wabash river; on the West 
by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash river, from its mouth to a 
point where a due north line, drawn from the town of Vincennes, would 
last touch the northwestern shore of said Wabash river; and thence by a 
due north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line, drawn 
through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme of Lake Michi- 
gan; on the North by said east and west line, until the same shall intersect 
the first mentioned meridian line, which forms the western boundary of the 
State of Ohio. 

Sec. 2. The State of Indiana shall possess jurisdiction and sovereignty 
co-extensive with the boundaries declared in the preceding section; and 
shall have concurrent jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases, with the 
State of Kentucky on the Ohio river, and with the State of Illinois on the 
Wabash river, so far as said rivers form the common boundary between 
this State and said States respectively. 

ARTICLE XV. 

MISCELLAN EOUS. 

Section 1. All officers, whose appointment is not otherwise provided 
for in this Constitution, shall be chosen in such manner as now is, or here- 
after may be, prescribed by law. 

Sec. 2. When the duration of any oflice is not provided for by this Con- 
stitution, it may be declared by law; and, if not so declared, such office 
shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making, tlie appointment. 
But the General Assembly shall not create any office, the tenure of which 
shall be longer than four years. 

Sec. 3, Whenever it is provided in this Constitution, or in any law which 
may be hereafter passed, that any officer, other than a member of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, shall hold his office for any given term, the same shall be 
construed to mean, that such officer shall hold his office foV such term, and 
until his successor shall have been elected and quailifled. 

Sec 4. Every person elected or appointed to any office under this Con- 
stitution, shall, before entering on the duties thereof, take an oath or affirm- 



734 IIIS'IOKY OF INDIANA. 

alien, U) support the Coiislituliou of this State, and of the United States, 
and also an oath of office. 

Sec. 5. There shall be a Seal of Stale, kept by the Governor for official 
purposes, which shall be called the Seal of the State of Indiana. 

Sec. 6. All commissions shall issue in the name of the State, shall be 
sii^ned by the Governor, sealed with the State Seal, and attested by the Sec- 
retary of State. 

Sec. 7. No county shall be reduced to an area less than four hundred 
square miles; hor shall any county, under that area, be further reduced. 

Sec. 8. No lottery shall be authorized ; nor shall the sale of lottery 
tickets be allowed. 

Sec. 9. The following- grounds, owned by the State in Indianapolis, 
namely : the State House Scjuare, the Governor's Circle, and so much of 
out-lot numbered one hundred and forty -seven, as lies north of the arm of 
the Central Canal, shall not be sold or leased. 

Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the 
permanent enclosure and preservation of the Tippecanoe Battle Ground. 

ARTICLE XVI. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution, may 
be projjosed in either branch of the General Assembly; and if the same 
shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two 
Houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall, with the yeas and 
jiays thereon, be entered on their journals, and referred to the General 
Assembly to be chosen at the next general election ; and if, in the General 
Assembly so next chosen, such proposed amendment or amendments shall 
be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each House, then 
it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit such amendment 
or amendments to the electors of the State; and if a majority of said 
electors shall ratify the same, such amendment or amendments shall be- 
come a part of this Constitution. 

iSEC. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time 
tliey shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or 
against each of such amendments separately; and while such an amend- 
nvent or amendments, which shall have been agreed upon by one General 
Assembly, shall be awaiting the action of a succeeding General Assembly, 
or of the electors, no additional amendment or amendments shall be pro- 
posed. 

SCHEDULE. 

This Constitution, if adopted, shall take eflect on the first day of Novem- 
ber, in tiie year (me thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, and sliall super- 
sede tlie Constitution adopted in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
sixteen. That no inconvenience may arise from the change in the govern- 
ment, it is hereby ordained as follows: 



APPENDIX. 785 

First. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent with this Constitu- 
tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be reijealed. 

Second. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints and other 
proceedings, pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final 
judgment and execution; and all appeals, writs of error, certiorari and 
injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts in the same manner 
as is now provided by law. 

Tldrd. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, due or accruing to the State, 
or to any county therein, shall inure to the State, or to such county, in the 
manner prescribed by law. All bonds executed to the State, or to any offi- 
cer in his official capacity, shall remain in force, and inure to the use of 
those concerned. 

Fourth. All acts of incorporation for municipal purposes shall continue 
in force under this Constitution until such time as the General Assembly 
shall, in its discretion, modify or repeal the same. 

Fifth. Tlie Governor, at the expiration of the present ofllcial term, 
shall continue to act until his successor shall have been swoi'n into office. 

Sixth. There shall be a session of the General Assembly commencing 
on the first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and fifty-one. 

Seventh. Senators now in office and holding over, under the existing 
Constitution, and such as may be elected at the next general election, and 
the Representatives then elected, shall continue in office until the first 
general election under this Constitution. 

EiglitJi. The first general election under this Constitution shall be held 
in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. 

Ninth. The first election for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges of 
the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, Clerk of the Supreme Court, Pros- 
ecuting Attorney, Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, and Slate 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, under this Constitution, shall be 
held at the general election in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-two ; and such of said officers as nva,y be in office when this Constitu- 
tion shall go into eft'ect, shall continue in their respective offices until I'leir 
successors shall have been elected and qualified. 

Tenth. Every perscm elected by ijopular vote, and now in any office 
which is continued by this Constitution, and every person who shall be so 
elected to any such office before the taking efiect of this Coustitutiim, 
(except as in this Constitution otherwise provided,) shall continue in office 
until the term for which such person has been or may be elected, shall 
expire: Provided, that no such person shall continue in office after the 
taking eft'ect of this Constitution, for a longer period than Ihe term of such 
office in this Constitution prescribed. 

Eleventh. On the taking eft'ect of this Constitiition, all officers tliei'cl)y 
continued in office, shall, before pioceeding in tiie further discharge of 
their duties, take an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution. 

Twelfth. All vacancies that may occur in existing offices, pi'ior to the 



786 HIPTORY OF I^T)rANA. 

first general election under this Constitution, shall be filled in the manner 
now prescribed by law. 

Thirteenth. At the time of submitting this Constitution to the electors 
for their approval or disapproval, the article numbered thirteen, in rela- 
tion to negroes and mulattoes, shall be submitted as a distinct proposition 
in the following form: "Exclusion and Colonization of Negroes and 
Mulattoes," "Aye," or "No." And if a maj(u-ity of the votes cast shall 
be in favor of said article, then the same shall form a part of this Consti- 
tution ; otherwise it shall be void, and form no part thereof. 

Fourteenth. No article or section of this Constitution shall be sub- 
mitted as a distinct proposition to a vote of the electors otherwise than as 
herein provided. 

Fifteenth. Whenever a portion of the citizens of the counties of Perry 
and Spencer shall deem it expedient to form, of the contiguous territory 
of said counties, a new count}% it shall be the duty of those interested in 
the organization of such new county, to lay off the same by proper metes 
and bounds, of equal portions as nearly as practicable, not to exceed one- 
third of the territory of each of said counties. The proposal to create 
such new county shall be submitted to the voters of said counties, at a 
general election, in such manner as shall be prescribed bj- law. And if a 
majority of all the votes given at said election shall be in favor of the 
organization of said new county, it shall be the duty of the General 
Assembly to organize the same out of the territorj^ thus designated. 

Sixteenth. The General Assemblj' may alter or amend the charter of 
Clarksville, and make such regulations as may be necessary for carrying 
into effect the objects contemplated in granting the same; and the funds 
belonging to said town shall be applied according to the intention of the 
grantor. 

Done in Convention at Indianapolis, the tenth day ot February, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one; and of the 
Independence of the United States, the seventj^-fifth. 

GEORGE WHITFIELD CARR, 
Attest : President. 

Wm. H. English, 

Principal Secretary 

George L. Sites, \ 

Herman G Barkwell, ^ Assistant Secretaries. 

Robert M. Evans, 



/Ut,-t2^yl^^Z?^^ 



